Government of West Bengal Directorate of Agriculture) Hukating Bnmcli District Hand Book on Agricultural Marketing for the district of Midnapore 1966 JToretoorb This is the third volume of the series of district Hand Book on Agricultural Marketing. The earlier two other volumes, one for Howrah and another for Birbhum districts, have already been published. Besides discussion of marketing practices and problems of the district of Midnapore like previous ones, special chapter has been added on the agricultural developinent schemes and activities thereof. The problems and practices on marketing have been generally discussed in the bcakground of agricultural production and distri- bution. The District -being mainly Rice growing one, the problems and practices have been discussed with reference to this major crop." A few tables and appendices regarding the different problems and practices on agricultural marketing have been incorporated in the compilation to make it a little illustrative. The factual data have been compiled from different publications and compilations —a bibliography of which has been given at the close for facility of the general readers. Thanks are due to Sri J. N. Hore, District Agricultural Marketing Officer, Midnapore (West), Shri S. B. Biswas, Superin- tendent of Agricultural Marketing, Eastern Range, Sri N. L. Pakrasi, Market Research Officer and some of the office assistants for rendering assistance in bringing out this compilation. The Government of West Bengal should not be regarded as assuming responsibility for any statements contained in the publication. Writers’ Buildings, N. C. Ray. CALCUTTA. Additional Director of Agriculture The gth Sept. 7966. (Marketing), West Bengal, MIDNAPORE DBTRIDT iviiMo; CONTENTS OHAPTEB— I Physical Features : Soils — Olimatic conditions — Bainfalh —River system — Forests. CHAPTER— II Area and population OHAPTER-III Agricultural Geography. Land Utilisation— Crop production. CHAPTEK-IV Agricultural Development Programme in the District of Midnapur. CHAPTER— V Agricultural Marketing System of Marketing — Marketing practices and market charges — village retention and marketable surplus— Price Spread — Storage and Warehousing — Weights and Measures— Processing-' Grading and Standardisation — Co-operative Marketing — Hats and Markets — Market Intelligence- Marketing of Live Stock and Poultry Birds. CHAPTER— VI Trade and Transportation CHAPTER-VII Miscellaneous Information of Special Interest — Religious and historical. Soil conservation— -Cottage Industry, APPENDIX— A A Tables B Graphs and Charts Errata Bibliography APPENDIX -B • •• • •• Pago. 1 7 28 33 61 64 65 67 68 121 123 186 187 CHAPTER I Physical Features Soils — Climatic Conditions — River System 1. The district; of Midnapore, the southern most district of the Burdwan Division, is situated between 21^36' and 22‘'67' north latitude and between 86°83' and SS'^ll east longitude. The name Medinipur may have been derived from “Medini** or Earth and Puri or Pur—the city, i.e. city of the Earth or better a good city in the earth. ]t is the biggest district even in the present West Bengal. 2. In the good old days tho district formed a part of the kingdom of Tamra- lipta having Tamralipta (modern Tamluk) as the seat of the Kings. Tarnralipta was then a groat sea-port and a seat of learning. The country round was inhabited by Kaibarttas — a fishing and boating race. On tho conquest of Kalinga by Asoka tho district became part and percel of the great Maurya lOmpire and adopted its civilijiation. Tho district subsequently passed under tho Rule of Gupta Emperors, though the kingdom of Tamralipta survived for several centuries keeping its identity. When the Mohammadans appeared on the scene the river Damodar was tho boundary between tho Kingdom of Bengal and Orissa and Midnapore with the Arambagh auh-division of Hooghly district formed the fron- tier of the latter kingdom- ]ja.tor on, Afgan king of Bengal annexed this area and formed it a part of the Kingdom of Bengal. I3ut during tho Mughal period in the sixteenth century, Midnapore again became a part of Orissa and during this period trade a])pears to have flourished. Though Tamluk lost its old importance, Hijli developed into great trade centre. Centuries rolled on when again during tho early part of tho 18th century certain very important administrative changes wore brought in by tho then ruler Murshid Kuli Khan and Midnapore became a ])art of Bengal. Its peace and tranquility has all along been disturbed through internal strife, continual warfare and tho 18th century was marked by the warfare between the Marahattas, Portuguese, French and British on one side and the then ruler Alibardi Khan on the other, Midnapore retained this character even through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1867 Midnapore was tho only district in Bengal which matched a civilian revolt with the 8o]’oy rising. This spirit of revolt was again sparkled during the pre-independence days when the district created a history in tho non-cooperation, civil disobedience and Quit India Movement. The activities of tho revolutionary parties in the early 20th centuries for exterminating the British Rule were also characteristically a product of the Soil. Owing to its geographical position, Midnapore is one of tho most varied of tho districts in West Bengal in regard to physical aspects. The north and north- west portions comprise of a hard laterite formation with undulating soil surface. Small hills of irregular shape spread over, extended upto the fringe of the Choto- nagpur Plateau. This undulating soil surface disappears gradually running towards the east and giving place to flat surface of the eastern plains. This eastern portion has been formed out of tho alluvial deposit of the Hooghly and its tributaries and is similar to other districts of West Bengal. The lands in this portion are comparatively low as also are those in the south. On the south- west and south, the country is a maritime tract subject to tidal waves of the sea. The lands in the south are more or less swampy and there are many embankments for protection against water-logging. In the south there are many sand-hills which spread over the entire coast of the Bay of Bengal, 2 4* Generally two types of soils are found in this district. The eastern portion of the district is mostly composed of alluvial soils. Locally the soils are named as entel (heavy clay) metal (clay) doyas, (clay-loam) doansh» doanshia (loam) bele doanash (sandy loam) bale, balut balimati (sand). Soils in the marshy areas are known as pani mati and those of river silt are called palimati. Laterite soils are mainly found in the western area. These soils are mainly loam and sandy- 'oam. This area of the district is comparatively less fertile than the alluvial area. The clay soils in the alluvial area have certain sub-classes known as (i) ghara entel, (ii) nona entel and (iii) banamati or pashumati and (iv) dudho entel. It is the only soil of sub-class (iv) that can grow rice while all others are mostly not suitable for cultivation. Saline soils of the southern part of the district are however comparatively richer and can grow a certain type of salt resistant variety of paddy. Besults of soil analysis of soil surface from different parts of the district, reproduced from the Census District Hand Book 1961 may be found in the Appendix II (A). 6. The climate in the arid stretches in the north and west is characterised by a fierce dry heat in the hot weather, a short cold weather and a moderate rain- fall. In the remaining part, the climate is not humid. Thunderstorm and cyclonic weather are regular visitors and usually prevail for a longer period affec- ting larger areas. Such storms are characteristically beneficial for crop produc- tion particularly for the kharif crop. These cyclonic storms have their devasta- ting effect too. Such a storm came over to Midnapore district in the year 1942 and its fury was oddly felt in the districts of Midnapore and 24 Parganas. The storm created a havoc i)articularly in Midnapore district where roughly about 3*600 sq. miles were affected. Falling as it is within the Gangetic plain of West Bengal the district has normally all the climatic characteristic as are found in other areas falling within this ;^one. 6. 1. Generally, the monsoon starts from the month of June and lasts upto September or early October and the total amount of rainfall is not sufficiently adequate for the kharif cultivation. The total average rainfall of this district is per year,^ This area largely being an extension of Choto Nagpur range, the climatic condition of the western part of this district is almost equally hot and akin to that area, while that of the eastern part is almost similar to climate condition of the Gangetic area. The average monthly rainfall (in inch) in the district Hoad Quarter is noted below • — TABLE— A Average monthly rainfall in Midnapore January — 0*36 h\3bruary — 0*76 March — 1’64 April — 1*90 M ay — 4-37 June — 9*33 July — 12*32 August — 11*42 September — 9*32 October — 4*07 November — 2*41 December — 0* 2 Total 68*17 1 A brief Agricultural Geography of West BengaL DISTRICT MIDNAPORE 3 6. 2. Number of rainy days of the district for the years 1967 to 1961 as recorded in Midnapore State Agricultural Farm is given below TABLE— B Number of rainy days during the last 6 years in Midnaporo Months 1967 1968 1959 1960 1961 January 1 4 — 1 1 February 7 2 — 7 — March 1 1 7 — — April — 4 4 2 2 May 3 6 6 5 6 June 14 9 10 11 16 July 17 20 22 25 12 August 21 17 20 22 19 September 12 17 20 16 16 October 4 9 H 7 6 November — 3 1 — December — — — — — Total '80 92~ 104 ■99" 77 6. ?}. Tho variability and special characteristics of the rainfall thereof in the district are due to prevalance of forests which constitute about 13% of tho total area. It appears, the rain gauze recorded 62*64'" in a year in Midnapore sadar south subdivision where forest area is almost insignihcant compared to 80*13" under sadar north subdivision, the considerable portion of w^hich covers forest area and receives adequate rainfall. The distribution of rain is also uneven as is evident from Appendix 1 (B). In cold weather months i.e. November to January the rainfall here is very small, "such rain as there is being due to the northward movement of cyclonic storm from the south of the Bay of Bengal. At tho begining of February local sea breezes commence, which increase in force and extend their influence further in land with the increasing temparature of the hot weather months. * * * There occur periods of atmospheric disturbance usually called nor’westers. Those thunder storms are accompanied by heavy showers but the rainfall is only 2" a month during March-April. In May there is rapid increase and the rainfall rises to over 5" inches. During monsoon months the weather condition in Midnapore are very much the same as in other parts of south west Bengal* \ (From Census Beport 19610 6. 4. Agriculture in the district is mostly dependent on rainfall and is subject to vagaries of varied climatic condition. The rabi cultivation which is mostly dependent on irrigation as moisture retention capacity of the soil hero is low, therefore, suffers in the district. Monthly distribution of rainfall from year to year, sub-division to sub-division and their percentage relation to total rainfall in the district may be found in Appendixes 1, 1 (A) & 1 (B). 6. In Midnapore, where the surface soil is composed of red laterito and the hot westerly winds from central India blows, exceptionally high day- temparature is a feature of the hot weather months. The mean maximum temparature (1967- 68 to 1961-62) is on average 88®P. in May, but begins to decrease steadily there- after till it falls in December, to 60®F. Following temperature chart will illus. trate the picture. 4 TABLE— 0 Temperature chart showing monthly maximum and minimum temparature for the last five years Months April May Juno July August September October November December January February March Average 103 67 1968 .69 1969 -60 103 80 106 80 109 78 106 80 109 84 94 80 94 81 92 80 91 82 88 80 92 80 N. Available 93 76 95 70 90 70 94 60 84 62 88 64 83 67 90 64 90 64 99 67 100 73 106 64 96 74 87 63 1960 -61 1961 -62 110 76 110 75 112 77 110 80 101 77 104 74 94 73 96 70 96 77 90 76 98 76 96 76 96 73 96 71 92 69 92 70 88 63 89 60 88 66 86 52 94 62 82 66 102 68 104 67 96 68 97 59 1967 .68 114 79 118 79 116 73 98 71 100 70 101 70 102 66 98 69 95 63 96 68 92 64 100 73 Source : * State Agriculture Farm Midnaporo 6.1. It may bo interesting to note from the table below the average variation in temperature. It will appear on an average “May" records highest maximum temperature in Midnaporo while maximum temperature is lowest in the month of January. TABLE— D Average variation in temperature (in ^’F.) at Midnapore (i) Variation be- Variation be- tween highest tween lowest of maximum of maximum and lowest of and minimum, highest of temperature. minimum. 1 2 3 4 6 Station. Variation in maximum temperature. Variation in minimum temperature. May, June, May, (ii) June, December, December, December, December, Midnapore January January January January (20'0°) (24‘2”) (43-9'’) (-0T) 6.2. Eelative humidity has also its bearing on crop production. So it will not be out of place if a table in that regard is also appended. The table gives only an average picture. During rains humidity remains at 90% while in winter months relative humidity is less than 10% at times. (i) Taken from A Brief Agricultural Geography of West Bengal. (ii) Negative sign indicates that maximum of minimum is higher than minimum of maximum. 5 TABLE— B Average monthly relative humidity (per cent) at Midnapore (mean of 8 hours) Station January February March April May June July August September October November December Midnapore 73 71 68 73 76 80 87 88 87 74 74 69 7. There are no reserved forests in the district but there are several Government plantations and protected unclassed forests. Those forests consist mainly of small sal trees. Other trees commonly found in these forests are mahua, tamarind, palas, teak, sal, piasal and kusum, gazar, simul, accasia, casia etc. The jungle products consist of lac, tusser cocoons, wax-resin, dhatura, firewood and various jungle woods. Among marsh products may be mentioned the hogla bush which is used for making mats and for thatching, the sola plant yielding a useful pith. As per report of the Conservator General of Forest, West Bengal, in June, 1953, Government controlled 276,621 acres of private forest besides there being 117,091 acres of other private forest and 19891 acres of khasmahal forest. The Forest Department has also taken up for afforestation of 3008 acres of waste land and 1974 acres of private waste land vested in the Government for the purpose, in the district. The coastal belts along the border at Digha, Junput, Nizkhashba and Khejuri are being stabilised by Jhow plantation. It gives protection to adjacent lands from bad effects of sand storms. 8. Midnapore district may be called a land of rivers as quite a good number of rivers, both big and small wash the soil of the district. The river IJooghly though she does not enter into the district, flows along the eastern boundary from the point where she receives Kupnarayan. This river Rupnarayan may be considered as the biggest river of the district. It flows in a south-easterly course and almost faces all eastern boundary of the district. The river is tidal though all the course it is not wide. In the upper course it is narrow but it becomes gradually very wide, at places it being about 2 miles. Next in order of importance is the river Silai or Silabati, which is a tributary of the river Rupnarayan* The catchment area of this river lies in Purulia. Its course is very tortuous and it is very deep in certain places. The river Buri is the largest tributary of Silabati and takes its rise in the north-west of the district. It empties itself into the river Silabati near Narajol. Another important river of the district is Cossye. The Midnapore town is situated on the bank of this river. It passes through the heart of the district and flows in a two-course run till one of its branches flows into Rupnarayan and the other meets the Kelaghai river. This continued course of Kelaghai and Cossye thus takes the name of Haldi and meets the Hooghly at north of Sagar Island. The river Kelaghai, another impor- tant river of the district, may be called a river of sorrows, as it causes devastating flood and carries on erosion. Still another river of the district is Rasulpur in Contai sub-division* It being a navigable river has economic importance ; far more it protects against water-logging by the drainage it serves. The river Subarnnarekha also touches the Midnapore district and flows through Jhargram sub-division on its south-western course. Besides these important rivers this 6 district is also proud of having a very good canal system, serving both as a means of communication as well as source of irrigation. These canals are : — (i) Midnapore High Level Ganal. (ii) Hijli Canal. (iii) Tidal Canal. (iv) Pratapkahli Canal. (v) Putrangi Canal. (vi) Kewari Canal. 9. With the development of modern communication system and the incor- poration of development plans of constructing new roads and high-ways, the vast area of this district had been made communicable to the development of agricul- ture. Khargapur is one of the biggest and longest railway junction as well as an important railway centre of India. The lines viz., Howrah-Bombay, Howrah- Madras and Puri, and Howrah-Goomah pass through Kharagpur and, it is learnt that shortly some portions of the line would be electrified. A considerable quantity of goods including agricultural commodities are transported through this railway system. A now line it is understood, is ]>roposed to he constructed, as it needs, for connecting the proposed Ilaldia port (in Tainluk sub-division, with Panskura) and that would also accelerate quick and cheap movement of agricultural commodities resulting in lesser marketing costs. Among the im)‘or- tant roads, the Calcutta-Madras road popularly known as “Ahallyabye Road” passes through this district and is connected by several inter-district high ways and feeder roads, joining the industrial zones viz., Durgapur, Asansol and Jamshedpur etc- Besides, the following roads and highways viz., Calcutta-Digha road and Oalcutta-Bombay road are under construction and the whole net-wojk of road system connected by innumerable feeder roads would greatly facilitate easy and quick transport for movement of agricultural goods to their consuming areas. 9.1. The distribution of Railway mileage in this district may be noted from the table given below : — TABLE— P Railway system in Midnapore District Name of the Rly. Route. Route and length upto district border. Area covered by the route. Remarks. i. South Eastern a) Kolaghat to 86 miles Howrah - Bombay Railway (Broad gauge) Gidney : line. b) Kolaghat to Peardoba 88 miles Howrah - Goomah line. c) Kolaghat to Dantan. 72 miles Howrah - Madras line. 9.2. The details of the Road System in the Midnapore district may be found in Appe adix - 11 CHAPTER n Area And Population 1. The district of Midnapore is bounded on the north by the district of Bankura, and on the east, the river Hooghly with its tributary, the Rupnarayan, forms a border with 24-Parganas and Howrah and Hooghly. On the south runs the long coast line of the Bay of Bengal, while on the west the boundary stretches separating the district from Ealasoro and Mayurhhanj districts of Orissa and Singhabhum and Manbhuiu districts of Chota Nagpur. This is the largest and the second most populous of the West Bengal districts. It has an area of 5268*60 sq. miles according to the Surveyor General of India and 6263 sq. miles according to the Director of Land Records and Surveys. Tol-aJ area in acres of the district is 3361*8 thousand acres (quoted from Agril. Geography of West Bengal-Directorate of Agril.). 2. The district is constituted of five (but virtually six) sub'divisions viyi. (i) Sadar north (ii) Sadar south (iii) Contai (iv) Ghatal (v) Jhargram and (vi) Tani’uk. Distribution of area of the sub-divisions in regard to area in sq. miles and area in acres are given in the table bolow ‘ — TABLE— G Subdivisions - area in square miles and acres - head quarters according to census - 1961. Name of sub-division Name of Hd. Qrs. Area in sq. miles Area in acres Midnapore Sadar (north) Midnapore town 1069-9 68473600 Jhargram Jhargram 11F6-9 768976 00 Ghatal — Ghatal 368 1 23584000 Midnapore Sadar (south) Midnapore town 968 1 6 19584 '00 Tamluk — Tamluk 749 1 479424'00 Contai — Contai 911*6 583424 00 Total for the district 5253*1 3361,984*00 3. The Sadar north sub-division is constituted of the thanas of Midnapore, Salbani, Keshpur, Garheta and Debra. The Sadar south sub-division has Sabong, Pingla, Kharagpur local, Kharagpur town, Narayangarh, Dantan, Mohanpur and Keshiari. The Contai sub-division consists of the thanas of Contai, Bhagawanpur, Potashpur, Khejuri, Ramnagar and Egra. The Tamluk Subdivision covers the thanas of Tamluk, Panskura, Moyna, Mahisadal, Nandigram and Sutahata. The Ghatal subdivision consists of the thanas of Ghatal, Daspur and Ghandrakona. The Jhargram sub-division has within its jurisdiction the thanas of Jhargram, Jambani, Binpur, Gopiballavpur, Sankrail, and Nayagram. This makes altogether 34 thanas in the district. 3.1. The areas of the sub-divisions have changed from census to census and such changes may be discernible from the following table reproduced from census District Hand Book of 1951 Census. 8 TABLE— H Area in Midnapore, 1881 - 1961 (Area in sq- miles). District and sub-division 1951 1941 1931 1921 1911 1901 1891 1881 Midnapore district 62e031 5274 6245 5065 6186 6186 5146 6082 Sadar sub-division 20380 6067 2028 2010 2067 2068 2111 2144 Contai ,, 91 re 912 912 837 849 849 849 849 Tamluk „ 7491 749 749 667 664 653 610 620 Ghatal „ 368-6 369 369 366 372 372 372 317 Jhargram „ 1185-9 1187 1187 1175 1202 1203 1203 1152 4. There are 180 Union Boards constituted of 12,288 mauzas of 'which as many as 1,669 are uninhabited mauzas. The following table will indicate the distribution of villages in the difTeront police stations of the district. (Figures are taken from Census, District Hand Book 1961.) TABLE— I ( Total number of villages and towns ). Subdivision Police station Number of villages Towns Sadar Subdivision Midnapore 216 1 Salbani 379 — Keshpur 518 — Garbota 733 1 Debra 454 — Sabong 221 — Pingla 170 — Kharagpur local 534 — Kharagpur town — 1 Narayangarh 437 — Dan tan 301 — Mohanpur 98 — Keshiari 290 — Contai Subdivision Contai 563 1 Khejuri 131 — Bhagawanpur 317 — Potashpur 273 — Bamnagar 258 — Egra 241 — 9 TABLE - 1 — oontd. Subscription Police Station Number of villages Towns Tamluk subdivision Tamluk 185 1 Panskura 354 - Moyna 83 — Mahisadal 171 — Nandigram 249 — Sutahata 198 — Ghatal subdivision Ghatal 140 2 Daspur 243 — Ghandrakona 243 3 Jhargrara subdivision Jhargram 482 1 Jambani 275 - Binpur 805 Gopiballavpur 483 — Sankrail 275 — Nayagram 297 6. The important towns of the district are Midna])ore, Tamluk, Contai, Kharagpur, Jhargrani, Ghatal, Garbota, Khirpai, Ghandrakona, Kharar and Kainjibanj'oro details of which are given below. Amongst the villages numbering more than 12 thousands as many as ninety may bo said as most important. The names of those important villages of the district are given below : — 1. Digri 31. Kaliora 61. Mathari 2. Keshpore 32. Nayagram 62. Gunj Narayanpur 3. Anandapore 33. Gopiballavpur 63. Naiidkumer 4. Am sol 34. Ohorchita 64. Mahisadal 5. Maligbati 35, Salbani 65. Nutsal 6. Ami agora 36. Gidni 66. Kukurhati 7. Eadhamohanpur 37. Eadhanagar-Keudi 67. Sutahata 8. Debra 38. Diidkumdi 68. Anandapur 9. Goal tore 39. Birsingba 69. Teropakia lO. Iloomgarh 40. Narajole 70. Nandigram ll. Kharkusuma 41. Nimtola 71. Norghat ]2. Load a 42. Sabong 72. Moyna 13. Belpahari 43. Temohiiii 73. Paramanandapur 14. Bilda 44. Moliar 74. Khejuri 15. Sukjora 45. Pingla 75. Bhagawanpur 16. Ergoda 46. Mondam ari 76. Potaspur 17. Andharia 47. Jamna 77. Eamgarh 18. Binpur 48. Karkai 78. Egra 19. Dahijuri 49. Jalchok 79. Deulbar 20. Lalgarh 50. Narayangarh 80. Bhimeswari 21. Earn garb 51. Belda 81. Mongalmaro 22. Chilkigarh 52. Kesiari 82. Itaberia 23. Chandra 53. Bagasti 83. Mirgoda 24. Ohisra 54. Kukai 84. Sankrail 25. .Manikpara 55. Danton 85. Salboni 26. Sard! a 56. Mohanpur 86. Balicbak 27. Kultikri 57. Panskura 87. Ghandrakona Ed. 28. Beliabera 58. Kolaghat 88. Digha 29. Jambani 59. Mechada 89. Dashagram 80. Sankrail 60.j:Haur 90. Geonkhali 2 10 6. A brief account of the aforesaid towns and villages are given in the following sub-paragraphs : 6.1. Midnapore Municipal Town : The municipal town of Midnapore, which is an old city, is situated on the bank of Cosaai, only 8 miles north of Kharagpur, a very important Eailway junction station. It was the old seat of Kings in the reign of Hindus, Pathans and Mughals. It had a fort during the reign of the Mughal which was later on occupied by the Marhattas and subsequently ruined. Till recent years it was the Central Jail. Several places of pilgrims of both the major communities with temples and mosques, dargas, sherif khanas etc. do still exist to commemorate the spirit of toleration by its inhabitants. Midnapore has also got churches and some memorials of past Britishers. But above all, Midnapore is fortunate enough to have been blessed with the presence of Bri Chaitanya. The picturseque view of Midnapore town particularly surrounding the Bailway Stations may attract any lover of beauty. 6.2. Tamluk : This is the present name of old Tamralipta of bygone days of the Buddhist period, once famous for the seat of a celebrated university and the existence of a port. A good harbour and navigable port as it had been due to its nearness to the sea, which at present has due to natural geographical changes gone far avray. Recently, construction of the new port at Haldia not very far from old Tamra- lipta, has been decided to be begun and the satisfactory progress is going on. The old heritage of university is at present marked by the higher percentage of education in the sub-division. It is also an important business place. 6.3. Contai : This place bears the history of first salt Satyagraha in the early thirties as launched by Mahatma Gandhi and DestipfiycDrvBirendra Mohan Sashnial. The intensity of struggle for national freedom during its early days was the chief characteristic of the place and it has great political importance in these days. The salt industry — the Great Bengal Salt Industry and the Bengal Salt Factory is functioning well in that place. 6.4. Kharagpur : In the map of modern India, particularly in West Bengal, the name of Kharagpur is written in golden letters. It is 72 and 8 miles off from Calcutta and Midnapore respectively which is one of the biggest Eailway junctions in India and is situated on the South Eastern Railway (formerly B. N. Ely.), Madras-Puri, Nagpur-Bornbay and Adra-Purulia, these three separate Eailway lines have been orginated from this junction. The development of Kharagpur was mainly due to the Railway Workshop which is the biggest one in the S.E. Eailway and consequently a new modern township has developed comprising of the Eailway personnel. The population of Kharagpur has increased consi** derably. The management of this township is looked after by the Ely. authority. It has got a market of its own. It has been developed in a planned way just akin to planned markets found in other metropolis of our country. It is the biggest assembling market of the district and the needs of other subsidiary markets are met from here both in wholesale and retail deals. Kalaikunda, an important landing ground and military base for Airmen, is also situated in this place. 6.5. Approximately three miles off Kharagpur, another landmark is coming into prominence in shaping the destiny of modern India. It is Hijli. In the days of our Independence struggle the name of Hijli came into lime light* The then Imperialist power maintained a detention camp at Hijli where the patriotic n inmates were put to inhuman torture. The place which was notorious for the tyranny and torture under foreign subjugators, has now become a cultural centre and one of the sacred places. In order to develop the country, our national Govern- ment felt that unless we can make advancement towards modern technology keeping pace with world, no advancement is feasible. Accordingly, an expert body was formed under the Chairmanship of late Sri N. E. Sircar and it was decided to establish four Technological Institutes in India. Hijli was selected for one of the same. For this purpose, the State Government released 1400 acres of land at Hijli with a few buildings and ultimately I.I.T, (Indian Institute of Technology) was established. The date was 18th August, 1951 and the venue was the former political detention camp. Since then the institute has progressed considerably during the 3 Plan phases. Besides Graduate and Post-Graduate Courses in Science and Technology, the institute conducts a short-term Foundry and Training Course and Trade Apprentice Course. To man our different development plans and to set our country in the right place in the world, this institute produces about two thousands technologists every year. 6. 6. Jhargram : This place is situated at a distance of about 38 km. in the west of Kharag- pur — and being within the Sal forests exhibits a beautiful panorama to the local people as well as to the health visitors. During winter it serves as a health resort. A Polytechnic School, a B. T. Training College, a Basic Training School for teachers and a Government College — ^Jhargram Eaj College — are among the important institutions of this place of recent origin. This is a health resort and a center of education. 6. 7. Ghatal Municipal Town : The subdi visional town of Ghatal is situated on the bank of the river Silai, only 4 miles afar from “Bandar** an old port at the tri-junction point of the three rivers Silabati, Darkeswar and the Eupnarayan, where-from cargo valuing lakhs and lakhs of rupees were being exported to Eurpean Countries in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is also famous even at present for cottage industries of silk and cotton goods as also brass and bell-metal. 6. 8 . Garbeta ; Sarbamangala temple is one of the devoted religious temples of the Hindus and it enshrines the deity Sarbamangola by her special characteristics. A fair is held, generally at the time of Durga Puja — and attended by devotees and people of the surrounding areas. This is situated at Garbeta town, the extreme northern border of the district where also the relics of an old garh (fort) may be seen. 6. 9. Kbirpai : It was under the kingdom of Maharaja Chandraketu of Cbandrakona and was situated on the Kethia Khal, a branch of the river Silabati. At that time it was navigable. There were three daily markets in this town, namely (i) Kadam Kundi, (ii) Kachari bazar, and Mathaghat. It was a big port and assembling centre of weaving and brass and bell-metal goods. The merchants of different parts of India used to come here for trado and business. There are many old temples in this town. But none can say the date of establishment of them. Among these temples (i) Patharia Thakur, (ii) Umapati, (iii) Pancharatna and (iv) Gopinath Thakur*s temples are remarkable, as specimen of Hindu archi- tecture. But they are decaying. 6. 10. Cbandrakona ; In ancient time there was a king named Khaira Malla in this area (Mallabhum) nearly in the year 1400 Sakabda. He was subjugated by Eajput 12 Prince Ohandraketu and be establsihed the capital of his kingdom here after constructing a city like “Amarabati" and named it as Chandrakona. Maharaja Ohandraketu fought against the “Prince Jara” one of the descendants of king Jarasandha of Magadh and completely crushed him and took possession of Jara’s kingdom and thus the area of kingdom of Ohandraketu spread over 80 sq. miles. A proverb says that at that time there was — ' in Chandra- kona town. After the death of Ohandraketu a Chowhan Sardar» Birbhanu Singh defeated the descendant of Ohandraketu and conquered the kingdom. It is learnt from one stone script placed in “Lalji temple** of Chandrakona that the queen Lakshuabati, the wife of Harinarayan Singh, one of the descendants of Birbhanu Singh, constructed this temple in “Akshay Tritia** day in 1577 Sakabda. In 1702 A. D. Maharaja Kirtichand Bahadur of Burdwan subjugated the kingdom of Chowhan Baja’s with the help of Mughal army. 6. 11. Kharar : Shova Singh one of the descendants of Chowhan kings of Chandrakona esta- blished his kingdom in this place. Ilis capital was at Eadhanagore, and K-harar was the biggest producing centre of brass and boll-metal articles and assembling centre of weaving and brass and bell-metal goods. 0. 12. Ramjibanpnr ; Eamjiban Eoy better known as Eamjibabu, the last of Dewans of the Chowhan King of Chandrakona fled from Chandrakona and began to reside at this place far from Chandrakona and named it Eamjibanpur. Weavers of Chandrakona and Khirpai also flocked here and Eamjibabu gave them shelter, furnished them with money and materials for earning their livelihood as weavers. Thus this jilace flourished as weaving centre. The brass and bell-metal articles were j^roduced here also and the industry was developed to a degree. 6. 13. Amlagora : Formerly a fort in Garbeta P. S.> and a seat of a king under the Malla dynes ty, now degenerated, is one mile afar from Garbeta Eailway station towards the north and two miles from Garbeta town and is at present one of the most important marketing centres. 6. 14. Digri : Situated 3 miles east of Chandrakona-Ghatal Eoad Eailway station — is connected by tarred road, particularly famous for after-care hospital for the T. B. convalescents. 6. 15. Goaltore ; An important marketing centre, 12 miles west of C. K. road> on way tp Saranga (Bankura district) is famous for hand-loom industry. 6. 16. Hoomgarh : Once famous for its proximity to Garbeta fort, now being inhabited mostly by “Santals**, is also a good marketing centre. 6. 17. Kharkusnma ; It is a cultural centre of the P. S. having had old tradition and inhabited by some of the descendants of “Jadubhatta”, and is also inhabited by aboriginals. 6. 18. Amsole ; With the relics of the old kings in the proximity of Garbeta fort> it is between Garbeta and Chandrakona towns. The potentialities are now being harnessed by the transformation of soil on the adoption of contour-bunding. A panoramic view of a Priinaiy market 13 6. 19. Chandrakona Road A recently developed marketing centre at the crossing point of 4 roads from opposite sides besides a railhead, connecting Baranga — Ghalal and Vishnu pur — Midnapore roads. 6. 20. Godapiasal : Situated at 8 miles north of Midnapore town wherein the headquarters of the ex-Midnaporo Zamindari Company was established. The place is gaining its importance with the increase of population in recent times. 6. 21. Balichak : This is one of the most important markets for paddy and rice in Debra P. S. having had as many as 16 rice mills situated on the rail -head, connecting impor- tant market places of Debra, Pingla and Sabong P. S. 6. 22. Kcshieri : It is a village in Midnspore south subdivision and is situated at a distance of about 16 miles south-west of Kharagpur railway station and accessible by tarred road. It was once famous for tassor and silk iiroducts. There is an old temple of the goddess “Sarbainangala** which depicts the sculpture of the past. There is also an oid fort named as ''Kiirambera** fort, three miles off from Keshieri proper. 6. 2II. Danloii : It is a village situated at the distance of 32 miles from KhRTgpur town. It is the border Kailw^ay station of this state on way to Orissa. Legend says that while proceeding towards I'uri, Mahajirabhu Sri Bri Chaitanyadev stopped hero for brushing his tooth with the Neoin stick (which in Bengali is known as Danton) and, as such, this village was named as “Danton". There is a very big tank of 5,000 ft. in length and 2,600 ft. in breadth and it is said this has been named as “Barsanka Dighi" after the name of the king “Barsankadev" who on way to Puri for pilgrimage excavalod this at this border village of Orissa and Bengal. There is also an old temple of the god “Shyamsundar" which is also worth seeing. 6. 24. Narayangurh : It is situated at a distance of 14 miles off from Kharagpur. The remnants of the old fort “IJandolgarh" make one remember the old Koyal family of Narayan- garh. The Orissa Trunk Eoad passes by the west of this fort. It is said that Mohaprabhu Sri Sri Chaitanyadev, on his way to Puri, passed by this way. The Dhaleswar Sliiba Temple and a big tank on an area about 200 bighas, named as Hanisagar, are also famous in this locality. 6. 25. Belda ; It is a village situated on the main road to link Khargpur-Contai. It is a big business centre in the rural area and principal crops like, paddy, rice, jute, betel-leaves etc. are exported from here both by rail and road. Q^here are four rice mills in this locality. The railway station at this place was named as “Contai Road", because this station then linked the subdivisional headquarters of Contai by a kuntcha road before the present tar-macadam road with extension upto Khargpur was constructed. 6. 26. Sabong ; It is situated at a distance of 36 miles from Midnapore headquarters, linked up by all weather motorable .roads. This is a jute growing area of Midnapore south subdivision. Cultivation of plants (locally called Madurkati) from which mats are prepared, is widespread here and, as such, the matting industry of this locality has developed appreciably. Even high grade mats are produced here. 14 6. 27. Pansknra ; It is an important railway station, situated at a distance of 36 miles of Midna- pore district headquarters. It is also linked up by motorable roads. It is an impor- tant exporting centre, specially betel-leaves are exported to almost all States of the country from here, and vegetables also in considerable volume are exported to the markets like Calcutta, Kharagpur and Tatanagore etc. There is a temple of Lord Siva known as “Samasaneswar'' and another temple of “Eaghunathjiu** or “Kamchanclra** and Raghunathbati village at the distance of 2 and 4 miles from this place, and these temples are famous for pilgrimages. In every year big melas are held there on 'Chaitra Sankranti* day at the Siva temple and the ‘Vijoya Dashami’ day at Raghunath Jiu* temple* 6. 28. Mohisadal ; This is a village situated at a distance of about ten miles from Tamluk. It is a prosperous and enlightened village of this subdivision. It was the capital of an old Zamindar family, titled as ‘Raja*. There is a big ‘Rath* with 17 tombs belonging to the Raj family and every year at the time of Rathajatra festival thousands of people assemble here to witness the festival. The temples of ‘Navaratna* ‘Ramchandra*, ‘Gopinath*, ‘Singhabahini* etc. erected by the Raj family are famous and worth mentioning* There exists also a college, extending educational facilities to the rural people since a long time* 6. 29. Mayna : It is situated at a distance of 9 miles from Tamluk. It is important only for its past historical back grounds. It is said that during 9th century there was a ruler named Kama Sen at Maynagarh, now known as Mayna* Lau-sen was his son, in the epic, written by Manik Ganguly and Ghanaram Chakraborty named “Dharma Mongal**, the chivalrous activities of this liau-sen has been described vividly. But at present, there exists hardly any remnant of their past glory. It is a compact area for growing of good qualities of jute. 6* 30. Kolaghat : It is situated at a distance of 46 miles from Midnapore and only 34 miles from Howrah railway station. It is an important assembling centre. It is located on the bank of Rupnarayan river. Almost entire production of jute of this district and part of other neighbouring districts as well are assembled here and after baling these are transported to Calcutta market by rail and river* Business of wood and wood products also is predominent here. Ililsha fishes of Kolaghat have also created demand locally and outside. 6. 31. Amarshi It is situated at a distance of 26 miles from Contai. It is famous for its hand -loom industry. Amarshi products, specially saries and dhuties, have profuse demand in the local and as well as outside markets. Recently the head- quarters of Potashpore block has been located permanently at Amarshi. 6. 32. Egra : This village is situated at 17 miles away from Contai town. There is an old Siva temple said to have been erected by Raja Ganapati-Mukunda Dev, a king of Orissa. Every year, a mela is held here on the “Sivarati Festival** days. Previously Subdivisions! office was located here* When Bankim Chandra was the Sub -Divisional Officer, he held his office here* 6. 33. Radhanagar-Keudi (Sevayatan) The village Radhanagar is 2 miles to the north of the Jhargram-garh or fort containing an ancient temple of the Raj family. About 3 miles east from 15 here is the village Eeudi now christened as Sevayatan where there is a Junior Polytechnic School and a B. T. Training college. 6. 34. Binpur : Situated at a distance of 12 miles from Jhargram having had direct road connection with Khatra P.S. of Bankura. It has earned its inif ortance and has a big cattle market. 6. 36. Chilkigarh : This was once the capital of a past king of Jharkhand and till recently the abode of one of the descendants, a Zamindar. The place is almost equally impor- tant like Gidni for forest produce besides a panorama of natural beauties. 6. 36- Charchita : It is one of the cultured places in a far distant village from the hum-drum of a town and a remarkably important marketing centre for both agricultural and forest produce surrounding the area on the West Bengal — south Bihar border. 6. 37. Chichra ; This is one of the most important marketing centres for both cattle and agricultural commodities on the Bengal— Orissa border in Gopibaliavpur P. S. 6. 38. Nayagram : Nayagram is a tongue of land which goes well into Mayurbhanj and Balasore of Orissa. It is about 60 miles via Lodhasuli-Gopiballavpur but only 20 miles from Kharagpur across the Subarnarekha. It is a thana headquarters and a old place of historical interest and a marketing centre. 6. 39. Gopiballavpur : This is the thana headquarters of the police station surrounded by the Subarnarekha river almost three sides, to the southern side of which starts a great jungle of Mayurbhanj and is an old historical place having affinity more with Orissa in culture. 6. 40. Narajole : It is the seat of the old Raja of Narajole and is at present adjacent to the Lankagarh market, one of the most important markets for vegetables and fruits in the district* 6. 41. Nimtala : Which is only 3 miles south of Ghatal is within Daspore Police Station and has got glorious past of its old silk and cotton handloom industry. It is told, it could compete with the finest quality of said cloth produced in Vishnupur and with the cotton cloth of Gbandrakona or Bamjibanpur. 7. Population : In the first census of 1872 the population of the district was recorded as 2,646, 179 ; but there has been a steady growth of population in the district since 1881 particularly along the sea coa«t and the estaury of the Hooghly, the number rising to 26,31,466 in 1891 to 33,69,022 in 1961 and 41,64,844 in 1961. The census reports also illustrate how different patterns have prevailed in different subdivisions and ‘*at once indicate the Contai and Tamluk subdivisions as the most congenial to growth of population". 7. 1 Such growth of population with their varied pattern of growth, problems and factors leading to such growth may be well indicated by an account of the following decades in the words of the Census Report 1961 which states : — ^'Between 1870 and 1881 the whole of the north-eastsrn portion of this 16 district suffered severely from “Burdv7an Fever.** Between 1881 and 1901 the health of the district improved and the population on the whole made satisfactory progress. Although much ordinary fever existed in the badly>drained and flooded tracts, in other respects the health of the people showed a marked improvement and during 1891-1901 the district was peculiarly free from cholera and small-pox epidemics. The inauguration of the Bengal-Nagpur Eailway from Howrah to Kharagpur, from Kharagpur to Balasore, from Kharagpur to Sini in 1898-1903, extinguished the major source of cholera which used to be introduced by pilgrims to and from Puri along with pilgrim roads* The railway benofitted the district in many other respects. By facilitating the disposal of the produce, prices rose, and the cultivators, who enjoyed a better fixity of tenure than in Bankura, were comparatively well off. During 1901-11 there were only three healthy years 1903, 1904 and 1908-10. Epidemics were persistent and widespread ; cholera ranged in 1901, 1902, 190fi and 1907 and there was a virulent epidemic of small-pox in 1902. Fever, the most important element in the life of the district, was rife in the water -logged areas, and the out-turn of the crops was poor for several years. The volume both of emigration and immigration increased owing to the extension of the railway. The increase of population was Braall along the sea coast and the estuary of the river Hooghly. During 1911-21 the influonj^a epidemic caused great mortality and malaria took its usual toll. It is sad to reflect that the district as a whole and every police station except Khejuri, Kamnagare, Mahisadal, Nandigram, Sutahata on the sea coast and Jhargram and Jambani on the Bihar border suffered from a decrease in population. The out- standing event of 1921-31 was the 0 xr»an 8 ion of the Kharagpur railway settlement and an increase in the number of employees in the railway workshops, and an influx of unemployed relatives of employees from other larts of India. The next decade 1931-41 was noticably eventful for the civil disobedience movement in 1931-33, drought in 1933-34 and scarcity in 1939-40. The district also .suffered heavily between 1942 and 1945, causing depopulation in a number of police stations in Danton and Mohanpur in Badar subdivision, Contai, Potaspur, Raiiinagar and Egra in Oontai, and Nandigram in Tamluk subdivision. This in- dicates that the coastal areas have not yet been able to recover from the combined effects of the cyclone of October, 1942 and the famine and e])idemics of 1943-44. 8. The district is not only unique in its geographical feature, climatic condi- tion and varied nature and clas.ses of population but the distribution of population is also uneven. The following chart will illustarto the number of persons as occupant under different groups of holdings wherefrom it will appear that lesser the acreage, the greater the number of holdings and their occupants. TABLE - J Area of all cultivated land owned in acres Total No. of persons in the group Percentage thereof 0 to 100 acres 94,191 26% 1* 1 to 2*00 76,853 20% 201 to 300 44,937 11% 401 to 600 30,416 9% 601 to 6*00 25,052 8% 601 to 700 16,257 6% 701 to 8 00 15,237 4% 8*01 to 9*00 12,618 4% 901 to 1000 8,693 3% 1001 to 1600 9,242 3% 1601 to 20-00 6.437 2% 2001 to 25*00 5,994 2% 2601 to 33*00 3,914 2% 33*34 to upwards 3,239 2% 17 8.1. Besides, variation in the distribution of population according to livelihood, classes is also a characteristic feature of the district which may be evident from the table given below ; TABLE - K Classification of population according to livelihood. Livelihood classes 1 Population 1 1 Percentage rela- tion to total 1 1951 I 1961 j population 42.69,022 43,41,866 ) Agricultural class (a) cultivating labour and thoir 70 dependants — 4,54,173 (b) Non-cultivating owner of lands, d agricultural rent receivers and their dependants — 20,672 o S a o 12 (c) Cultivators of land wholly or mainly owned and their o 6 dependants — 17.20,223 *0 0 (d) Cultivators of land wholly or a '.3 mainly unowned and thoir l s ® di o3 2 .2 S ^ .-H 5 5 ^ 2 © o8 **H <13 -*3 O^QQ sSS 6 o © o C8 © ft 0, ft 03 ^ O U ■*=> © © QQ © o 2 o 3 rcJ © ® g^ft s ft © a O 08 “.1'S 3 -S I fSs 2 ti 'd © ©I © © 'd rt a d o o © d 03 M O 03 .r. «8 © © O & •43 P 4 « §-s ® cl 08 .2 n 3 © ft 0) TO ^ 03 c8 2 1 « § 03 Co ft fti5 . O 4:5 o © C3 "S © I 0 0.2 Q. O TO 4J C8 w t4_l o ^ ^ © « s ^3 © o S 2 o5 Midnapore 16*92 19*14 17*86 Net cropped area 6*44 Total cropped area 5*16 67*20 4-75 ( From Agricultural Geography of West Bengal ) 4.3, It will be evident from the above table that in Midnapore only 5*44 percent of the net cropped area is utilized as area sown more than once. 1^'or the State as a whole only 12*97% of the net cropped area and 11.48 percent of the total cropped area are utilized as area sown more than once. 6- As is common in Bengal, agriculture has got two seasons in the district viz. kharif which starts from March-April and extends upto October and Eabi which commences from September-October to end in February-March. The characteristics of the district are however so varied that when in one corner the season of kharif commences early in March viz in the river belt zone of the Ganges and Bupnarayan, such season commences even as late as May-Juno being exclusively dependent upon monsoon in areas like Garbeta, Jhargram etc. The main kharif crops are paddy and jute the former being the most important crop of the district. Amongst Eabi, potato heads the list and has got unique position* though the production of seasonal vegetables* pulses, wheat, oil seeds and betel-leaf are no less important. Besides, cashewnut, ground-nut, and sugarcane occupy conspicuous position. Moreover though Aus and Boro are largely grown in high tracts and marshy land respectively, the Aman paddy occupies more than 2/3rd of the acreage under paddy, l3oth broadcasting and transplantation are adopted in Aman cultivation* Double cropping is also resorted to particularly during very recent years in suitable areas. The Olitorious jute predominates over Capsularies — the latter being grown only in the eastern part. But the acreage under Mesta is gradually increasing, its cultivation and marketing costs being lesser. Though full attention has been given to cultivation of paddy to cope with the food problem, the cultivation of jute is also being equally encouraged as it is the highest Foreign Exchange earner. Besides these, betel-leaf is the most important cash crop in addition to jute, Cultivation of Sisal has recently been introduced as a suitable 27 fibre crop since soil and climate have been found on research as congenial to its cultivation. 6. Estimated area under principal crops, estimated average yield per acre i and average production in the district are given in the Appendices V, VI & VII The estimates have been given for the years 1964-66 to 1961 -62« 6. 1. In consideration of area covered by different crops, rice is far the most important crop grown in the district and of rice Aman contributes the major portion. About 21*42 percent of the total production of rice of West Bengal comes from Midnapore district and about 21*49 percent of the total area under rice in the State lies within this district. In West Bengal about 88*96 percent of tlie total rice production is constituted of Aman rice and out of this total production of Aman rice about 22*86 percent is contributed by Midnapore district. These figures are quite significant. In respect of Aus and Boro, however, Midnapore is more or less out of reckoning its contribution is only 9*64 percent. Aus variety of rice contributes 10*62 percent of the total rice production of the Sl ate. About 10*88 percent of total Boro production in the State comes from Midnapore district. “This brings out the importance that is being attached to rice cultivation.” 7. The following table indicates the period of sowing and harvesting of the ])rincipal crops of the district. TABLE— U Sowing calender Name of crop Period of sowing Period of harvesting Bice Aman June-August November-December Aus April-May (Broadcast) July- Aug. (Broadcast) June- July (Transplan- September-October tation) (Transplanted) Boro Decoraber-Jannuary May- June. Wheat Sep tem ber-October March-April. Jute April-May August-September Sugarcane Eebr uary-March . N ovember-December Potato N 0 vember-December Pebruary -March . 8* The seed requirement of the different principal crops grown in the district is shown below : Paddy (broadcast) Paddy (Transplantation) Wheat Jute Sugarcane Potato 30 seers per acre* 12 seers per acre, so seers per acre. 3 seers per acre. 10,000 cuttings or 60 mds. per acre. 9 maunds per acre. CHAPTER— IV Agricultural Deyelopment Programme in the District of Midnapore. In a country like ours whose dependence on Agriculture has not appreciably changed despite industrial progress of last decade and whose economy is and will be for several decades to come dominated by agriculture, National Welfare will largely depend on agricultural prosperity. The gaps in our rural life and agriculture are too many and too important to admit of delay or complacency, Our agriculture is at least to the extent of 50% carried on in conditions of uncertain rainfall and depleted soil conditions which affect its out-put and economy and the agriculturists can be more or less assured of the results of bis labour and investments only in not more than 40% of the area under cultivation. 1.1. In the context of the above background, planned agricultural Develojr ment acquires such greater importance that in appreciation closely integrated and harmonising by blended pattern of development was thought about for rural upliftment. 1.2. Experience in the first Two Plans and specially in the Second, has shown that the rate of growth in agricultural production is the most important dcieimi- ning factor for the progress of entire economy* The Third Plan, therefore, recognises once again the priority for agriculture. 1.3. Production of food grains as usual, has claimed top priority. There has been great demand for food grains during this period for various obvious factors. To match this demand efforts have been made to draw production programme so as to utilise maximum possible land, water, man-power, fertiliser, finance and other resources. 1.4. On this consideration, a target of additional production capacity of 2,30,000 metric tons of Food grains have been fixed for the district during the years 1962-63 to 1964-65. Increased production plan of this order has been worked out in the assumption that the various development programmes w’i]] be carried out efficiently with wide spread public participation and fullest use of man-pow'er and national resources through integrated efforts. The main programme for increasing agricultural production which involves intensive work relates to Irrigation, Soil Conservation and Land Eeclamation, Supply of fertilisers and manures, seed multiplication and distribution, Supply of Improved agricultural implements, Plant protection and Adoption of Scientific agricultural practices. 2 . Irrigation : Minor and Small Irrigation Scheme Small and minor irrigation will play an important role in agricultural Development Programme during the Plan periods. Already four schemes amounting to Es. 56,039*00 under the minor irrigation schemes have been taken up for execution. This will command an area of 5,300 acres. Ten numbers of River Pumping Schemes amounting to Es. 95,160*00 will he executed to augment the irrigation facilities in the district. Apart from this, forty six such other schemes are under scrutiny. 3. Small Irrigation Sdiemes During the year 1961-62, 86 Nos. of small irrigations schemes were executed at a cost of Rs. 1*06 lakhs benefltting an area of 9,000 acres. In 1962-63, 92 nos. 29 of small Irrigation schemes at a cost of Rs* 8*03 lakhs benefitting an area of 23,000 acres were executed. In 1963-64, 170 Nos. of small Irrigation Schemes at a cost of Bs. 6’00 lakhs benefitting an area of 16,000 acres were also executed in Midnapore district. 29 Nos. of Deep Tube Wells have been installed to provide irrigation to 4,360 acres in the whole district and 22 Nos. are under proposal. 3.1. 61 Nos. of Ring wells and 66 Nos. of Auto Tube Wells have been com-' pleted to cover an area of 600 acres approximately- In this tract of the land where water becomes a serious limiting factor above nature of schemes will offer ample opportunities for diversification and judicious utilisation of the water- With hard labour and toil, and with a change of suitable crop pattern, 2 to 3 croT)8 can be raised. In addition to completing the various existing projects, the overall district Plan includes a series of small and large irrigai ion schemes. These comprise further exploitation of ground water, interception of storm water run oft, reclamation and utilisation of springs and rivers. In 1961-62, 44 Nos. of pumping plants were distributed in the District. 4. Soil Conservation Problems of soil erosion and land utilisation are being tackled by seperate sector of the atrucultural Department in the district. Soil conservation benefits have been oxteneded to 1,300 (approximately) acres, and various agricultural aspects of the river basins are being studied by the experts- Soil conservation Research Station has been established in Midnapore for studying related problems in the field recently. 4.1. There are instances where the destruction of the land has reached the stage where economic recovery is now considered very costly. Reclamation loans are being offered to the cultivators to stabilise these ngain. Mechanical unit is also available for proper reclamation of these type of lands- 6 . Supply of Chemical Fertiliser and Manures On account of cultivation for a long period and due to the nature of the tract, the soils are at a very low level of fertility. There is a.n almost univerf^al need for nitro>:en. Soil is also extremely responsive to other major neutrients. 6.1. Apart from directly resulting in increased crop yield, the use of ferti- lisers will open up channels for scienctific methods and changed ])attern of agri- culture by sustained efforts of the Extention Wing. Cultivators are becoming fertiliser conscious progressively, particularly in the irrigated areas. Target for the year 1963-64 are indicated below : — FERTILISER 1- A. Sulphate ... 7176 M.T. (Metric Tons) 2. S/Phosphato 1100 M.T. 3. Paddy-Pert, mixture ••• 7460 M.T. 4. Potato-Pert, mixture ••• 8050 M.T. 6. Bone meal ••• 172 M.T. 6. Uria ... 2016 M.T. The target for 1964-65 has also been fixed as follows : Amonium Sulphate ... 20,000 M.T. Uria ... 6,000 M.T. Bone-meals ••• 3,000 M.T. There are 713 nos. of depots and sub-depots which have since been opened in the district to feed the needs of the area. 30 6. Manures ; For increasing production both chemical fertilisers and organic manure are required and it is not possible to meet the requirement of chemical fertilisers due to lack of enough production in the country as at present. Definite plans are being formulated to utilise the local manurial resources with fullest extent. In order to secure better results, cultivators are being given encouragement by advancing financial assistance for preparation of Compost pits, cow sheds etc. Cultivators are also being encouraged to grow different plants for organic maniiring-rnaterials. Target of Farm Manure for 1963-64 and 1964-66 are noted below : — 1963- 64 manure 18,60,000 Ton. 1964- 65 manure 18,60,000 Ton. 61. Municipalities are being encouraged by advancing loan for preparing of Town Com nost. Last year green manure seeds were multiplied through-out the district and 678 Metric Ton Dhyincha seeds were procured and distributed and this year also 2320 metric Ton of Dhyincha seeds have since been distribuled, extra supply being procured from out-side the district. Besides, 57,763 metric ton of Rural Compost (Sludge) were in use in the last year in the district. 7. Seed Multiplication and Distribution : With a view to deriving full benefits from irrigation and balanced use of organic and chemical fertiliser, a good deal of stress is being laid on saturating the entire tract with improved seeds. In order to make adequate quantity of improved seeds locally at the right time, eight thana seed multiplication farms have since been established during 2nd and 3rd Plan Period. 7.1. Further farms will still bo required to meet the full demand and those are being established gradually. Seeds produced at local Thana Seed Farms are being issued to the registorer] “A-Type of Growers*' for further multiplication and after that type of multiplication, these are issued to the cultivators with a view to saturating the area with improved seeds within the stipulated period. Construc- tion of the adequate storages owned by the Government is also under way. 7.2. 5,301 quintals of improved seeds (paddy) have since been multiplied in the years as detailed below : — 1962- 63 : 2,685 Quintals. 1963- 64 : 2,616 and 16,203 quintals of paddy seeds have so far been procured from “A-type Growers" during the years 1962-63 to upto-date as detailed below : — 1962- 63 : 5,870 Quintals. 1963- 64 : 8,561 „ 1964- 65 : 1,772 „ 8. Improved Agricultural Implements ; Providing the farmers with improved implements which will do their job with less exertion and Hime, is now an important part of the drive to make Indian Agriculture more scientific. Cultivators are progressively appreciating the utility pf the improved implements which is reducing unneessary exertion ^nd toil as 31 also cost of cultivation* Increased distribution of such implements from the statement below will Indicate the popularity it is gaining among the cultivators. Name of Implements. 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1) Paddy Weeder : 64 Nos. 331 Nos. 150 Nos. 2) M. B. Plough : 180 „ 264 „ 1051 „ 3) Wheel Hoe ; 114 58 „ 80 „ 4) Seed Drill : 24 .. 15 24 „ 9 . Plant Protection : Precise damage to the crops from insects, rodent and other animal pests and on account of diseases, weeds and parasitic plants, is difficult to assess. But those can be prevented, if Plant Protection measures are adopted on an adequate scale as an integral part of agricultural Plan. With a view to secure maximum effect, manual and power operated sprayers and dusters have been supplied extensively to the farmers. Essential supply of suitable pesticides has also been made at subsidised rate to the farmer . ])usters and sprayers are also supplied at ijO% subsidy to the cultivators, details of which are noted below : Names of Plant Quantity in Nos. Names of the Plant Quantity in Qtls. l)rotection 61-62 62-63 63-64 Protection Chemicals 61-62 62-63 63-64 Implements (Insecticides) 1) Hand Duster : 230 324 286 1) Cop. Sulphate : 1298 1582 3133 2) Hand Sprayers : 105 165 180 2) B. H. C. (10%) ; 28493 53440 16550 3) Power Duster : 16 16 22 3) 1). T. T. (60%) ; 227 227 21 4) Power Sprayer ; 20 6 12 4) D. T. T. (6%) : 45 46 73 10. Improved Agricultural Practices 625 Nos. of Demonstration Centres have been run to demonstrate improved methods of cultivation to the cultivators. One thousand and odd trials with fertilisers have also been conducted to advocate the eflicacy of fertilisers in increa- sing yields. Improved methods of paddy cultivation carried out covering an area of 63543 acres in the year 1963-64. Different factors of production such as timely intercultural operation, employment of improved implements, judicious utilisation of water, timely pest control measures, application of balanced fer- tilisers etc. were employed to secure higher yields per acre. Target for the year 1964-65 on the scheme has been fixed at 1,42,580 acres in the district. 11. Intensive Rice Cultivation Programme : Another most important feature of the Third Plan is the starting of intensive agricultural district programme under which 12 (twelve) blocks in Midnapore (West) 14 (fourteen) blocks in Midnapore (East) districts have since been selected for intensifying agricultural activities. One of the important criteria of these blocks is the availability of assured water by irrigation and rainfall. This ensures favourable conditions for making a marked advance in production. Essence of the programme is to develop farms and village production plans on the basis of which full supplies and credit will be made available to the cultivators. An effort will also be made to reach to all the cultivators their needs through co- operatives and Panchayets and to formulate production jians which will progressively involve all agricultural commodities. 11.1. In the above lines, wo have tried to portray, as far as prac^cable, the picture of the district in respect of Agricultural Development during different plan periods, particularly in the Third. It is not too much to expect that on comp.e- tion of plans, our long cherished goal to make all out improvement in the agricultural sector and thereby ameliorating the economic condition of the tiUors of the soil and the country as a whole, will not be difficult to achieve. Of course impediments in the way of attaining success should also be taken into considera- tion. The cultivators are the most orthodox class m the society. They hesitate to accept any new idea. They prefer to cUng to the old system rather to mw revolutionary ideas. So we have to advance very cautiously in this regard. Our progress has not, perhaps, been monumental, but we can say, we are marching towards our aim with confident steps* CHAPTER— V Agricnltaral Marketing 1. The object of tlio present Chapter is to give an idea about the system of marketing of agricultural produces, marketing practices prevalent and the different aspects of the problem of agricultural marketing in the district of Midnapore. Ihit before we take up this subject we propose to give an idea about what agricultural marketing actually means, as we think general readers would find it easier to understand the problems of marketing in the district if these are studied on the background of this theoretical discussion. 2. Now to begin with lot us first define “Marketing”. “The study of agricultural marketing comprises all the operations, and the agencies conducting them, involved in the movement of farm produced foods and raw materials and their derivatives such as textiles, from the farms to final consumers, and the effects of such operation on farmers, middlemen and consumers.” This is the definition which lias boon given by an eminent authority on the subject fProf. F. L. Thomson). Marketing thus does not connote only buying and selling. Marke- ting comprises the entire channel of distribution of the agricultural crops after its ])ro luctiori stage to its consumption. Production is not complete with harvesting. It must roach the consumers, otherwise the utility of production becomes lost. In other words marketing is the process which links the producers with the consu- mers. So it is important that anyone studying agricultural marketing and how to improve it should know as much as possible about consumers of farm products. 2.i. Marketing discovers consumers but it is also an incentive for producers. The farmers invest caiiiial on his land, seeks credit for financing his cultivation ))rogramme for se(M.iring better seeds, ellicatious fertilisers, best type of implements. Hut all these are lost unless be gets a price for bis produce above his cost of production. Marketing renders him this service. When the farmer’s invest- ment gives liim adequate return he goes out for further production and he gets more incentive. So in order to secure increased agricultural production, it is not enough merely to provide adequate sujiplies of production materials and credit to cultivators- There must also be sufficient incentive for production and one of the main iiicontivos is to enable the cultivators to obtain fair price for their produce. In any agricultural production ])rogramiDo, marketing has thus been agreed as a component part. Tn this connection the observation made by the United Nation Conference of Foo I and .Agriculture, held in October, 11)45 at Quebec deserves reference. It states : — “Marketing is the crux of the whole food and agriculture problem. It would be useless to increase the output of food, it would bo equally futile to sot up the optimum standard of nutrition unless means can be found to move food from producers to the consumers at a price which represents a fair remuneration of the lu’oducers and is within the consumers’ ability to pay. Similar consideration applies to other agricultural products.” It will also not be out of place to quote from the Keport of the Technical Meeting on Marketing (Asia and Par Eastern Region) held on 27th April to 6th May, 1969 at New Delhi. It observed, “It was recognised first that agricultural production is seasonal and has to be held and distributed for regular consumption over time. Secondly, the production of different crops tends to be localised and the main centres of urban and industrial consumption are separated by considerable distance from areas of production. Thirdly, owing to natural or acquired condition, different areas may specialise in different agricultural products. Thus, consumption which is the final purpose of production involves much movement 5 34 of conditions over time and space entailing changes of ownership at one or several stages during assembling, processing, and distribution”. The meeting decided to consider marketing as including all related processes and services performed in the movement of commodities from primary producers to ultimate consumers. 2.2. In the report of the said meeting it was also observed that “lack of incen- tive to larger production and many other factors discouraging efforts to production can be attributed to a considerable degree, to poor marketing facilities. The general poverty of the small farmers and their chronic indebtedness to money lenders, weakens in the farmer's bargaining powers, especially during times of harvest. This weakness is aggravated by the farmer's lack of knowledge of prevailing prices and marketing procedure.” I am sure all will agree with the observation made above. This is the problem to which all attention must be given as because, “it is not strange to note that the farmer has little incentive to increase his production and adopt better methods of cultivation, for he cannot see increased efforts bringing him a commensurate increase in returns.” 2.8» Now what this marketing system is called upon to do ? From the defini- tion we have given above and from the observation as made above it must have been clear that marketing system is constituted of certain functions and services. These functions and services are listed broadly as follows : — (1) Assembling. (2) Processing or preparation for the market, (3) Dispersion or distribution- Farmers' produce, before this can reach the consumers, must bo concentrated at any point in quite good quantity to enable processing or packaging or ‘assembling’. This function or service has led to the creation of what wo call markets. Assembling is necessary as otherwise it is not economical to handle, it is an important part of marketing. Tomato grown in tho remote jmrt of Ghatal subdivision must be assembled at Calcutta market before these can be distributed to consumers in Calcutta, whore the demand for this particular crop is located. But very few crops are ready for final consumption when they leave the farmer. Paddy is harvested, but elemental utility is created only when it is processed into rice. The marketing system should thus convert tho produce into such form, or in other words elemental utility must be created, before they can be distributed to consumers. Processing is therefore an essential function of marketing. In the words of Prof. Thomson “After the products of many farmers in scattered localities have been concentrated, processed and made ready for shipment a process exactly opposite to that of assembling begins”. This is distribution which serves in reaching the produce to the millons of consumers. 2.4. Besides there are other services also termed as secondary services, which marketing system has to perform. These are (l) storing (2) grading and standarisation (3) packing (4) transporting (5) demand creation and price recovery. They are called secondary services because they are rendered in all three of the major sectors of the marketing system : — assembling markets, central and processing markets and markets for dispersion or distribution. Storing is an important function at all stages of marketing. When the crops come out of the field it must be stored either at the farm or at the assembling point, or at the processing point or at tho distributing point to enable the produce secure a better price as also to stabilise market demand. Warehousing and storage facilities are accordingly necessary in any improvement programme of agricultural marketing. Grading and standardisation, quality control and inspection constitute another very important service rendered by the marketing system. Packing also contributes Agricultural comna^ditics on sale in a bazar in Jhargram 35 to more efficient marketing by reducing bulk shrinkage and spoilage as also by reducing cost. Lastly, though not the least, efficient market information services is a pre-requisite for an efficient system of marketing "which not only helps the farmer to get better price for his produce by disposing his stock at an apportune moment in an appropriate market, but also helps determine his cropping pattern- It is therefore, necessary that in any improvement programme of agricultural marketing market information service must be given due importance. 2.5. It thus comes to that “any plan of economic development that accrues at eliminating poverty of the agricultural population, reducing consumer prices, earning more Foreign Exchange eliminating un-econoinic wastes, has to pay special attention to the development of efficient agricultural marketing” (Report of the Technical Meeting on Marketing -Asia and Far East Region). A. System of Marketing 3. Wo have said above that marketing discovers consumers. In fact marketing is the whole process which a commodity is to undergo commencing from the storage immediately after harvest till it reaches to a consumer. The marketing practices, therefore, may vary from place to place, time to time, and commodity to commodity. The system of marketing is however, fundamentally common. The traditional system of marketing in which the producers assemble their produces in a central jdace, commonly known as market, where the consumers ' gather with slight variation here and there, are still in existence in this district also. The system of barter is also not absent in the remote villages, where the major crop serves as a medium of exchange. Loans are often given in terms of paddy to be returned in kind with interest- First, vegetables etc. even now are exchanged for paddy or rice. But with gradual development in the sphere of economic activities the modern system of marketing has also developed and complexities and problems of marketing have also gradually cropped up. The grower’s price is in most cases determined and dictated by the middlemen, who operate in the villages. These middlemen work as agent of the wholesalers or millers and are also hiiaiiced by them. This system of marketing however, varies from commodities to commodities. This aspect is discussed briefly in the following paragraphs : 3.1. Paddy, the most important agricultural produce of the district, is both a food and a cash crop here and has earned commercial importance. There are various systems under which the marketing of paddy is done. More often than not the producers make direct transactions with the consuming local rice mills at the Mill gates. The middlemen who mainly operate in the marketing of paddy, are known as “Beparios”and“h^arias” who sometimes may make direct purchase from the growers at the farms and carry the same to the Mills for sale. Such operations are done both on commission basis at 0*12 n.p. per maund and on cash sale on a margin of profit varying from 0*60 n.p. to Re. 1*00. per maund. There are also aratders or stockists who make purchase from all sources like growers, farias and beparies, hold it for sometime and make a bargain even upto Re. 1*00 by disposal at opportune moment. Millers after procurement of paddy through all these agencies, perform the processing operations and then arrange disposal of rice to the local markets etc. through retailers. But milled rice are mostly exported outside the district, particularly to Calcutta area. The stockists or wholesalers who maintain their own godown or on hire, arrange for marketing finance as well. The Mills also store rice in their own godown when needed. 3.2. The marketing system of Jute — the highest foreign exchange earner amongst agricultural produces of the State, is almost similar to that of paddy. The same chain of middlemen like bepari, faria, aratders and balers operate in the trade* 36 The transactions between the growers and the millers are very rare. The producers ] seldom bring the commodity in largescale to the market for disposal. Almost all the entire produce is usually disposed of by the producers at their farm doors, to the village Farias or representatives of merchant money-lenders who approacL them for collection under previously admitted terms at latters’ advantage. The farias are also individually connected with the merchants (wholesalers or balers) who advance money to these farias or representatives for making purchase in the mofussil area both outright and with advance payment— on “Dadan" system. The merchants in turn dispose of the same to the outside customers at tlic terminal markets of Calcutta (Cossipur). The farias or representatives of traders also visit the primary markets on hat days during the season and sometimes make direct purchase. The Balers arrange for assortment and grading according to popular trade grade specification, storage as also for baling and transport etc. Amongst the various market functioneries the big merchants or balers who make direct contact with the consuming mills predominate in the trade and are mainly responsible for supply of marketing finance. Here is the key point w\hero wholesalers occupy the unique position and control the whole trade. They engage purchasing agencies at primary markets and procure jute directly from growers or through the village middlemen like farias, beparies etc. The commo- dity thus procured is transported to Kolaghat — the biggest secondary market cum-baling centre in the district. Transaction of several lac maiinds of jute to the extent of 80% of the whole trade of the district are done in one season — for further movement to the mills situated in greater Calcutta area. The rest goes to Cossipur, Hatkhola and Shyambazar (terminal markets) direct along witli produce of other districts, where aratders play a very imiortant role to act as “Liaison” for final consumption mostly by the Calcutta Jute [Mills for export to the foreign countries after final baling. 3.3. Potato is another commercial crop second in importance only to jute or paddy in the district. After harvest the village merchants or itinerant traders collect potatoes direct from the field to the extent of 30% from the house of the cultivators before they are supplied to wholesale dealers. The wholcsaler.s also collect potatoes from villages direct through their agents. ViHy percent of the harvest is carried invariably by the cultivators to the nearest primary markets and to the seed and manure merchants from whom the growers often take seeds and manures on loan. The wholesale dealers undertake the responsibility of assortment? packaging, storage, transport and for the supply of marketing finance. The commission agents liaison with the wholesalers as growers’ representatives and with the retailers functioning like a broker in the grain market* The diagram below shows the main channels as to how it reaches to the consumers. Growers 1 1 Seed or Village Itinerant 1 manure merchant. trader* dealer. Wholesaler* Commission Agents. Betailer s. Co nsumer s. 3.4. The distribution of agricultural commodities like pulse is undertaken by the following agencies, similar to that of other grains. (a) Growers ; (b) Village merchants ; (o) Wholesale merchants. 37 The producers bring their commodity to the nearest primary market or to the wholesale merchants at the nearest Ganj (Assembling centre) for direct disposal and as also very often dispose of the same locally to village merchants or beparies operating in the areas of production, -who later on dispose of the same at some neighbouring primary markets to ■wholesalers* Wholesale merchants play impor- tant part in the distribution of pulses. They are of two classes namely, those who buy and sell in the same market and those who buy in one market and sell in another. Dealers of the first type operate in small scale and the later in large scale who undertake responsibility of storage, transport and supply marketing finance. 3.5* In BeteHeaf trade, the “Aratders^* have predominence in wholesale transaction. The producers sujiply to aratders direct who link themselves with the various agencies of the markets in and out-side the district acting on com- mission basis. They also make supplies to local retailers on agreed terms in the open competitive market* Direct transactions between the producers and local retailers are also in practice. The producers also make partial retail transactions in the local consuming markets. 3.6- The system of marketing of cashew-nut, which is another important agricultural produce earning considerable foreign exchange from both Doller and Sterling areas, is that a few middlemen of the locality known as “Bepari'* make dirf5ct xmrehase from the producers and arrange supply to the traders at Calcutta or direct to the terminal markets of Madras, Bombay and Kerala for export after decorticating in the processing firms there. Excepting only a very small portion ijieant for local consumption the entire production is exported as whole-nut from Uio State, as there is no processing firm in West Bengal. The other market fimctionerios like commission agents or brokers are conspicuously absent in this trade at the locality, nor does “Dadan” system prevail here unlike in Southern India. This helj)s in reducing marketing costs. 3.7. Cultivation of ground-nut is mostly confined on either banks of The Subaina-rekha river, in the villages of Gopiballavpore and Nayagram P. S. After harvest, the cultivators dispose of 64% of their produce from iboir doors through village merchants who in their turn carry the same to the nearest secondary market in Manikpara of Jhargram Sub-Division, situated at a distance of 20 miles from the producting area. The growers hardly dry it, which how- ever is done by the wholesale merchants in the Secondary market at Manikpara, who on their turn mostly export the same to Calcutta or Southern area by Kail. A i)ortion of the trade is also carried by the traders of Dantan where from it is exported only to Southern India. 3.8. The condition of the bovine population being far below normal, the production of milk falls far short of the normal demand of this most important nutrative human food, excepting in some concentrated pockets like Garbeta where buffaloes thrive due to some natural advantages and Ghalal where the alluvial soil provides required fodder creating cow’s milk producing zone. In neither place raw milk is sold for direct consumption purposes but it is utilised in the manu- facture of butter and chhana* The present system of marketing is that the Calcutta Ghee Traders provide “Dadan” (Advance money) through their represen- tatives who in their turn supply the same to the owner's of cattle through the selected local butter traders. As a result, the producers of milk get only 40% of the Consumer’s price the remaining being swallowed up by the middlemen in the chain. As to the marketing of chhana, almost the similar procedure is adopted in respect of 80% of the produce, the remaining 20% being consumed locally by the sweetmeat dealers who get the supply through their salaried employees or even through petty dealers on commission basis. 3.9. The locally produced gur starts to appear in the primary markets early in December containing in earthen pitchers duly covered, of capacity 10-15 38 Beers each. As in case of potato the farias and paikers play the main role amongst middlemen who acting, mostly on thoir own capital make direct purchase from growers* door and supply to the wholesalers in important like Amlagora, Chandrakona road etc. The wholesalers in their turn hoard it for sometime and then distribute it through the retailers at a margin of pro t- 0*26 n. P. per maund in case of 'wholesalers and Re. l/- in case of retailers. 3.10, After threshing, the straw is made ready for market stagged in heaps. The village merchants, the itinerary merchants, and the farias or commission agents acting on behalf of the wholesalers (Exporter) on commission basis visit the villages, make outright purchase and arrange for transport from village to nearest Rail head or other exporting centres whore Aratders also play an important role. The commission agents or the aratders got commission at the terms fixed by the wholesalers (Exporter) who got it transported to the most important consuming market at Calcutta viz., Hatkhola. 4* In the present day system of marketing as enumerated above, middlemen play a very imxiortant role and their services are indispensiblo. It is sometimes said that problem of agricultural marketing can be solved by the elimination of the middlemen. This statement is however not wholly true. In the present day of economic specialisation when jiroducers and consumers live far apart, it is hardly possible to bring them together unless there are agencies to go between. It is of course true that too much of middlemen operating in our country has aggravated the marketing problem. It has increased the cost of marketing as a result of which the consumers have been made to pay more than the value of the goods they get. On the other hand the growers are getting only a very small share of the consumers* rupee. It is therefore necessary that to curtail the marketing cost and to give the grower a fair share of the consumer *s money, there should be very limited number of middle-men. So it is limitation and not total elimination of the middlemen that should be the objective of marketing develop- ment. In this context it would be quite relevant if we quote Dr. S. A. Hossain who is of the view that — “So long as the individual cultivator is ignorant of market intelligence and practice his produce or marketable surplus remaining small in volume and low in value, and his economic condition and the rural com- munications being unsatisfactory, the number of middlemen cannot be considered as unduly largo’*. (Agricultural Marketing in Northern India — Dr. S. A. Hossain) 4..1 In the system of marketing, as we have enumerated above, existing in the district of Midnaporo there are various types of middlemen in operation. Those middlemen operate both in primary markets and secondary markets, they operate also in respect of all commodities produced in the district. We may have some idea about the activities of these middlemen from the following paragraphs : (a) Farias : These people, also known as “Dalai** make direct contact with the growers either at their doors or at the markets for performing primary transaction. Then they bring the produce thus pooled to the “Beparies** or “Aratders*’ at the secondary market for disposal. Usually they work on commission basis and sometimes on cash sale system keeping a margin of profit. They are financed by “Beparies**, whole- sale merchants or “Aratders** for making purchase on behalf of the lenders. They do not undertake any assortment or grading. (b) Beparies : These people also known as petty merchants, mostly get supply from “Farias**. Sometimes they also make direct purchase from the growers at the primary markets and do not usually approach the growers at their farm doors. 39 They have link with the merthants or aratders at the secon- dary markets or consuming centres. They are financially better- off comparatively, and can afford to invest their own capital though meagre in addition to the loan they may have received from the merchants. (c) Aratders : These classes of people when operate in the assem- bling markets have the same function as beparies, the difference being that their volume of business is comparatively higher and that they sometime make direct contact with the Mills when operating in the terminal markets. In latter case they undertake the responsibility of storage on agreed terms which vary from commodity to commodity. (d) Wholesalers : The wholesalers purchase in large scale in the producing areas either direct from growers or from other middlemen while the commodities are euroute to the markets or even from the markets (primary) after their arrivals- They also purchase through farias, beparies, commission agents or from any other wholesale merahants in the central markets. The wholesalers practically control the whole trade as they specialise in the commodity and sell them direct to the Mills or make ready for consumption, through the retailers. A wholesaler makes purchase and sales, makes suggestions to the manufacturer, forecasts, stimulates and interprets the design of the customers and above all helps in keeping prices steady. (e) Coraniission Agents : They act as representatives of growers, and often undertake assorting and/or grading of commodities according to the demand or popular trade specification. The services of the commission-agents consist in storing, handling of the produce consigned to them by the producers or the trader. (f) Retailers : Their function is not only to store but to supply the commodity according to the popular demand of the ultimate consumers. Go-operative Marketing f^ocieties : — Co-operative Marketing Societies olso operate in the markets. These societies sometime make outright purchase both from member growers and non- raem))er8 under different terms in the season and store the same for outright disposal in the near markets. Sometimes these societies work on commission basis as well. The main function of the society is, however, to make available finance to the members on pledge of goods after harvest to check against distress sale and by thus ameoliorating their economic position consisting mostly of growers. 4.2. The system of marketing prevalent in the district as described above clearly gives the idea that a commodity after it comes out of the farm passes through different stages before it reaches the consumer. We have also seen that the system varies from commodity to commodity to a certain extent. But in general the whole position may bo summed in the following diagram repro- duced from “Agricultural Marketing in Northern India" by Dr. 8. A Hossain. This may not be totally applicable to Midnapore District, but the situation is more or less the same. 40 The proportion of agricnltnral produce marketed at different stages. A A' represents consumers. CC^ represents town mark els. BB' represents Wholesale DD' represents Peripatetic Dealers, markets. EE' represents Village merchants. The thick line represents direct connection between different marketing points (indicated by arrow heads). The dotted lino represents direct connection between marketing points and the consumers. B. Marketing practices and market charges 6. Usually the major agricultural crops, particularly grains? are brought lo the assembling markets packed in gunny bags containing 2 mauiids or 76 kg. each and in bundles of one maund in respect of jute. Those are kepi in the carts parked in front of “Aratders” or whoesalo-dealers' shop. TIkj transaction between the buyer and the seller takes place normally in the morning and delive- ries are made in the forenoon, in between the time is taken in weighing and settling accounts on the same day. The commodity offered for sale is liea^x d in front of the “Arat” or in the 8 ]) 0 cified place of the market. Direct negotiation . on open sale arc being resorted to and the system of “Dalai” or “flatta” is conspicuously absent. Uiiautliorised deductions on srvoral pretext like “Dhalta" “Iswarbitti” etc. are prevalent in wholesale transaction in the secondary market — the rate of which vary from commodity to commodity. Prices are fixed by means of open and private negotiation as the case may be, after physical verifica- tion of the commodity with the sample. The labourers engaged by Aratia or the wholesaler, aid in driving away refractions etc. cost of which is borne by him but deducted from growers’ or sellers’ account at the time of payment. 6,1. In the case of betel-leaf immediately after plucking is done, these are collected together in a basket and washed. Then these are arranged “Pon-wari” i. e. 80 nos. in a row— 6000 (five-thousand) betel-leaves are arranged in a bundle. These are then brought to market by lorry/cart or head-load. The producers generally conduct the transport by head-load and the middlemen by lorry/cart for sale to the wholesalers direct by means of open negotiation on the basis of the bundle as arranged above. 41 5.2. Cashew-nuts are brought to the assembling markets packed in gunny bags and kept in the cart in front of wholesalers* Arab. The wholesalers, as in case of grains, make physical verification of the quality and quote the prices and then bargaining takes place openly, after which prices are fixed and weighment is done and payment arranged on the spot on the very date. 6.3. After the harvest of the crop cashew-nut is dried in the open field and then the processing for separation of kernals from the shells is undertaken mostly by the indigeneous method of splitting up the whole nut into two. The split kernals thus obtained is packed in tin weighing 10 to 15 seers for disposal in Calcutta market or in the local market. The shells thus left after separation of kernals are sometimes put into heat for extraction of oil, but major portion is wasted as there is no oil extraction factory here. The major portion of the consignments of the whole nuts is however, exported to Calcutta or other markets of Southern India. The market functionaries like Commission Agents, Brokers etc. do not prevail. 6.4. After harvest potato is assembled in bulk by the growers carts, bullocks, headload and also by boat , to the nearest assembling markets like Amlagora, Banka, Palaschapri, Dudkumara and Ghatal proper. The growers do not under- take any grading or assortment nor do they package it in any container — the function of which is exclusively vested with the middlemen. The merchants on their turn not only make it ready for the market as per popular demand of the wholesaler or consumers but also store and preserve it for seed purpose separately to even Cold Storage situated at a distant market place. 5.5. There is no particular market place like food grains or fibres specially for paddy-straw. Tlio Village merchants or the itinerary merchants contact the wholesalers or exporters and transact business mostly on commission basis when on receipt of the intimation on an agreed term they carry the straw to the Railheads or like exporting centre particularly in the morning during the period of December to June. 6. There are some charges leviable on the sale proceeds of produce or any article put in the market for sale ; in some cases these charges are partially payable by the buyers as well in addition to the price of the produce. The deduc- tions may be both in cash or kind from the sale proceeds. These charges are known as Market Charges. These are legitimate charges realisable by the purchasers and recognised by the custom. The rate varies from j)lace to place and is different from commodity to commodity. This custom of paying market charges exists in Midnapore District also. 6.1. There are some amount of complexities in the matter of distribution of paddy in the assembling markets. The produce is carried to the assembling centre near a Mill by the growers. After priliminary inspection the wholesalers and the millers as the case may be, offer their prices and open negotiation takes place. Usually voices of wholesalers and millers prevail because of their knowledge of marketing condition and price. There after price is fixed, delivery is made by producers or village merchants. At the time of weighment, weight allowances (Dhalta) are charged by buyer from seller @ 2i seers per maund in respect of paddy and 2 seers in respect of pulse on the plea of refractions and at the time of making payment unauthorised deductions are made in the name of charitable purposes (Iswarbritti) @ 0*06 n.P. per cart-load of paddy and pulses or for 8 to 10 mds. of commodity. Excepting these two no other charges are being levied. Toll or Tax is levied on the produces like paddy, pulses etc. when it enters the area of the market for disposal ® 0*25 n.P. per cart* All these charges are to be paid by growers (Sellers) to buyer. Besides these, the following charges prevail in case of betel-leaf (payable by the sellers per bundle of 10,000 leaves). 6 42 Hospital charge : 0’46 n.P. Katai • 0*44 n.P. Paltai : 0*25 n.P. Brokers* commission : 0*62 n. P. Total : Es. 1*42 n.P, The buyer does not require to pay anything excepting the rent of “Pan-Posta” which will be about 0 03 n.P. per bundle of 10,000 nos. of leaves. In jute market also the following charges are payable by the seller per md. of jute sold, Dhalta @ 2 seers of jute. Bent of hat 012 n.p. per md. Iswarbritti 0 12 n.p. per md- The buyer is required to pay only the commission to the Farias or Beparies which is about 0 03 n.P. per md. in case of Farias and 0‘31 n.P. in case of Beparies. 7. The prevalence of the custom of charging certain market charges have led to certain malpractices which deprive the growers their legitimate share. Unscruplous merchants take advantage of the ingnorance of the growers and deduct exhorbitant charges from the sale proceeds. Unless these charges are regulated or regularised orderly marketing cannot be assured. Kecently control measures through regulation of markets by enactment of legislation have been adopted in many of the States and in West Bengal slso market regulation is going to be introduced in the near future. These evils are present in the marketing system of this district also* There are certain unauthorised charges leviable on the sale proceeds. Such deduction may be made both in cash or kind. These include the following : (i) Unauthorised deductions for contribution towards chari- table purposes. (ii) Deductions are also made to make up the loss in favour of the buyer in weight on account of impurities, driage etc. These deductions known as Dhalta are made even though the condition of the produce is not such as may be subjected to deductions. (iii) The sellers are to bear the charges required for weighing or measuring of produce. (iv) Taking away of samples in sizeable quantity. (v) Other unauthorised deductions like Kayali, Dalali, Tola etc. are also prevalent. 0, Village retention and marketable surplus. 8. The producers in the villages have to meet certain commitments. They have to pay wages in kind for hired labour and there is the practice of barter transaction. Besides the growers have to set aside a portion as seed and also for the purpose of stock-feeding, giving alms and charities. Above all they must have adequate stock for consumption by themselves and their dependents. All these together constitute the village retention, which is a variable factor in the village economy. It varies from place to place depending as they are on the factors noted above. Often factors like size of growers* holdings, their indebtedness, relative importance of rice in the local dietary etc, also are to be considered in determining the proportion of the village retention so far as food crops are concerned. In case of non-food crops only the quantity necessary 43 for domestic consumption goes towards making the village retention, the balance being the marketable surplus. 9. Marketable surplus is a very important factor in determining the general trend of the local economy since on the flow of such surplus depends the trend of price. It again varies with the variation in prices. 10. The following table brings out a rough estimate of quantitative utilization percentage of the principal crops of the district. This is based on investigation recently made (1962), by the Officers of the Marketing Branch of the Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal. TABLE - V Quantitative Utilisation Percentage of the principal crops. On accounts of Paddy Pulses Jute Potato Betel leaf 1 1 Cashew nut Ground 1 nut Paddy straw (i) Domestic consumption. 66% 10% 3% 16% 1% 1% 40% 10% (ii) Seed. 6% 6% 0-6% 4% — — — — (iii) Other domestic requirements. 20% 6% 1-6% 16% _■ ___ 20% 2% (iv) Marketable surplus. 19% 80% 96% 66% 99% 99% 40% 88% 10.1. From the table above it will appear that 81% of the total production of paddy is utilised within the village, 65% for family consumption and 26% for other use leaving only 19% as marketable surplus. The practice of paying wages to hired labour in kind, the prevalence of barter system i.e. exchange of commodity for commodity, the common practice of stock-feeding etc. are still in vogue in Midnapore district. In case of jute however the village relontion is insignificant. The marketable surplus of a produce is therefore, dependent on various factors though the general trend is generally influenced by the price of the commodity. 10.2. To compare, the position in regard to the State as a whole so far as only foodgrain is concerned may be indicated as below (Eeproduced from the Brochure on the Marketing of Eice in West Bengal, published by the Marketing Branch of the Agriculture Directorate) (i) Seed ••• 4% (ii) Payment for wages 20% (iii) Barter 2% (iv) Domestic Consumption ... 47% (v) Marketable surplus ••• 27% Bo it. is found that while the marketable surplus of foodgrains for the State as a whole is 27% that of the district of Midnapore is only 19%. D. Priee spread. 11. Price spread indicates the distribution of the consumer’s rupee and its share apportioned at different stages from the producers to the consumers. This is constituted of varied items of expenditure incurred in various processes through which a commodity passes to a consumer. The expenses and their items increase if however the intermediate functions are large e.g. long distance 44 transport by rail or river, assembling by wholesale merchants, transport again to distributing markets, final distribution at destination through retailer. It is therefore obvious that the price spread and the ultimate price depends on how the product is distributed and how many stages it has to cover from producers to consumers. Study of price-spread helps to find out the economics of market- ing. The more the share of the consumer’s money is apportioned by the grower the more economical the marketing system can be stated to be. 11.1. A complete price spread of few major commodities of the district may be found in Appendix — ‘VITI E. Storage. 12. Storage plays a very important role in marketing of agricultural produces. The object of storage has been till recently also, to guard against famine, war or other kinds of natural calamities. To set aside something, to save few quids out of what one earns for the rainy days, is an instinctive action in the animal world. But with the gradual development of human society and with the gradual increase in the complexities of the economic behaviour of the human being a new economic concept has been attributed to storage and it has gained a new economic value and significance. “Storage is no more merely a weapon to stave off natural or human disasters, but an essential promotion of economic welfare- It therefore smacks neither of ])essimism nor of war mongering”. The concept of ware- housing and storage is now based on sound economic consideration. This consideration is the necessity to stabilise the fluctuating tendencies of prices as well as that of agricultural production. So the importance of storage and warehousing arises from the “periodic and fluctuating production on the one hand and relatively speaking, continuous consumption of most agricultural products on the other”. Due to such seasonal and periodic fluctuation in production tho question of conservation comes to the forefront. 12.1. Ours is one of the oldest countries in the world where agriculture had reached a stage of maturity many centuries ago. But it developed under such conditions and environments that the industry has become very complex with innumerable problems hke agricultural indebtedness, unecomomic and fragmented holdings, excessive pressure of population on land, agrarian discontent, low yield rate. Besides crop and production pattern in our country are conditioned mainly by the season, rainfall and other natural factors. Production is not commensurate with the minimum requirement of the population. The methods of cultivation are primitive and there has not been any significant advance in the application of technology in agriculture. 12.2. These characteristic features in agricultural production have given rise to another fundamental characteristic and that is the variability of its nature. Production of different crops varies from year to year and in cases annual fluctuations are violent. This fact may be evident from rice production, the major crops in this State as well as in India, which varied from year to year. It varied between 38*37 lakh and 39*60 lakh tons between 1947-48 and 1962-53 ; in 1953-64 it however shot up to 41*46 lakh tons during 1966-66 and> it was estimated at 41*72 lakh tons during 1969-60. The production of Jute, which is another important crop produced in this state, during the same period has been that it varied between 648*7 thousand bales and 2,363*1 thousand bales between 1947-48 and 1952-63. In the year 1953-64 production came down to 1,498*4 thousand bales while 1966-67 production still dropped down and it was only 1,344*7 thousand bales. Taking India as a whole the picture had not been other wise. It was only during 1961-52 to 1954-65 that there was a regular rise in production of most crops except sugarcane and oilseeds. For example, the annual production of rice taking India as a whole varied from 24*6 to 27*8 million tons 45 jowar from 6'9 to 9‘1. million tons, bazra from 3*4. to 4*5 million tons, sugarcane from 4*4. to 6’7 million tons and jute from 2*9 to 4*2 million tons during the three years ending 1955-56. 12.3. The characteristic variability in the nature of agricultural production stimulates another very important characteristic feature in the field ol production and that is price variation. It is a well known fact that prices of agricultural products display fluctuations more violent and frequent than those of most other products. This fluctuation in price is seasonal and variation in prices is periodic and tendency of price is to show wide fluctuation. This is because the growers have the tendency to sell out their stock immediately after harvest due to pressing demand to meet their immediate needs. Naturally there is glut and price comes down when again heavy purchase — pressure deplete the stock the price again tends to go up and in this way the cycle goes on revolving. There are of course certain factors responsible for this state of affairs and these may be stated in brief as small scale production, prolonged process of agricultmal production, poverty, inadequate storage facilities and need for cash to meet the pressing demands of the creditors and the landlord of the growers, purchase of seeds, fertilisers and consumption goods. The behaviour of prices during the pre-harvest period is however, rather unpredictable, influenced as it is by the prospects of the coming harvest. 12.4* The percentage variation in prices has shown a marked improvement during the post war period in relation to the existing during the year 1931-39. Percentage variation in the price of rice during 1931-39 was 11'5 to 44*4 p.c- while during the period 1953-67 it was estimated as 7.5. to 33*0 p.c. This improvement shows that the producers have gained in staying power and there has been comparatively even flow of goods in the market. The Foodgrains Fnquiry Committee in its Report (1967) stated “Data available from most sources show that stock-holding at the farm level has increased considerably in 1956-57 as compared to 1955-56. Less than 60% and in some areas even less than 50% of the crox)came to the market in 1956-57 within 2 or 3 months of the harvest as compared to 70 to 80 p.c. in normal years. Sales in the middle, and to some extent even in the end of the season became relatively more imi ortant’*. This is really an important as even flow reduces normal seasonal price fluctuation. But’ these conditions have developed as a consequence of higher level of prices. This staying propensity naturally call for adequate storing, an efficiency in which thus works as price — incentive. Over and above efficiency of storage minimises loss. In our country protection against heat or moisture is rare and damages done by weevil or pest are considerable, though no comprehensive estimate for such losses is available. Food Grains Enquiry Committee in its report (1957) has stated that “the total annual loss in the country duo to improper storage during the quinquennium ending 1956-67 may be estimated at about 2 million tons”. The losses in case of perishable crops are more heavey. According to a recent study made by the Agricultural Marketing Adviser, Government of India in 1955 “nearly 16 to 20% of the 10 million tons of the average annual produc- tion of fruits and vegotables or ij to 2 million tons go waste in the producing areas for want of transport facilities to market centres and for lack of storage facilities therein.” So improvement and reorganisation of storage facilities are urgently required in our country with food shortage”. The gain of higher prices to producers and of stability of prices and supply to consumers would be an additional advantage. Warehousing scheme has thus tremendous potentialities in our country. 12.5. But besides this there is another problem with which agriculture in our country is faced with. The proverbial indebtedness of the growers is a baffling problem which creates a vicious circle. The producer needs capital, he needs seeds and manures, he has to pay rent but he has no resource. He goes 46 to the money-lenders for his capital. He has to repay it and his produce is appropriated and the circle takes its course again. This aspect has made agticulture more complex. The problem is, the producer needs credit. “Credit*' says an old French Proverb “supports the farmer as the hangman's rope supports the hanged". The All India Rural Credit Survey Committee v^hich was appoin- ted by the Reserve Bank of India to make an extensive study of the problem for finding out remedy has described this particular problem as “Agricultural Credit is a problem when it cannot be obtained ; it is also a problem when it can be had but in such a form that on the whole it does more harm than good". The Committee found out that private credit agencies taken together (excluding commercial banks, but including professional money-lenders, agriculturist money-lenders, relatives, traders and landlords), supplied about 93% of the total amount borrowed by cultivators* The combined contribution of Government and the Co-operatives was about 6% of the total (each accounting for about 3%). As for Commercial Banks 1 p.c. represented the insignificant part played by them in the direct financing of the cultivator." The Committee thus based its recommendations in suggesting ways and means for the increase in the percentage of institutional credit where lies the panacea for agricultural development. Setting up of warehouses is one such measure suggested by the committee. 13. The existing methods and conditions of storage in the district are however primitive. In the villages the system is most unsatisfactory. Paddy is normally stored in the cultivator's hut in “morais" or golas, made of split bamboos.^^ Paddy is also stored in what is locally known as “Baker" “Karai" or Buba - these are made of straw rope prepared according to individual need. The big growers in the villages however preserve paddy in “Gholas" made of bamboos on raised platform and having thatched roof. There are farmers w’ho donot have separate storage space. They pile their produces in heaps on the floors of their dwelling houses, which are mostly kuicha structures. ]n the wholesale and secondary markets both paddy and rice are stored in godowns with cemented floors or jiaved with flag-stone. Paddy is stored in bulk. At rice mills paddy is stored both in bulk and in bags and rice is usually stored in bags in the godowns with pucca floors. There is practically no storage acco- mmodation for jute in the primary markets or in the villages. Only at Kolaghat, the biggest assembling centre for jute in the district, the jute balers have storage arrangements. So far pulses are concerned the traders at Manikpara, an assembling centre for pulses in the district, or at Gbatal have got some accom" modation for temporary storage , but the space is too meagre compared to total requirement. Similar is the case with potato either at Amlagora or at Dudkumra or any other marketing centre. There is hardly any arrangement for storage of gur, Cashew-nuts or betel-leaf. 14. The following table shows the approximate storage accommodation available in some of the important markets of the district. Name of market Kharagpur Belda Khakurda TABLE— W. ( Storage Accommodation ) No. of Godowns : Private Govt. 79 3 8 3 6 0 Total storage Capacity. (Godown upto 60 mds) 2,20,000 mds. 63,600 ., .2,600 „ 47 Name of market No. of Godowns : Total storage Private Govt. Capacity. (Godown upto 60 mds) Kukrahati 10 1 10.400 mds. Geokhali 34 2 65,000 Teropakhia 39 3 83,300 „ Tamluk 52 2 75.100 „ Mahisadal 56 0 25,700 „ Panskura 8 0 32,700 „ Kolaghat 66 2 3,68,200 „ 0*K. Road. 8 0 32,700 ,, Contai 3 2 16.600 „ Rasulpur 0 2 30,000 ,, Kalinagar 3 1 2,400 „ Jhargram 12 1 2,20,000 „ Manikpara MO 0 2,60,000 „ Silda 6 0 20,000 B inpur 4 0 2 000 „ Ghatal 102 1 64,000 „ Dudkumra 35 0 21,600 Midnapore 30 5 6.00.000 „ Amlagora 20 2 4,00,000 „ Balichak 50 (> 10,00,000 „ 15. Cost of storage is an important factor in the marketing of foodgrains particularly which require long-period storage. In villages foodgrains are stored in golas and as such it is difficult to make acurate estimate of the cost of conserva- lion in the villages. While in the market the cost of storage depends on three factors e.g., godown rent, handling charges, and interest. These are however, variable factors. The following table will show the normal rate of storage for different commodities as prevailing in the district. TABLE—X (Storage Charge) Name of commodity Periodicity of storage Rato of storage charges : Paddy December — May Re. 1/- per month per 100 rupees worth commodity. Pulse February — May —do— Jute Throughout the 200/- per month accommo- year. dating 1000 mds. capacity. Potato April — May 150/- per month accommo- dating 1000 mds. capacity. Gur elanuary— May @ 0*06 nP. per maund. Cashewnut Octo. — December 0*26 nP. per maund. 16. Loss in storage normally results from floor damp, weevil formation vermin attack and rodents. Paddy and whole pulses are less susceptible to damage. Rice suffers losses in weight due to driage as well as due to floor damp, weevil infestation and rodent attack. Paddy may loose 1 to 3 per cent in weight due to driage in hot months while rice may loose in weight the extent of y to l{ per cent when stored for two to four months (Brochure on the Marketing of Rice in West 48 Bengal). Food Department however normally allowed 1 per cent as storage loss lor storage upto six months. No scientific study has been made to give a correct indication about such loss. A rough estimate has however been made by random study in the district from which the following result has been obtained. TABLE— Y (Loss in Storage) Name of commodity Loss in Storage : 1 With farmers 1 On transit | At markets Paddy 3% 1% 2% Eice 1% 1% 1% Jute 3% 1% 2% Cashew-nut ^ 2^ 1% 1% Ground-nut ^ 17. “To give point and purpose to production its marketing must bo under- taken in an orderly manner. So must storing, which is a very important adjunct of marketing. As marketing becomes more and more orderly, storing becomes more and more a specialised function* Public warehousing is thus a specialised storing, the importance of which is providing scientific storage, in regulating the flow of goods to the market, in the evolution of proper grade standard, in crea- tion of an instrument for obtaining credit and in a number of other subsidiary function*’. “The object of warehousing has also been described by the West Bengal State Warehousing Corporation in its publication “The Code of Manage- ment” as such — “The most important objective of the warehousing scheme is to provide ideal storage facilities to depositors not only for the purpose of enabling them to borrow money against Warehouse Eeceipt from the Bank or any other Financing agency, but to preserve the stored commodities in a proper and scientific way, to reduce the loss in storage to the minimum and prevent deterioration or damage to the stocks”. 17.1. But the problem was not tackled intensively and neither was there any adequate information as to the extent of the problem. The Eeserve Bank of India have however, been taking interest since its inception towards the solution of this problem. It is at the initiative of the Eeserve Bank of India that the Eural Credit Survey Committee was appointed in the year 1961-62 which laid groat emphasis on the importance of developing storage and ware- housing facilities as an integral part of the marketing and credit structure. The Agricultural Sub-Committe in 1946 as also the Eural Banking Enquiry Committee in 1960 laid similar emphasis. Accordingly, the Eural Credit Survey Committee suggested the following measures as the broad line of solutian of the problem.” The establishment of (i) a national board which plans and finances (ii) an All-India Corporation with share capital from the Central Government and from various institutions (iii) state warehousing companies in which the State Government on the one hand and the Corporation on the other, partici- pate and (iv) the Co-operative Societies at the very base of the programme”. The recommendations were mostly accepted by the Government of India and the enactment of the legislation on Warehousing Corporation is its outcome. Under the provisions of this legislation the Central Warehousing Corporation and the State Warehousing Corporations in the different States have come into being with the object of setting up warehouses of various capacities in different assembling centres in the country. Under the provisions of the Agricultural Produce (Warehousing Corporation) Act, 1966 of the Government A cold storage at Simulia (Chatal) 49 of India, a Central Warehousing Corporation and State Warhoushing Corpo- rations for the different States have been set up. In West Bengal also a State Warehousing Corporation has been set up which has so far established 30 Warehouses and one Cold Storage in different places of the State, out of which three falls within the district. Eecently C. W. C. has started one Ware- house at Kharagpur. 17.2. Midnapore district, which is an one-crop (paddy) area, 88% of the net area sown being covered by paddy alone, provides opportunities for development of storage and warehousing ‘activities. Three warehouses have however since been established in the district one each in Garbeta (Amlagora), Balichak and Belda, where enough of potentialities do exist. We recommend the establish- ment of more warehouses in concentrated areas like Kharagpur, Cbandrakona, Ghaial, Jhargram, Tamluk, Conlai, Panskura and Midnapore Town for storage of paddy. This will ensure facilities to the paddy growers of the district. 18- The district provides for about 5 lac mds. of potato as marketable surplus grown in the concentrated production belt like Garbeta, Daspore, Cbandrakona and Ghatal Police Stations. The growers and traders are facing immense diflicultios in storing potatoes grown in the area. They are to undergo serious troubles in carrying those once to the Cold stores situated at a distance in other districts and again bringing them back to the cultivators or consumers at the time of necessity. Besides there is a considerable production of fruits particularly pine-apple and lemon in Ghatal Subdivision which call for immediate establish- ment of a Cold Storage at Ghatal. There is a proposal for establishment of a Cold Storage at Garbeta in the Public sector by the Government of West Bengal under the 3rd l^^ive Year Plan Scheme. But the need for one such cold-storage of the capacity of 50,000 mds. at Ghatal, in the Public sector preferably, can hardly bo over emphasised. The cold storages like warehouses not only help to regulate the flow of supply and aid in stabilization of market price but also save national wealth and adjust proper distribution of same. Inspite of the assignment of the the croijs, the warehouse vis-a-vis cold storage, will i)lay an importnat role in the modern economic sphere of the democratic life. Kccently four cold storages’ one at each of places like Kharghpur, Simulia (Ghatal) Amlagora and Kolaghat have been set up in the Private sector, having, tolal capacity of four lac maunds. F. Weights and measures 19. Normally there is no diversity of weights in the district. The standard weight is 80 tolas making a seer and this system is generally followed in all parts of the district. In retail trade band-scale with wooden, cane or metalic pans are generally used- Measures used are varied and have various local names. Tin cans or metalic containers of convenient sizes and volumes are also in use. The peculiarity of these measures are evident from the prevalence of particular type of measures known as pai, chatii, kona, kunka and poa. The following chart will indicate the conversion rate of such local measures into standard weights. 1 Chatti ~ 6 Katcha. 1 Kona =* 6 Ohattaks. 1 Poa = T of a seer. 1 Pie II i 1 Kunka * 1 seer. Metric system of weights is being gradually introduced and has become popular and wider in use. 19.1. In Midnapore district particularly in Jhargram as also in sadar and Ghatal Subdivisions’ aboriginal tribes live in quite good number and deal in forest 7 50 products as one of their chief means of livelihood. In the marketing of forest products and other agricultural commodities produced by the aboriginals, tho standard Bengal maund (40 seers = 82-2/7 Lb*=l md.) had been prevalent for long, but exceptions were not uncommon. The diversity of weights and measures was in practice among these aboriginal tribes. Among the Sanlals and the Lodhas particularly inhabiting in Jhargram Subdivision a system of weights and measures of their own tradition has been in vogue. These are unique in themselves. The system of barter is also there, though such cases are few and far between. The traditional weights in vogue among theso tribal people are enlisted below : In Jhargram : ( i ) 4 Mutti ( ii ) 4 Chatti ( iii ) 4 Kone , ( iv ) 1 Pie ( V ) 1 Pie ( vi ) 27 Pai ( vii ) 36 Pai ( viii ) 40 Pai ( ix ) 8 Pai ( X ) 16 Kuri ( xi ) 20 Ara In Ghatal ; ( i ) 1 Katha ( ii ) 1 Pali ( iii ) 1 Poa = 1 Chatti. = 1 Kone. * 1 Pie. = 1 Ch. of paddy. = 8 Ch. of rice. = 1 Md. of rice. “ 1 Md. of coarse paddy. = 1 Md. of fine paddy. = 1 Kuri. — 1 Ara. = 1 Bishi. = 1 J- seer. = 2J* seer. = 10 seers. A diagramatic representation of these traditional type of measures are given. These are of course dying out and specimen of such things arc rare to got. These measures are mostly made of wood or cane, but metal made measures are also found. Sometimes theso are decorative and are a good sight to see. C. Processing. 20. Paddy and cashewnuts are tho two major crops grown in the district and these are processed inside the district before put to sale. 21. Paddy is converted into rice by husking by manual labour or power mill. The system of husking by manual labour is a simple indigenous process of husking the paddy with the help of moiler or by power-driven husking machines. This is commonly known as hand-pounding. Husking by power mill is known as machine-milling. Before husking parboiling is done, which consists in steeping the grains in water and drying by application of heat or other means. This is necessary to toughen the rice kernel so that it may withstand the process of hard-pounding and machine-milling, as the case may be, and also to make the husk more easily removable. Parboiling gives a quarter out-turn than in case of paddy which is not so treated. The cost of parboiling varies from 0*37 up to 0'50 P per md. of paddy. “As regards hulling out-turn the ratio is 3 : 2 and 1 md ; 26 seers respectively by hand-pounding process and machine-milling. In this connection it may be noted that ‘The average paddy grain consists of 23 to 26 p.c. husk, 1 to 2 p.c. cuticle and germ and 74 to 76 p.c. kernel. Normally therefore a sample of paddy reasonably free from extraneous matters as dirt etc., should yield on hulling roughly 74 p.c. of saleable products”. (Beport on the Marketing of Bice in India-1955). On an average the hand-pounding process yield 2 to 3 p.c. more than what is received “Dhenki"-the indigenous method of processing paddy Different stages of milling paddy in . Rice Mill Indigenous methods of measures in vogue amongst backward people 51 from machine-milling. Milling charges and average cost of processing paddy into rice in Midnapore district come to as noted below : Benkhi — Rs. 1‘50 to 1*75 per md. Rice Mills — Rs. 1*50 ITusking-Maehirie'— Rs. 1*50 to 1*75 per md. 22. There are about one hundred Rice Mills in the district. A list of Rice Mills may be found in Appendix— X. 23. Cashewnut is another important crop of the district. An indigenous method of decorticating cashewnut is in existence in the district. According to this indigeneous process, picked up nuts are at the first instance dried in the sun for a few days- When the nuts are sufficiently dried these are sliced into two with the help of a “Jati*' (a kind of sharp scissors) after which the shells or husks are sepera ted from the kernel. This work is mostly done by women folk in the farmers* family. Processing costs come to about Rs- 8‘00 to 9*00 per maund. 11. Grading and standardisation : 24. Grading determines quality, which is dependent on many complex factors in regard to consumers’ requirements. Garding provides incentives for improved production, as quality of any variety affects directly the quality of the produce that is derived out of it. It also ensures the consumers of the quality they want. It reduces trade disputes since transaction may be done on samples without the physical presence of the stock in the place of transaction and it also facilitates quick movement of stock. Under the present day circum- stances of complex economic condition grading provides a comparable basis for analysis of prices wliich the present day Government vitally need for determina- tion of price policy and other policy matters and executive actions. 25. It needs no emphasis to impress the necessity of grading from the point of view of marketing of rice, both for external markets as well as for internal trade. But large number of botanical varieties of rice that are grown in this country and the variations in their characteristics from area to area dependent on soil and climatic- conditions, have made the problem complex and multifarious localised types have grown up. Each such varieties have distinct characteristics and those are given trade names and distinctions. But such names are very confusing as the same trade name in some cases is so loosely given to rice of varying physical characte- ristics, while in other, the same botanical variety is known by different names in different areas. In the midst of such complexities and confusion certain differntiating factors have been evolved and on the basis of such factors rice is usually distinguished. These basic factors are whether rice is (l) fine, medium or bold, (2) raw or parboiled, or (3) macbino-milled or hand-pounded- This system of unscientific grades based on visual test of conformation, colour, place of origin, admixture of moisture, stones and other refractions are however very unsatisfactory. As a result certain localised types of rice have acquired specialised demand, from certain communities or from certain areas in India or outside, “The Indian taste is so far educated that there is, in fact, no such thing as rice in general sense. As a Frenchman does wine so the Indian consumer orders his rice by the special name and age in rice is as much appreciated as vintage in wine**. 26. Scientific grading of rice as such is not in vogue in West Bengal and more so not in Midnapore. Similar specialised types with district trade-names or trade-descriptions have come up in this State also. Midnapore also grows a large number of fine, medium or coarse varieties. The names of important commercial varieties of rice grown in Midnapore are Sitasal, Panlui, Jhingasal, Bupsal, Balam* Gotti, Patnai, Kalam and Garh etc. 52 27. Commodity grading under “Agmark" hae not been introduced in Midiiapore. “Agmark" products are not very popular in this district. I. Co-operative Marketing : 28. The growth of co-operative marketing in West Bengal may be dated as 1952. Distress sale of sweet pumpkin and some other types of country vegetables in the district of Burdwan inspired the idea and the first co-operative marketing society was born in West Bengal. It was Hat Dalui Ba;^ar Co-operative Marketing Society. As it was a new thing intitially the pioneers i.e. officers of the Marketing Department had to strive hard to bring into line the affected persons and since there was dearth of financial assistance local capital resources, which was proverbially meagre, had to be exploited and this was possible early by the untiring i)er8uasive organising sseal of the pioneers. Accordingly minor commodities like vegetables etc. which required small capital were dealt with. The initial success in the experiment in Burdwan further accelerated the movement and more societies came up in Birbbum, 24-Parga.nas, Darjeeling and Cooch-Bohar districts. The initial capital resources for building the structure waa then only inspiration and confidence, in the mind of the cO' operators and zeal and organisation fervour in the mind of the pioneer Government olficials. This was the first stage. 29. The second stage came up with the introduction of the Community Development Programme. The interest and confidence created in the mind of the fa.rmers were further accentuated when financial assistance in the shape of loan was offered from the Government sources under the C. D. Programme for construction of godowns and as also for provision of working capital. This provision of capital nurtured the infant movement towards growth and develop- ment. Large number of co-operative marketing societies grew uj) and developed in different region of the State and particiaption in the marketing of major crops like paddy, jute and tobacco get prominence. The position of the marketing societies, which were however, smaller in size with about Ps. COO’OO share capital for eachi was consolidated by their participation in fertiliser business. Ttie principle of keeping in deposit the growers' i)roduce8 could not however, obtain much popularity and outright purchase and store at the society's risk were followed universally. This did not in the consequence lead to any discouraging result as duo to confidence, integrity, interest, alertness and strong sui)orvi8ion by the sponsoring Government officials of the Marketing Branch, the societies in most cases obtained profit and they undertook pretty good business. Development *in this movement got a further filip during this stage when a further programme of constructions of storage godowns were set up. This period from 1962-1956 may therefore be stated as a period of success for the co-operative marketing societies. The most conspicuous and the most potent force that was working behind their movement during this period was the confidence and trust that was created in the minds of the co-operators for their self-development and better life. It has been observed that so long this trust and confidence persisted the movement maintained its pace. It has become sluggish to-day as it is found since that elemental force which sustained them in the part has died down. So it must be admitted that so long the spirit of co-operation and confidence do not get root in the soil it must be constantly nurtured by a set of people who have in them a confidence and a spirit of organising ability. 30. Any way, the third stage oame with the introduction of 2nd Five Year Plan when the movement took a new shape and diverted from its trodden path. A new concept of integreted credit and marketing was injected whereby it was proposed to make the marketing societies as loan collecting agencies working oh behalf of the credit societies. Greater amount of financial assistance was given. The State became the partner of the societies and gave out loans and subsidies for 53 construction of godowns and also for maintenance of staff for management of tbe societies. Theoretically the principle got tremendous fan fare and a move with a greater amount of zeal and enthusiasm was given by the Marketing Branch for building up the superstructure on the strong foundation already laid. During the first two years 35 Large Sized Marketing Societies and one Apex organisation were set up in West Bengal and as many as godowns were constructed. First point of the programme was thus achieved but was the other part equally fulfilled ? Was integration complete ? The answer was still to be given when the X)olicy changed and the pioneers were asked to retreat and others were brought in to guard the rear. The story ends here so far as the originator of the movement is concerned. But still a question remains. Has the principle ol integration been successful ? The change was perhafis abrupt. The spirit was simply getting its roots and the tree was not mature enough. As a result tbe growth has been stunted and gradually decay has started. 31* So, it is now time to investigate in to the whole course of development and decay of the movement and find out the causes so that a further step forward may be made for revival. 32. The Co-operative Marl» Ramkrishna Pramani. do 3. »» Kali Charan Dutt, do 4. i» Sarat Chandra Maity. do 6. II Sailendra Nath Dey. do 6. II Sakti Baskshi. P. 0. & Vill : Mohisadal, District : Midnapur. 7. II Panchanan Sahu. do 8. II Bibhuti Bhusan Maity. do 9. It Sripati Chandra Panda. do 10- II Ilaripada Sen. P. 0. Tamluk, Dt. Midnapur. 11. II Satish Chandra Saha. P. 0. & Vill : Nandakukar, District : Midnapur. 12. •1 Tulshi Sen. P. 0. Tamluk, Dt. Midnapur. 13. l| Jibankrishna Mahapatra. do 14. II Rakhal Chandra Das. P. 0- & Vill : Toropakia, Midnapur* 15. II Sripati Maity. do 16. li Heralal Bhuniya. P. 0. & Vill : Geokhali, Midnapur. 17. II Purnalal Bhuniya. do 18. II Kalipada Ojha. do 19. II Amiya Bhuniya. do 20. II Jiban Krishna Bag. do 21. II Badrinarayan Chaudak. do 22. II Srikrishna Panda. do 23. 11 Surendra Nath Dogra. do 24. II Samar Ohand Jain. Golebazar, Kharagpur, Midnapur. 56 Si. No. Name *• 25. Sri Chabilal Joshi. 26. ,, Biswambar Doyal Kandelwala. 27. ,, Prantosh Laha. 28. n Batan Lai Doughar. 29. „ Mahindra Kumar Jain. 30. n Ganga Narayan Panda. 31. „ Bajib Chandra Bhia. 32. „ Gopal Chandra Bhia. 33. „ Madhusudan Paul. 34. „ Bamohandra Doughar. 36. „ Surendra Nath Chowdhury. 36. ,, Kheman Chandra Agarwalla. 37. M Paresh Nath Kundoo. 38. ,, Gour Chandra Piri. 39. ,, Adinalh Chatterjee. 40. „ Giridhari Lai Gupta. 41. „ Bambilas Maskas* 42* „ Darikadas Gupta 43. „ Gouri Sankar Lodba* 44. „ Bijoy Krishna Sujbi. 45. ,, Dobi Prasad Lodha. 46. ,, Kapil Das Tewari. 47. ,, Nagar Mai Dhanuka. 48. „ liarisadhan Pandey. 49. ., Bankim Behari Chandra 50. o Navi Lai Hazara. 51. ,, Balai Lai Koley. 52. ,, Dharani Dhar Bhowmic. 53. j, Bijoy Krishana .lana. 54. ,, Sasanka Sekhar Dey. 55. ,, Bikram Chandra Maity. 66. ,, Badhakrishna Lodha* 57. ,, Karali Chandra Sainanta. 68. ,, Badhapoda Dandapat. 59. ,, Bijoy Krishna Roy. 60. Harihar Ghosh. 61. ,, Ilaricharan Paul. 62. „ Bijoy Roy. 63. „ Eamanuj Ghosh. 64. }» Sachindra Ch. Das. 66, ,, Habul Pan. 66. „ Naba Gopal Boy. 67. „ Sakti Sadhan Dey. 68. „ Prabakar Pal. 69. „ Basudeb Chamuria. 70. ,, Debiprosad Lodha. 71. „ Bhaskar Bhattacbarya. 72. „ Mahim Lai Lodha. 73. „ Bibhuti Bhusan Gar. 74. ,, Santi Debi Agarwalla. 76. ,, Madan Mohan Bag. 76. ,, Manik Chandra Poddar. 77. „ Jugal Krishna Paul. 78. Banku Behari Meta. 79. Kalisadhan Mondal. Address : Golebazar Kharagpur, Midnapur. P«0. & Vill : Belda, District, Midnapur. do do Golebazar, Kharagpur, Midnapur. Vill* & P. 0. Khakurdaj Midnapur. do do P. 0. & Vill : Narayangarh, Midnapur. P. 0. & Vill : Bakrabad, Midnapur. Kotbazar, Midnapur. Colonel gola, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapnr. Kotbazer, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapur. do do do do do do do do do Badhamohanpur, Midnapur. Ballichakf Midnapur. do Debra, Midnapur. do Ballichak, Midna)>iir. Badhamohapur, Midnapur. Salboni, Midnapur. do Keshpur, Midnapur. do Amlagora, Midnapur. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Ghatal, Midnapur. do do do do 57 Lilt of Jute Merchantg : SI. No. Namo : Address : 1. Sri Jamunalal Janakripal. Kolaghat, Mindapur. 2. ,, Prataplal Rameswa. do 3. ,, Mahosh Chandra Bothra. do 4. — Midnapur Commercial Co. do 6. — Kolaghat Jute Supply- do 6. — Satyanarayan Trading Co. do 7. — Ananda Jani Jute Trading Cot do 8. — Megna Jute Mill. do 9. — Mohini Jute Co. do 10. Dipohand Naha. do 11. Unarida Jute Mill, do 12. Ganoswar Agar wall do 13. Satish Chandra Bera. Geokhali, Midnapur. 14. Iswar whandra Dalau. do 15. Krishna Monel al Ghatal, Midnapur. 10. Prankrishna Mondak. do 17. Parosli Nath I)o 3 ^ do 18. Sri A jit Kumar Roy. Dudkurnarh, Midnapur. 10. ,, .lugal Chandra Iluary. do 20. ,, Siihal Chandra Bag. do List of Betel-leaves Merchants : 1. Banainali Jana. P. 0. Tamluk, Midnapur. 2. ,, Sun^ndra. Nath Maity. do 3. „ Ikiingopal Maitra. do ‘1. „ Banainali Nandi. do 5. ,, .\n:i.n(la Mohan Bera. do (). ,, Jainuna .TVosad Chowdhury. do 7. ,, Kainchari Chowrasia. do s. .. Rainsixnkar Mongal Chand. • CO CO P p cq to cq o o o b b cq CO b b b b O CO P4 rH cq cq rH Oi tH •-4 cq to CO cq Gi rH O o cq o *4-4 '3 p cq 05 p P CO H< o o b CD CO 05 CO i5- b b b c8 rH tH V.O o'" . o O'' V.O O '' ©^ V.O o'" ©^ *nP o''" ©^ O" o o O rH O rH cq t- CO 00 o 00 O o p 7^ o p p t>* P p tH c- o o d rH rH bq CO b b CO b b b b 05 »o P4 rH tH tH cq cq 05 rH CO c3 00 cq CO to CO -HI H CO CO o •4H p 05 p p p p o p o o .9 o b i-H cq cq cq b b b b *S tH rH tH rH 0 rD V O O ' o O'" V O O'" ■"-.O O '• V.O O'"- o' ' V© ©'" O O'" ''P O " -.© O'" •v© O" 0/ /O 4^ f-H ^ efi »o tHI cq CO to CO l>- o cq cq p to p p p b O rH o o b b tH 1-H b !>• cq HI rH b o cq rH CO CO lO ft 05 tH 3 CO 00 to o CO rH cq o CO 05 o tH p Ol p p OQ >o p CO o M b CO b rH t- b cq b b e3 rH cq W 0 5 •>o O'- 6^1 o'? ^ 0-^ eS 05 L- 05 , , to cq 05 CO CO o o o o 5 L"- cq p ri CO p p p p p o o . ^ b b b r-» rH rH cq b b c5 tH tH HI cq lO ft 05 tH r-4 Ta r-i o rH 05 CO o H< CO o o «*-i 1-4 L'- p CO CM CO p HI L- 05 o o rH i— 1 b b t'o t’o b b b b b 1 tH o Name of th month January February March April May June July August September October November December ♦♦Figures are taken from the record of State Agril. Farm, Midnapore. APPENDIX I (A) ( Vide Chapter - 1 ) Subdivisionwari Month-Wise Rainfall of the District of Midnapore for the year 1960 - 61 (in inches) Month Jhargram Tamluk Contai Ghatal Midna- pore (N) Midna- pore (S) April '60 038 2*30 — — — May 2-35 6*00 13*64 11*90 6*72 3*86 Juno „ 6*90 4*70 6*32 3-30 8*94 3*88 July 12*81 18*04 10*42 14*10 20*34 8*98 August 12*63 12*62 17*62 12*45 18*85 18*66 September „ 11*42 13*40 14*78 11*07 18*26 13*17 October 4*73 13*32 6*60 0*32 6*40 3*05 November „ — — — — — — December — — — — — — January *61 — 0*92 0*40 — 0*29 0*46 k’ebruary 1*65 6*32 4*73 4*85 0*64 0*60 March ,, — 6 62 0*16 — — — **h^ifturGS arc taken from the record of the State Agril. Farm Midnpore. APPENDIX- 1 (B) ( Vide Chapter - T ) Chart showing Month-wise Rainfall (in porcoutago compared to total) of different Subdivisions of Midnapore District for the year 1960 - 61. Month .lhargram Taraluk April '60 0’70% 37% May ,, 4-40 „ 71 .lune „ 13 00 „ 5-5 .. 'Inly „ 24-3 „ 21'29„ August j, 21 00 „ 16'37„ September 217 „ 160 „ October ,, 9 8 16’H7,. November ,, — — December ,, - — ►lanuMry ’61 — 100 „ hV^bruary ,, 2-9 „ 7’0 „ March — 9’8 Contai Gbatal Midna- pore (N) Midna- pore (S) 1813% 20'52% 8*13% 7-3% 8'00 „ 6-9 12*00„ 7-4 „• ]4'30 „ 2413,, 25*8 „ 170 „ 23 00 „ 2114 „ 23*4 „ 35 3 „ 19 00 „ 19 00 „ 22*55,, 25 0 „ 18’48 „ 05 „ 8*9 „ 6-2 ., 0 55 — 0*36„ 08 „ 5 20 „ 9- 7 0*76., 10„ 0 34 — — — * Eiguros are taken from State Agriculture. Farm, Midnapore. APPENDIX— II (Vide chapter — I). Bead system in Midnaporo District Name of Road Market and Localities served Distance 1. Koshpur to Chandra- kona Kuapur, Neradual, Bumpat 13*20 miles. 2. Midnapore.-Keshpur- Narajole. Midnaporo, Panchkuri, Keshpore, Narajole, Lankagarh, Amdubi. 2310 8. Debra,-Marotala Coasi- bank Road. Loada and Marotala 611 »* 4. Chandrakona,-Simli- ghat. Chandrakona Road, Digri, Goal tore, (Siiranga), 26*00 6. Khirpai-Bamjibanpur (extended to Arambagh) Jara, Ramjibanpur 10-75 ft 6. Barada Kharar Road Barada and Kharar 4 00 7. Birsing-Radhanagar Road upto Kharar Municipality. Birsing and Radhanagar n-28 »> 8. Belda-Keshiery-Naya- gram. Belda, Keshiery, Nayagrani 16*00 1) 9. Guptomoni, Sankrail- (ex tended to Rohini and Kultikri). Sankrail, Rohini and Kultikri 12*00 »» 10. Potashpore Bangachak Potash pur and Bangachak 17*50 M 11. Moyna-Paramananda- pur, Pingla. Pingla, Paramanandapore 14*50 >» 12. Kharagpur-Keshiery. Hijli, Keshiery 16*00 It 13. Debra-Sabong Balichak, Mundamari, Jamuna, Temathani, Junkaporo. 16*75 14. Feeder Road frorn- Debra-Sabong Rd. to Ping P. S. Mundamari, Pingla 13*25 15. Panskura-Ghatal Rd. Khukurda, Sonamai, Chinchre, Nimtala, Ghatal. 22*00 »» 16. Mechada-Tamluk Rd. Mechada and Tamluk 10*00 >1 17. Tamluk-Moyna Tamluk and Moyna 11*36 if 18. Mohisadal-Geokhali Mohis adal-G eokhal i 4*13 fi rj. Old D. B. Road lead- ing to Narghat Ferry — — 1*00 II 71 Name of Road Markets and localities served Distance 20. Khejuri-Karia Khejuri and Karia 13*00 miles- 21 . Dhakin Sitala Dantan Pathra Dakin Sitala and Dan tan 14*30 , , 22. Cont.ai-Khejuri Rd. Khejuri 8*00 23. Molianpur Solepathra, Soiiakamia Road. !Mohanpur atid Fgra P. S. 13*27 24. Harin-Mung, Baria Rd., Haria, Mugbaria 6*00 >> 25. Bhagawanpur Bajkul Rd. Bhagawanpur and Bajkul 7*14 2B. Gopiballavpur-Nayagram Go])iballavpur and Nayagrarn 8*00 27. Gopiballavpur to Foku- ghat-.lhargram Gopiballavpur, Jhargram P. S. 25-.50 M 28. Jhargram-Janiboni »lhargram, Jamboni and Gidney 7*00 ,, 29. Dharua-Belpabari Belpahari and Bin pur P. S. 16*00 30. Dudkundi-Manikpara, Sardia Bombay Road Jbargram P. S* Khargpur P. S. 25*00 31. Dahijuri Binporo Si Ida Road. Binpore P. S. 20*00 »» 32. Panskura-Tamluk Panskura P. S. 16*00 ,, 33. Contai-Junimfc Contai and J unput 6*00 1 • 34. Egra-Potasbpur Potashpur and Egra 8*12 tf (B. Under public works department) 35. Tamluk-Conlai Road Basiidebpiir? Narghat, Kal inagar markets 38*00 7 > 36. Basudebpur-Sutabata Road. Basudobpur, Mohisadal, Sutahata markets 19*00 M 37. Mohisadal-Nandigram Rd. Mohisadal and Nandi gram 13*00 38. Chaityanyapur Kukra- hati Road. Chaityanapur and Kukrahati 4*00 ,9 39. Conti-Digha Road Raranagar, Jagadisbpur. 20-12 11 40. Contai-Belda Road Contai, Egra, Khakurda, Belda, tlahalda 35*83 41. Contai-Dharua Maidan Road, 1*25 1 ) 42, Digha Foreshore Rd- — 1*25 1» 43. Dahijuri Rd. to Township — 0*47 72 Name of Boad Markets and localities served Distance 44. Raniganj Midnapore Rd. Garbeta, C. K. Rd. Salborii, Midnapore 3()'00 „ 45. Pilgrain Road Midnapore P. S. 100 „ 46. Lodhasuli Dohijura Rd. Lodhasuli, Halboni, -Ihargraiu, Dahijuri, Purano-Jhargram li^TO „ 47. D. T. Road. Kharagpur, Bolda, Dan tan 1200 48. Dahijuri Kupanadi Rd. — 13*30 49. Chandrakona-Ghatal Rd. Debcha, Digri, Baherasole, Banka, Chandrakona (town), Khirpai, Radhanagar, Baroda. Ghatal. 27*00 50. Godapiasal-Anandapur Anandapur 6*00 „ 61. Anandapur-Keshpur Anandapur and Keshpur 3*00 „ 52. Midnapore-Lalgarh Midnapore, Balboni and Binpur P. S. 36 00 „ 53. Lodhasuli-Mahap] Lodhasuli and Mahapa! markets (roo n 54. Amlagora-Kharkusuma Amlagora and Kharkusuina 9*00 „ 66. Tamluk-Teropakia Tamluk and Nandigrarn P. B. 15‘00 56. Contai-Deuli Contai and Deiili markets 16*00 APPENDIX— II (A) Chapter — I Result of analysis of surface soil (Results on over dry basis) Midnapore district 73 a'p. 5 ’ M U O S PiiH to d S S o nd I" 2 «8 Cl M o8 a W » to fl o JD o 3 CD r-K ® O ^ 2 ® a -o s a a 6 I _ O I 2 “11 3 §.i!Sa sp.': a a 6 Q. tU 525 a 2 a ^ S.| 3 ^ Ph . cw « S " 1 fto O S S 2 S s a « 2 OQ .a o3 I I I M I I I I M I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L'- CO b 6 A v-^ a 0 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I § I I I I I I 1 I s I I I o I I I I I M I M O o cc a> 00 cq o o b b ? I I g O ^ CO > ^ i o b o GO o 00 L— o 00 b I t- I ” ' CG I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II Mil M I M I I I II CO tH 0 a> I> lO rH cq CO 0 0 tH b b b P CO \o tH CO 05 (M CO 05 0 0 CO b b b iH 0 CO 0 »o CO CO (N CN 0 0 »o b b b tr- lO 0 0 L- CO T— 1 CO t- 0 0 b b b I I CT> o c5 ^ p 4 ci ^ fi rd ^ 9 'Tg s g d GO M ® d a s s d ft o ft © ^ < * -*3 ^ o p 2 P P< o ® 'S 'S Ib ■I ifl d B O o © P 4 ,3 ® © ^ O O d ft a © w ' — ^ o o O i| M ^ >3 5 Z 5 _ ^ ^ " ^ O -.a ► ^ •« w 'B 10 ( Reproduced from Census District Hand Book — 1951 ) APPENDIX— III (Vide Chapter II) Police stations and their areas Subdivision Police station Area in sq. miles No. of inhabited village No. of towns Sadar Midnapore 130*1 216 1 Salbani 213'3 379 Keshpur 186-9 618 Garbeta 408*4 733 1 Debra 132-2 454 Kharagpur local 214*4 634 Kharagpur town 129 — 1 Narayangarh 1946 437 Danton 170*7 301 Mohanpur 54*3 98 Sabong 120-4 221 Pingla 80-3 170 Contai Contai 1961 553 1 Khejuri 1648 131 Bhagwanpur 1400 317 Potaspur 1382 273 Eamnagar 116-9 268 Egra 166‘6 241 Tamluk Tamluk 940 186 1 Panskura 164-7 364 Moyna 673 83 Mohisadal 1249 249 Nandi gram 1909 198 Sutahata 1273 198 Ghatal Ghatal 89-8 140 2 Daspur 127-9 243 Chandrakona 1608 243 3 Jhargram Jhargram 208-3 182 1 Jamboni 1261 276 B inpore 3660 806 Gopiballavpur 1849 483 Sankrail 106-4 276 Nayagram 1962 267 TOTAL 6,2631 10,617 11 (i) (a) Agricultural Geography of West Bengal (b) Agricultural Statistics (1944-46) by H« S. M. Ishaque, I.C.S. APPENDIX— IV {Vide Chapter IT) Unions and their areas Police station Midnapore Salbani Keshpur Garb^ Name of Unions Dhema Chandra Manidaha Tatigaria Shiromoni Panchknri Banpura Pathra Birampore Debagram Bishnapur Balbani Tarapara Barakeundi Mia para Bhimpur Salpati Jalhari Moupal Garrual Kashi jora Godapiasal Karnagarh Jarakandi Soldiha Sirsba Amanpur Golar Maghasan .Tagannathpur tTegharai Amrakadi Anandapur Keshpur Kalagram Sarishakhela Dhalhara Jhetala Enayetpur Kedra Sandipur Baramarra Shyamnagar Dhadika Agra Benachapra Area in sq. mile Area in acres /correct to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point IB ‘64 11.929'60 16-23 10,387‘20 19‘66 12,618’40 17*26 11, 046 40 15*70 10,04800 15*50 9.92000 13*29 8.606'60 13*92 8,908 '80 16*31 10,438’40 13*51 8,64640 14*37 9,196-80 13*33 8,63 r 20 14*79 9,465-60 18*19 11,641-60 14*77 9,462 80 14*85 9,604 00 14*95 9,568-00 16*40 10,49600 15*26 9,766 40 16*44 10,521-60 14*35 9,18 TOO 15*78 10.099-20 12*50 8,00000 12*91 8,262-40 11*75 7,62000 10*92 0,988-80 11*34 7 i 252-00 22*52 14.412-80 11*64 7,44960 13*19 8,441-60 7*01 4,492'80 9*06 6.798'40 9*06 5,798-40 7*21 4,61440 11*82 7,664-80 11*00 7,04000 12*41 7,94240 11*65 7,39200 8*00 6,12000 12*00 7,680 00 9*00 6,76000 11*00 7,040 00 15*00 9,600 00 9*00 6,76000 14*00 8,96000 Police station Name of Unions Area in sq. mile Area in acres/correct to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Jagardanga 12-00 7,680-00 Amlasali 1100 7,040 00 Makli 1900 12,16000 Patharpara 1800 11,620-00 Sarabat 15-00 9,600 00 Jirapara 23-00 16,720’00 Pingboni 14‘00 8,96000 Goaltero 900 6,76000 Gohaldanga 16-00 10,240-00 Piashela 1300 8,320'00 Nalbona 16-40 10,496'00 Amkopa 13*00 8,320’00 Amlagora 14*00 8,96000 Sankarkata 14*00 8,960'00 Nayabasat 1300 8,32000 Satbankura 1700 10,880‘00 Uraiashai 16*00 10,240*00 Atrisol 1400 8,90000 Earsha 15 00 9,600*00 Garaiiga 17*00 10,880 00 Garbela 400 2,560*00 Kharkashma 1600 9,600 00 Bashkanda 12‘00 7.680*00 Debra Bbabanipur 10*03 6,419’20 Jagannathpur 9*71 6,214'40 Satyapur 11*84 7, 67760 Khana Moban 11*18 7,166-20 Debra 1600 9,60000 tlalimanda 14*00 8,96000 Malighati 10*72 6,86080 Golagram 12*28 7,869‘20 Syampur 12*84 8,21700 Dayan pur 11*97 7,660’80 Dingal 12*63 8,083’20 SaboDg Ehari ara 10*00 6,414‘66 Nayapara 9*7 6,208‘00 Baura 11*04 7,637‘16 Dasagram 7*05 4,846'76 Adaisimla 10*5 6,734'91 Ghanlkuri 9*03 6,961’19 Kapasda 8*00 6,13733 Sabong 9*06 6,031'04 Malpai 9*01 6,837‘39 Bhemva 8*09 6,687-41 Mehar 8*09 6,667-66 Boral 6*04 4,146-79 Bishnupur 11*02 7,186-67 Pingla Kusumda 12*08 8,140-78 JauTua 12*08 8,19200 Dhancswarpur 6*09 3,770-71 Eorkai 9*08 6,272-03 Miligram 9-09 6,33600 77 Police station Name of Unions Area in sq. mile Area in acres/correct to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Khiroi 908 6,272.76 Gobardhanpur 607 4,288-67 Pindrui 8*08 6,632-00 Jalchak 9-08 6.272-08 Kharagpur Arjani 13-79 8,826-60 Marintora 155*58 8,061-20 Bhetia 13*18 8,436-20 Kolaikanda 19*21 12,29440 Gopali 8*69 6,497-60 Khelar 13*08 8,371-20 Barkala 16*26 10,406-40 Changual 12*06 7,718-40 Sanlea 18*09 11,677-60 Lech man pur Chonokmakram- 16*84 10,77760 pur 1875 12,000-00 Maliara 16*50 10,660-00 Paparara 16*87 10,79680 Palsia 18*24 11,673-60 Kharagpur Kharida 9*48 6,060-80 Town Tnda 8*87 6,676-80 Narayangarh Markanda 15*04 9,851-14 Makranipur 13*08 8.302-20 Pakarsimi 9*09 6,316-86 Narayangarh 13*09 8,724-81 Kotai 11*09 7,096-03 Bagrai 13*09 8.727-92 Lafma 1109 6,98636 Belda 12*04 7,799-07 Gopiiiathpur 11*09 7,016-38 Nahapur 7*09 6,07367 Sujanpur 11*09 7,669 71 Tatranga 12*04 7,967 19 Bakrabad 13*08 8,361-33 Khurshi 7*88 4,108-63 Parumda 11*09 7,61420 Gardala 12*04 7,62966 Datan Alikasha 12*02 7.80367 Rararai 10*02 6,62800 Dantan 12*04 7,98600 Mohan pur 14*03 9,162-00 Dalda 12*09 8,26600 Salikota 10*06 6,784-00 Angua 12*05 8,000-00 Chakismilopur 11*05 7,36000 Anikota 10*09 6,976-00 Jannhapur 14*05 9,28000 Tarkagarh 11*06 7,42400 Sabra 9*03 6,96200 Sauri 7*06 4,96400 Purulda 9*06 6,144-00 Naritpur 10*06 6,78400 Police station Name of Unions 78 Area in acres/correct to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Area in sq. mile Mahanpur Sathia 1106 7,29600 Sialsai 10*01 6,464*00 Mahanpur 8'06 6,601*00 Nilda 13-08 8,361-33 Tannya 10*04 6,66600 Keshiary Gritagram 1306 8,704-00 Khajra 14*00 8,96000 Satrapur 13*00 8,32000 Kushumpur 12*00 7,68000 Baghasti 12*00 7,68000 Lachipur 10*08 6,91200 Keshiary 11*03 7,23200 Barorah (Lalua) 15*04 9 866-00 Anda (Gagneswar) 12*04 7,93600 Tamiuk Santipur 6-09 3,90204 Kharui 6-48 6,14626 Khakarda T69 4.76606 Balluck 6*01 3,846-68 Nilkantha 6*61 4,664.69 Eaghunathpur 6*42 3.472-91 Dhalhara 6-23 4,766*31 Pipulberia 6*68 3,676*06 Bishabar 6-64 3.626-24 Anantapur 8*21 4,498*26 Serampore 8*28 6,30704 Padampur 7*13 4,669-68 Uttarsonamui 5-67 2,907-83 Panskura Mashora 11*94 7,64689 Gobindanagar 10*94 7,00716 Joserah 8-62 6,619-76 Brineabanchalk 7*33 4,69699 Khanyadighi 8*43 6,399*69 Goalnagar 8*65 6,477*73 Kola 776 4,967*72 Palsita 8*19 6,24206 Sidhan 8*01 6,128*70 Panskura 12*13 7.766*09 Ghoshpara 8*48 6,431*69 Amdan (Maur) 1100 7,082*22 Chaitanpur 7*67 . 4,914*65 Pratappur 7*10 4,64611 Bhogpore 12*60 8,003*31 Baghunathbari 11*06 7,436*68 Purusattampur 10*62 6,798*02 Mayna Mayna 8*82 6,628*61 Pramandapur 6*27 4,076*78 Tilkheja 7*91 6.320*66 Bam chalk 6*36 4,076*11 Kisrona 4*08 3,076*11 Goloknagar 6*05 4,363*88 Bakcha 7*04 4,626*33 79 Police Name of Area in Area in acres/correct station Uunions sq. mile the nearest approx. 1 to the decimal point Asaner 8*04 6.631-23 Mohisadal Kamarchalk 10*40 6,66766 Sheoraninagal- pai 14*36 7.206*72 Chaksimulia 912 6,839*37 Payanda (Bebertahat ) 9*39 6.016*42 Basudebpur 944 6.044*68 Sitalpur 12‘42 11,026-83 Itamagra 1014 6.49062 Mohisadal 696 4.46296 Gopalpur 10-21 6,786-64 Natnul 8*86 6,077-64 Kakshya 910 6,826-76 Satkandu 7*68 4.851*07 Nandigram Kalpara 1019 6.508*84 Osmanpur 10-88 6,96700 Kbakda (Norghat) 9‘47 6,062 07 Nandapur 12*04 7,728-46 Boyal 9*40 6.019-21 Vekafcia 10*91 6,08470 Mabammedpur 11*22 7,18268 Nandigram 8-98 6,747-43 Kalahari 10-61 6,794-24 Kadambari 10-77 6,896-91 Biralia 9*40 6.014-21 Amdabad 10*29 6,69012 Gokulnagar 8*10 6.188-16 Samsbabad 9*10 6.824-99 Sonachara 19-81 12,681-36 Sulabata Kukrabati 7-63 4,669-29 Marikhali 12*11 6,818-92 Chaitanyapur 7*64 4,80126 Deulpota 761 4,871-86 Baruttarhiingly 9*36 5,98429 Babeghata (Kumar par) 7-08 5 687 12 Debhog 8*07 6,68010 Sutahfita 7*39 4,729-14 Bamnagar 9-33 5,974-46 Purara chalk (Dhamyaghata) 8’47 6.897-63 Natiberai 10*10 6,484.66 Contai Dhandalibar 11*01 7,061-80 Kamirda 1346 8,607-46 Kanaidigbi 9*71 6,213-42 Aorai 11-66 7.46609 Arntalia 12-61 8,006-83 Marichda 7*26 4,64801 Lou da 9-49 6.077-90 Naipur 10*48 6.706-66 Badalpur 7*76 4,96473 Police station 80 Area in acres/correct to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Name of Area in Unions sq. mile Ehejuri Bhagawanpur Potashpur Bamnagore Ghatua 10*68 6, 76998 Nayanpur 14*80 9,472-60 Balahhadupur 9*40 6,018-18 Serampur 7*61 4.810-84 Duarmat 9‘66 6.303-30 Contai (Rural) 3*82 2,446-70 Darua 6*68 4,20872 Basantia 8*85 9,870 13 Chalti 5*68 3,634 19 Berumea 9*33 6,969-69 Dariapur 11*18 7 , 154-47 Neuria 11-72 7,603 68 Ijakhi 10*62 6,797-27 Birbandar 11*20 7,16980 Kamarda 6*75 4 . 331-93 Sukhachak 10*91 6,987-64 Neludbari 11*39 7 , 293-34 Tanka 8*92 6,713-80 Nilkasha 11*06 7,07613 Khedgree 13*39 8,669-80 Mohammedpur 9*00 5,760-66 Gurgram 11-46 7 . 357-79 Bhagawanpur 8*89 6,69170 Simutia 8*32 6,325-24 Bibhisanpur 9*60 6 082-26 Itabari 9*00 6,760-65 Radhapur 8*82 6,646-02 Kotebar 10*01 6,412-37 Kajalghana 10*99 7 , 034-91 Garbasi 10*93 6 , 999-92 Mukbaria 9*37 6,00114 Jukhia 10*09 6,46224 Arjangar 10*96 7,018-98 Barej 9*88 6,32876 Gokulpur 11*37 7,276-91 Naipur 10*17 6,61218 Khar 11*49 7,368-77 Panchal 9*84 6,29892 Potashpur 9*49 6,07873 Gopalpur 10*14 6,489-96 Amarshi 6*84 4,37998 Chestipur 8*96 6,73670 Barahat 6*95 4,44831 Sarojalpur 9*62 6,09318 Serampur 9*36 5,993 07 Mathura 10*69 6 , 947-29 Dakshinkhawda 12*64 8,02638 Argoal 10*55 6,767-71 Bashia 8*43 6.398-83 Naldia 6*63 4.179-86 Basantapur 9*76 6,289*96 Police station Name of Unions Area in acres/corrected to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Egra Jhargram Jamboni Gopiballavpur Area in sq. miles Padma 12*28 7.864'29 Talgacbari 15*28 9,78479 Madbabpur 10*10 6,464‘61 Kadsa 10*16 6,605'17 Obotapadmapur 11*47 7,346-96 Karanji 10*89 6.972-00 Kaluidi 20*22 13,142-67 Barida 11*16 7,141-86 Egra 10*64 6,748‘62 , Eranda 9*09 6, 819-43 Bathoari 11*41 7,30789 Tajpur 9*97 6,380-96 Baligbar 9*94 6.363-55 Chattri 10*19 6,52662 Jortban 10*45 6,694 13 Pancbreal 9*66 6.12046 Sahara 10*64 6,810-91 Cbaritalia 10*43 6,679 20 Jamki 10*89 6 , 973-73 Paniparal 11*11 7,113-78 Debeda 10*46 6,69648 Basudebpur 9*67 6,189-61 Eadhanagar 16*99 10,87088 Bandgara 20*66 i:),153-64 Jhargram 19*04 12,188-42 Sapdhara 12*01 7,688-26 Ledababera 15*68 10,032-96 Mugakandri 14*17 9,06912 Karsugbati 13*26 8,478-23 Chubka 9*70 6 , 244-34 Sard i ha 10*19 6,52316 Chundri 10*94 7 , 001-59 Asnibari 13*06 8 , 702-99 Obanli 1533 9,809- 16 Lodbasali 14*56 9,315-96 Dudkundi 15.69 10,041-66 Parihati 17*04 11,182-97 Keudisole 11*72 7 . 6 O 3-73 Gidney Gbilkigarb Dubra 14*22 29-72 9*73 9 , 104-47 19,026-62 6,232 78 Jamboni 15*82 10 , 129-66 Obicbere 16-24 9,764-87 Amarda 23*64 16,131-28 Sashra 10*54 6,743*64 Saria 18*09 12,096-86 Gopiballavpur Alampur 43*73 10*46 27,986-06 6,881'83 11 Police station Name of Unions Area in sq. miles Area in acres/corrected to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Binpur Sankrail Nayagrara Ghatal Oharchita 11-67 7,472-33 Tapsia 12-62 8,014-68 Ealiara 1201 7,442*16 Beliabera 1074 6,874-23 Eamchandrapur 1054 6,747*12 Petbindhi 13-03 8,461-04 Binpur 13-46 8,612'80 Singpur 10-62 6,800-20 Adharia 906 5,800*21 Dahijuri 8-85 6,664-61 Baita 8-64 6,631*68 Dharampur 14*60 9,881-33 Natia 6*64 4,248-62 Lalgarh 18*33 11,732*75 Eamgarh 22*88 14,644-91 Sijua 6-27 4,013*71 Nepara 14-16 9,066*39 Marda 12*78 8,182.12 Kanne 2i*58 13,809*68 Ergoda 12*78 8,146*46 Bbilaidiha 31*00 19,838*63 Silda 10*97 7,022*60 Belpabari 29*49 18,871-81 Sandapara 6*30 4,03086 Simulpal 31*19 19,964 26 Banspahari 67*38 36,72089 Eegra 12*61 8,071-64 Dhangari 11*38 7,286,49 Chatri 13*08 8,372-21 Eobini 10*66 6,760-28 Kultikri 17*62 11,276-88 Chirkuti 14*32 9,164'46 Pashra 27*71 17,734-99 Taldangra 36*84 23,67643 Barakhakri 26*87 16,37646 Mai am 13*66 8,73698 Bara Nagui 21*13 13,622-99 Kharikamathani 17*16 10,973-31 Nayagram 12*64 8,089-33 Jamirapal 8*61 6,44673 Borajal 9*06 6,793-19 BaJigeria 17*04 11.137-96 Ara 19*86 12,711-12 Chandrarekha 122*06 78,47616 Sultanpur 10*06 6,769-66 Mansuka 11*04 7,327-78 Birsingha 11*01 7,120-82 Mohanpur 12*09 8,276-92 Police station 83 Aiea in Acres/corrected to the nearest approx, up to the decimal point Dashpur Chandralcona Name of Area in Unions sq. miles Deoanchak 14*09 Ajahanagar 11*02 Monoharpur 7*02 Ghatal Munici- pality 7*06 Kharar 3*00 Narajole 12*03 Rajnagar 10*06 Sarbirai 10*04 Rabidaspur 10*02 Gaura 11*02 Guchhati 10*01 Basudebpur 10*08 Daspur 10*01 Khanjapur 10*02 Chainpot 11-08 Nishcbiniapur 10*02 Jote-Ghanashyam 10*00 Lakshipur HOG Bhagabatipur 1606 Basanchhara Jf)00 «Tara 1308 Mongral 1403 Manikflanga 1403 Kuyapur 1400 Bandipur 14'07 Monoharpur 1507 Chandrakona Municipality 506 Khirpai Municipality 602 Rarajibanpur Municipality 600 9,589-69 7,227*82 4.631’b8 4,879-61 1,959-48 7,836-04 6,77930 6,677-97 6,499-81 7.178’52 6.528*05 6,920*16 6,444*42 6,552*46 7,556*27 6,55009 6,399*63 9,372*28 10,629*43 9,609*99 8,879*23 9,204*22 9,184*70 8,971*21 9.459*39 10,051*62 3,639*39 3,997*48 3,815*82 84 eocqc^coinlHO^kOG^^gpcocoP corticqcqoacq'^rH p tH CX) !-• o> ppjH^ot-ppppT^pPl^T^PS cocobq^'tHJHW^jopioiH^cocq. cicoOptO-^Or-tppp^OPpiof^§ bi:^iocMt-cqt;r’'^»^b»obq*cq®^o -bbcqbbboi>'io^boloc'^v^ rH COcqrHCq^ 'HIrH O iH 0 > tH . pPpCOtOCOpOppQOprHTtIpgH T-ico»oc^>? CT iH 0> CO C30 o 00 rH oD rzJ sit g •« I 3> I. a jSag'S'i'SS^Sas •'Ofi0Qp40Q>?C)Fl<1ppppop O 2 b jo O b. ^ « ‘O s s s iH tH lO Sgoggo^ogoc-opgS rH M iQ S 55 «go§roNc-‘ 0 ®®’'”ScqS” l£D SSSSoOiOOrHOiH^pOO gSSS®i:^i--bbboo|^ iH tH 05 »0 ^ gSgSSSglSSrHpPpl^g-^ tH tH iO O Sg§§Spr^P®S|EgS? ^ lO to ^ E:E:8 o®*p?=’P^?^; CO r . ^ ^ m CO ^ V ri S S g P S P ^ ^ ® S CD ^ ■ 7 :«i« MM ►•'ss as a^Sfl aft's .aSS^ OBOOri^aS® o. cl ^ Q) O S 0 oB JC) APPENDIX— VII 86 #«(MrHp‘iHOrH^L-''^ 5 ^ rH ;o wo 00 CO X- ^kO_t *23 ^Oro 'cjHXiHOcqoppppppo?^ ^(MiHOCMbioOOOiOOOOrH iO CO 00 CM rn '«r *- »o o THiH^pp.cqt-F^Pr^.'^r^p]^?^ *^OCqbDO*»OTHp»^C*lO ‘0 0 ; 0 *^ 00 C^ CO l> COCOXXr-liHppP boDcqiobioTHjoO CO CO CO ''tl CO 00 CO p o o b b JS ^ ocoppppppp^r^pp§P boobbbiHt'C'JCMbpiHiO'^ m Di Oa CO »0 OCOCOO'^prHpCOpTHPpOP •^bbbb;H;HOiHcqog5iHgTH ,H « « ;h ^ « -&!§:§ -fissa ■^.sgsg s ■« fl a I 1 3 I agS^^^JisS-iaSi'S-si ^ I ^ ,s ^ I <5 70*68 Be-assortment cost including Katai & Paltai 0*69 Bepacking & Bebundling cost with materials ••• 1*60 Charges for Hospitable purpose ••• i» 1*60 Iswarbritti ••• a 0*06 Transport cost from Tamluk to Panskura ■ ■■ ,, 0*60 Labour ( incidental ) charges ••• 0*26 Bent at Posta ... ,, 0*03 Bly. Freight from Panskura to Howrah ... ,, 10*03 Merchants* profit ••• »> 4*00 Merchants* soiling price ••• »» 87*80 Produceres* share in consumers* price is Bs. 87:69 i.e. 80% Cashewnut (Kernel) Cost of whole nut (pod) of 4 mds. @ Bs. 16*00 per md. required to process one md. of kernel ... ]Rs. 64*00 Transport cost from Farm to Market including market charges * * * i» 1*60 Processing cost »» 9*00 Miscellaneous expenditure at processing centre •** »» 2*60 Producers* margin of profit after processing ••• i» 60*00 Selling price of the producers* to local dealers ... ,, 81*00 Local dealers* cost of storage •’ * II 0*26 Driage * * ' »i 2*00 Profit *** II 9*76 Selling price of the dealers ... 99 93*00 Cost of carrying to consuming market ... 1*00 Cost of packaging dehydrated etc. Cost of wholesalers’ margin at consuming market Cost of commission etc. as retailer*s cost *” l» 0*60 II 1*00 ... 1*00 Betailers’ profit *** ♦» 1*00 Consumers* price Bs. 98*00 Producers* share of consumers’ price is Bs, 98 : 64 or 66'8% APPENDIX— IX ( Vide Chapter— V ) LIST OF MAEKETS List of Class Market Name of Market/ Hat. Sitting Days. Sitting Time. Average assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Ghatal Market" cum-Hat. Daily & Monday & Friday 7-30 a.m. to 7-00 p.m 1,76,000 Paddy —1,00,000 Mds. Bice — 30,000 „ Potato — 26,000 „ Jute — 20,000 „ Dudkumra Hat. Wednesday & Sunday 8-00 a.m. to 4-00 p.m. 60.000 Jute — 2,50,000 ,, Potato — 1,60,000 ,, Khesari — 60,000 „ Kharagpur Ely. Market. Daily (Hat on Sunday) 7 00 a.m. to 8-00 p.m. 10,000 Eice, Pulses, Potato, Onion, Fruits, Fish, Eggs, Poultry, Meat. Contai Bazar. Daily (Hat on Sunday & Thursday) -do- 3,000 Paddy, Eice, Jute, Vegetables, Pulses, Potato, & Onions. List of Class Markets Jhargram Daily Market. Binpur Monday Market. Lankagarh Wednesday Hat. & Sunday Chachua Tuesday & Hat. Saturday Bonakhali Thursday & Hat. Sunday G-OO a.m. 1,000 to 11-00 a.m. 11-00 a.m. 3,000 8- 00 a.m. 65,000 to 4-00 p.m. 9- 00 a.m. to 66,000 3-00 p.m. ——do— 60,000 Rice, Vegetables. Rice — 60,000 MdB. Vegetables 60,000 it Rice — 6,000 *1 Paddy — 60,000 Egg — 30,000 Nos. Fowl — 40,000 t, Vegetables 60,000 Mds. Fruits — 600 it Jute — 60,000 »» Vegetables 20,000 Eice — 15,000 f) Vegetables 30,000 >} 12 00 Name of Sitting Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Days. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. transaction. Eotwali Bazar. Daily 7-00 a.m. to 12 Npon 300 Poultry — 4,000 Nos. Potato — 4,000 Mds. Vegetables 6,000 „ Fish — 800 „ Meat — 1,600 „ Eggs — 18,000 Nos. Mia Bazar —do— — do — 300 Poultry — 1,000 Nos. Potato — 4,000 Mds. Vegetable^ 2,000 „ Fish — 100 „ Meat — 1,000 „ Eggs — 6,000 Nos. School Bazar — do — — do— 400 Poultry — 2,600 ,, Potato — 4,600 Mds. Vegetables 7,000 „ Fish — 1,000 „ Meat — 1,800 „ Eggs — 20,000 Nos. Baja Bazar Station — do— — do — 200 Potato — 1,000 Mds. Vegetablts 4,000 ,, Fish — GOO „ Meat — 1,000 „ Eggs — 10,000 Nos. Bazar — do — — do — 100 Poultry — 600 „ Potato — 1,000 Mds. Vegetables 3,000 „ Fish — 100 ,, Meat — 700 „ Eggs — 1,600 Nos. Ballichak Monday & 7 a. m. to 4,000 Paddystraw 3,00,000 Mds. Hat. Garbeta Friday 4 p. m. Poultry — 6,000 ,, Khesari — 3,000 „ Paddy — 3,00,000 „ Bice — 40,000 „ Pototo — 3,000 „ Vegetables 60,000 ,, Fish — 2,000 „ Meat — 1.600 ,. Eggs — 20,000 Nos. Hat — do— — do — ' i,m Poultry — 2,000 „ Potato — 7,000 Mds* Vegetables 30,000 „ Fish — 1,600 ,i Meat — 600 „ Eggs - 1,600 Nos. 91 Name of Market/ Hat. 1 Sitting Days. Sitting Time. i ! Average j assemblage. f Important agril. produce 1 &nd annual volume of transactidh. Amlagora Market Thursday & Sunday 7 a. m. to 4 p. m. 4,000 Sweet-Pump. kin — 16.00b Mae. Firtwood — 2,00,000 6ur — 2,000 „ Paddy 12,00,000 „ Bice — 8,00,000 „ Potato — 2,00,000 „ Vegetables 6,0p0 „ Pieb — 1,600 — 1,000 Nos. C. K. Road — do — — do— 2»600 Poiiltry — 3.000 „ Potato — 10,000 mds. Vegetables 3,0P0 „ Pish — 1,000 „ Meat — 300 Eggs — 16,000 Nos. Salboni "Wednesday — do — 3,600 Poultry — 2,QQ0 Market & Sunday Patato — 7,000 Mds. Vegetables 2,000 „ Pish — 1,000 „ Meat — 200 „ Eggs — 12,000 Nos Satmile Hat. Wednesday & Saturday 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. 600 to 600 Rice, Paddy, Jute, Sun- hemp, Potato, Vegetables, . Mustard Oil, Green, Coco- nut — 1,00,000 Mds. Tengra Hat Thursday & Sunday — do— 2,260 to 3,000 Rice, Pulses, Weg., (Jattle, Poultry etc. 1,00,000 Mds. Geonkbali Hat Monday & Friday — do— 4.000 to 6.000 .lute. Rice, Paddy, Potato, Pulses. Veg. 3,10,000 Mds, Teropakia Wednesday & Saturday — do— 1600 to 2,600 Rice, Paddy, Jute, Gur Pulses, Straw and Veg. etc. — 2,60,000 Mds. Kalinagar Hat Tuesday & Friday — do— 800 to 1,000 Rice, Paddy, Potato, Jute, & Fish —60,000 Mds. Keshiary Hat Sunday & Thursday — do- 1,000 to 1,600 "Vegetabies, Canegur, Dabui-rope 1,26,000 Mds. Samsonka Hat Friday 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. 2,600 to 3,000 Betel-leaves Belda Market Daily 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. 300 to 600 Paddyi Rice, Coconut, Vegetables 10.00,000 Mds. Baita Bazar Mahisadal Market Monday & Friday Daily 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. 1,800 to 2,000 1,000 Rice, Betel-Leaves, — 26,000 Mds. Bice, Veg., Fruits. 92 Name of Sitting Sitting Average Important agril. product Market/ Days. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. transaction. Tamluk Municipality Market — do — — do— 1,200 Rice, Veg., Fish, Betel- leaves. — lljlOjOOO Mds Eukrahati Thursday — do — 1,000 to Rice and Paddy Hat 1,600 — 16,00,000 „ Sutahata Sunday & —do— 1,000 to Rice, Vegetables, Market Wednesday 1,600 — 1,80,000 „ Panskura Sunday & — do — 1,600 to Rice & Veg. 1,60,000 „ Hat Wednesday 2,000 Kola Nutan Monday & — do — 1,000 to Jute, Vegetables, Fish Bazar (Kolaghat) Friday 1,600 — 10,60,000 „ Bhimeswari Sunday & —do— 2,000 Green Vegetables, Jute, Hat Thursday Eice — 36,000 „ Eahalgarh Hat Thursday & — do — Friday 600 — do — 16,000 ,, Bhagawan- Monday & —do — 1,000 Green Vegetables, Rice, pur Hat Friday Betel-leaves 30,000 „ Mirgoda Hat Wednesday — do — & Saturday 1,200 Paddy, Betel-leaves — 60,000 - Egra Hat — do — —do — 1,600 Green Vegetables, Rice, Betel-leaves — 60,000 „ Dubda Hat Monday & — do — Friday 1,000 -do— — 20,000 ,, Basudevpur Hat Monday & — do — Thurrday 900 —do— — 20,000 „ Beta Hat Wednesday — do — & Saturday 700 Green Vegetables, Rice, Betel -leaves — 20,000 „ Panchet Hat Monday & — do— Friday 600 —do — — 20,000 ,9 Potasbpur Wednesday — do — & Saturday 800 —do— — 20,000 „ Manglamaro Thursday & 7 a. m. to 2,000 Green Vegetable, Rice, Hat Friday 7 p. m. Paddy & Betel-leaves. — 76,000 Mdi List of ‘G* Class Markets/Hats ; rainy Ely. New Daily 7 p.m. to 2000 — Vegetables, Fish, Meat Market (Egp.) 8 p.m. Egg, Poultry. , 93 Name of Days of Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Hat. Sitting. Time. ! assemblage. and annual volume of transaction. Dry rainy Puratan — do — Bazar (Kgp.) — do — 2000 — Bice, Vegetables, Fish, Meat. Kharida — do— Market —do— 1600 — — do— Pirbaba — do — Bazar — do — 400 — Vegetables, Fish. Sonamukhi Wednesday Hat & Saturday 9 a.m. to G p.m. 1600 — Bice, Vegetables. Sakua Hat Monday — do — 1000 — — do — Benapur Tuesday Hat — do— 1000 — -do— Mukshedopur Hat —do— — do— — — do — Madpur Hat Sunday & Thursday — do— 1000 — — do— Malancha Daily Hat 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. 100 100 Bice, Vegetables, Fish, Meat. Barendra — do — Market — do— 200 100 — do — Narayan- Thursday garh Hat 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. 2000 1500 Vegetables, Fish, Meat. Khakurda Sunday Hat — do— 5000 4000 Vegetables, Fish, Gur, Hope. Kotaigarh Monday & Hat Friday —do— 2000 1600 Vegetables, Kice, Fish. Bedipur Wednesday Hat — do — 300 200 Bice, Vegetables. Eushbagan Monday Hat — do— 800 500 Bice, Vegetables, Meat. Bankri- Tuesday & bazar Saturday -do— 500 100 — do— Ehirai Hat Monday & Thursday — do- 200 100 Vegetables, Fish. Banisarai Thursday Hat — do— 300 200 —do — Temrai Hat Thursday — do — 400 300 Bice, Vegetables. Baraibazar Daily Eat 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. 200 160 Bice, Vegetables, Fish. 94 Name of Market/ Hat. days of ^ Sitting. Sitting 1 Time. Average j assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Dry rainy Monoharpur Sunday Hat —do — 160 100 — do — Keslirambha Wednesdy 9 a.m. to Hat 8 p.m. 400 300 —do — TJttarbab Hat Monday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. 600 400 Rice, Vegetables, Fish. Sonakunia Hat Thursday -do- 600 400 — do — Anikola Hat —do— —do— 2000 1600 —do— Janakpur Hat Tuesday & Saturday — do — 400 300 — do — Turka Hat — do — —do— 500 400 —do — Sabra Hat Thursday —do— 160 100 — do — Pabaricbak Hat Monday & Friday j _ 400 300 — do — Jbalda Hat Wednesday Saturday — do — 900 700 — do— tlanabar Hat Monday — do — 600 600 -do— Mankapur Hat Wednesday & Monday —do— 2000 1600 — do — Dhaneswar- pur Hat Sunday 600 Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep Goat. uu JLV/W Mobanpur Hat Sunday & Thursday —do— 1 2000 1600 Betal-leaves, Rice, Vegetables. Nalda Hat Monday & Friday —do— 300 200 Rice, Vegetables, Fish. Amarda Hat Monday —do- 200 160 — do— Kbejuri Hat Wednesday —do— 2000 1600 Rice, Vegetables. Santrapur Hat Friday —do— 100 60 Rice, Vegetables. Babuigeria Hat Saturday —do — 1600 1200 Bice k Oanegur. 95 Name of Market/ Hat. Days of Sitting. Sitting Time. Average assemblage. Important agril, produce and annual volume of transaction* Joykrishna- Paid ay Dry rainy pur — do — 200 160 Bice, Vegetables. Belki Hat Saturday -do- 1000 200 Potato, Vegetables, Mat. Malpur Hat Monday — do — 400 200 Vegetables, Fish. Dasogram Hat Sunday — do — 4000 2000 Bice, Vegetables, 7^^'sh. Nedbua Hat Wednesday — do- 1600 1000 Bice. Vegetables. Bhanjapur Wednesday — do— 1000 800 Bice, Vegetables, Hat Pish, Mat. Benia Hat Saturday — do— 300 200 — do — Sabong Hat Tuesday —do— 3000 2000 Bice, Potato, Fish, Jute, Mat. Porua Saturday & Hat Wednesday — do — 600 300 Bice, Vegetables. Belpai Hat Thursday —do— 400 300 —do — Khagrageria Hat Monday — do— 600 400 — do — Mohar Hat —do— — do— 400 300 — do — Syamsundar- pur Hat Sunday & —do— 3000 2600 Bice, Veg., Fish, Thursday Mat. Bural Hat Thursday — do — ' 400 300 — do — Bishnupur Hat Friday — do — 800 600 Bice, Fish, Vegetables. Kamar- Monday & pota Hat Thursday — do— 300 200 — do— Banichak Monday & Hat Friday — do— 2000 1600 — do— Sahara Hat Sunday -do— 300 200 Bice, Vegetables. Gopinathpur Hat Wednesday —do — 200 100 — do — Pingla Hat Saturday — do — 400 300 —do— is Tuesday % Name of Days of Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Sitting. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. transaction. Dhaneswarpur Hat Wednesday — do — Dry 300 rainy 100 -do- Karkai Hat Sunday -do- 500 800 — do — Mali gram Hat Sunday & Wednesday — do — 1000 800 — do — Canjet Hat Monday <& Thursday -do— 200 100 — do — Khirai Hat Thusday & Saturday — do— 300 200 — do — Gobardhanpur Sunday Hat & Thursday —do— 1000 600 — do — Kunjapur Hat Tuesday & Saturday — do — 800 600 — do — Ealukbaro Hat Monday & Friday —do — 1500 1200 “ “do — Pinduri Hat Sunday k Wednesday —do— 2000 UOO - do — Baricha Hat Monday & Friday — do — 2000 1500 -do- Nateswari Hat Sunday —do— 600 400 Rice, Vegetables. Tiles war i Hat Tuesday — do— 300 200 — do — Baborta Hat Tuesday & Saturday — do — 400 200 Rice, Vegetables, Fish. Nadakumar Hat Monday & Friday — do — 200 100 — do — Amtitbari Hat Sunday & Thursday — do — 100 50 —do — Nikashi Hat Tuesday k Sunday — do— 100 60 — do — Baicbabari Hat Sunday k Thursday —do — 600 _^200 — do — Eanipur Hat Monday k Friday — do— 300 100 — do — Eanchi Hat Tuesday k Thursday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. 700 300 Rice, Vegetables, Fish. Namal Lakshya Sunday Eat Wednesday k — do— 160 60 — do— Name of Days of Bitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Bitting. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. 1 transaction. — do^ Sitapur Hat Tuesday & Saturday Horikali Hat Sunday & Thursday Kakdihi Hat Tuesday & Saturday Darials Hat Sunday & Wednesday Banpore Hat Sunday & Thursday Soadighi Hat Sunday & Wednesday Eankatya Market Daily Bamtarak Hat Tuesday & Saturday Baliuk Hat Tuesday & Saturday Nilkanthia Hat Sunday & Wednesday Damari Hat — do — Mathuri Hat Monday & Friday Kalatala Hat Sunday & Wednesday Badhamoni Hat — do— Doraj Hat Monday k Thursday Haridashpur Daily Market Gourimani Hat — do — Gourmohini Hat —do— Gourangapur Sunday & Hat ISiursday Karpai Hat Monday b Friday — do — dry 300 rmny 100 — do — 400 200 — do — 400 200 — do— 600 200 — do- 600 200 — do — 300 100 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 300 100 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. 6000 2000 —do — 2000 1000 — do — 400 200 —do— 600 200 — do— 400 200 — do — 1000 600 — do — 4000 2000 — do— 400 200 7 a.m, to 6 p.m. 600 200 — do — 160 60 —do— 200 100 — do — 160 60 —do— 200 100 — do— Bice, Vegetables. Bice, Betel-leaves. Bice, Fish, Veg. — do — — do— Betel-leaves, Bice. — do — Bice, Paddy, Fish. Bice, Vegetables. Vegetables, Fish. Vegetables, Bice. Veg. Bice, Betel-leaves. — do — —do — — do — —do — Vegetables, Fish, —do— 13 Name of Days of Sitting Average Important agril, produce Market/ Hat. Sitting. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of transaction* Hijalberia Hat Sunday & Wednesday — do — diy 800 rainy 100 — do — Narayanpur Hat Daily —“do — 200 100 — do — Gasefat Hat Thursday & Sunday — do — 2000 1000 Bice, Fish, Vegetables. Kalitala Hat Wednesday & Saturday — do — 2000 1000 — do — Bbandarchandi Hat Sunday —do — 6000 2000 — — do”— Srikantha Hat Friday —do — 1600 700 — do — Samra Hat Tuesday & Saturday -do- 4000 2000 -do - Dora Hat Monday & Friday —do— 4000 2000 Bice, Fish, Veg. Eaikana Hat Wednesday & Saturday — do — 300 400 -do— Kumarganj Hat Monday & Friday —do — 700 300 — do — Ismalichak Hat Monday & Friday — do — 1000 400 — do— Nandigram Hat Sunday & Thursday —do— 1400 600 Vegetables. Saharpur Hat Saturday, Tuesday — do — 400 200 —do— Takapura Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do— 300 100 — do — Narayan Hat Saturday, Tuesday —do — N,A. N.A. —do — Mabammad- Saturday, pur Hat Tuesday —do— 600 200 Veg,, Paddy. Cbarkbali Hat Twice a week — do — 200 100 Bice, Veg. Bonumeria Hat — do — —do — 200 100 Vegetables. Pancbkbali Hat Sunday, Thursday — do — 6000 6000 — do— Baypara Hat Sunday, Wednesday —do — 600 ■ 600 —do— 99 Name of Sitting Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Days. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. transaction. Krishnagar Monday. dry rainy Hat Friday — do — 300 200 — do — Bhatuna Sunday, Hat Thursday — do — 400 200 — do — Hanschar Hat —do— —do— 6000 4000 —do— Birala Hat — do — — do — 2000 1000 — do— Norghat Cattle Market Wednesday — do — 700 300 Cattle only. Harakhali Hat Monday, Friday — do — 800 400 Bice, Vegetables. Eashipur Tuesday, inn Hat Saturday — do — lOU lUU uu Bibir Hat — do — — do— 400 100 —do— Berda Hat Monday, Friday —do— 400 100 — do — Sankarpur Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do — 100 60 — do — Dweraberia Hat Monday, Friday — do — 200 100 — do — Benichak Hat Tuesday, Saturday — do — 800 400 Bice, Veg., Fruits. Balughata Bazar Monday, Friday — do — 1000 400 — do— Bajnagar Bazar Thursday, Saturday — do— 500 800 — do— Kalir Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do— 800 400 — do— Basudevpur Hat Monday, Wednesday — do — 300 200 Bice, Vegetables. Hatiberia Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do — 400 200 — du — Monoohowkir Hat Friday — do— 400 100 Vegetables. Sadhapota Hat Wednesday — do— 200 100 — do— Tustir Hat Saturday 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 200 100 Vegetables, Bice. Baghunath- Wednesday, bari Hat Sunday •^do— 2000 1000 —do — 100 Name of Market/ Hat. Sitting Days. 1 Sitting Time. Average assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Pubasuktia Tuesday, dry rainy Nutan Hat Saturday -do— 200 100 — do — Chipur Hat Tuesday, 9 a.m. to Saturday 8 p.m. 200 100 — do — Maynamini ! Hat Monday, Friday ^do — 160 80 —do— Bhogpur Hat Monday, Friday -do— 800 400 — do — Janefali Sunday, Hat Wednesday -^do — 400 100 —do— Saraghat Tuesday, Hat Saturday —do— 300 200 —do— Chamaguri Hat Friday —do— 800 300 — do— Manipukur Hat Thursday -do— 300 200 — do — South Chan- ciyara Hat Monday, Friday -do— 300 100 —do — Harinarayan* (^hak Hat Sunday — do — 300 200 — do— Ghospur 1 Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do — 200 100 —do— Hateswar Hat 1 Wednesday, Sunday —do — 200 100 — do — Siddah Hat 1 Monday, Thursday — do — 400 100 —do— Dauli Hat 1 Sunday, Wednesday -do— 160 100 Vegetables. Sagarbar Hat Saturday — do— 200 100 Bice, Vegetables. Kolapirtals Hat Saturday, Wednei^ay • -do— 600 200 — do — Gopalnagar Hat 6 a.m. to Daily 7 p.m. 1600 700 —do — Eajichak Hat Tuesday * 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. 300 100 —do— Eulia Hat Thursday & Monday 300 100 — do"- m Name of Market/ Hat. Days of Sitting. Sitting Time, 1 Average 1 assemblage. ■ 1 Important agril. predtice and annual volume of transaction. Mohanarpur Hat —do- —do — dry 400 rainy 300 — do — Khanaridi Hat Friday & Monday -do— 300 100 —do- Kharia Hat Wednesday - -do — 300 200 —do— Shorda Hat Thursday, Monday -do — 600 200 —do— Sajnagacha Wednesday, Saturday -do — 300 300 —do— Brindaban- chak Hat Wednesday 8 a.m. to Saturday 8 p.m. 200 50 Rice, Vegetables, -do- II Monday, Thursday — do — 200 50 — do— Batola Hat Monday, Friday — do — 200 50 -•do- Ratullya Hat Sunday, Thursday —do— 300 50 — do — Jassore Hat Monday, Thursday —do- 250 100 Vegetables. Paskuria Hat Wednesday Saturday — do — 300 100 — do— Keshapat Hat Tuesday, Friday — do — 1500 1000 Vegetables, Rice. Monsapukur Sunday, Hat Thursday —do— 400 200 — do- Mysore Hat Sunday, Wednesday —do- 300 100 — do— Molar Hat Monday, Friday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. 400 200 Vegetables, Rice, Fish. Gopinathpur Tuesday, Hat Saturday - do— 1400 600 —do— Ouigram Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do— 1000 600 — do — Sayed Bazar Monday Friday — do — 1400 600 — do— Eotalonri Hat Sunday, Thursday — do — 400 300 — do— lUaspur Hftt Saturday, Wednesday -do- . 1000 600 . — dg— 102 Name of Days of 1 Sitting Average 1 Important agril. produce Market/ Hat. Bitting. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of transaction. Sibbazar Wednesday, Thursday — do — dry 1000 rainy 500 — do — Darimara Hat Tuesday — do — 400 200 — do — Itaberia Hat Wednesday — do — Saturday 2500 1500 — do — and Paddy, Fruits. Basuli Hat Sunday, Tuesday — do — 300 100 —do— Bazra Hat Monday, Friday — do — 600 400 — do — Lalbazar Tuesday, — do — Friday 1000 800 — do— Eolabaria Hat Wednesday, Saturday — do — 2000 1000 — do— Chabar Hat Monday, Tuesday —do — 400 200 — do — Nazir Hat Monday, Tuesday — do — 1200 800 — do — Banenda Hat Monday, — do — Thursday 1000 800 —do— Mugberia Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do — 1000 600 — do — Katapukuria Monday, Hat Friday — do — 600 200 Vegetables. Jukhi Hat Sunday, Wednesday — do — 600 200 — do — Sardullaohak Saturday, Hat Tuesday — do — 600 200 — do — Barjora Hat Monday, 9 a.m. to Friday 6 pm. 400 200 Vegetables. Utbdal Hat Tuesday, Friday — do— 800 400 —do— Mahammad- Monday, pur Hat Friday — do — 700 300 — do — Dauli Hat Monday, Friday — do — 400 200 — do — Patna Hat Sunday, Thursday — do— 800 400 — do — Balisai Hat Daily — do— 800 600 — do — 103 Name of Days of Bitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ I Sitting. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. transaction. Banihara Hat Monday, Friday — do — dry 1000 rainy 600 — do — Sonamari Hat Tuesday, Saturday — do— 1200 600 — do — Baramile Thursday, Saturday 800 200 — -T - Hat — do— Sadi Hat — do— — do- 1200 600 — do — Thikra Hat Tuesday, Saturday — do— 800 200 —do — Kalindi Hat —do— — do — 600 200 — do— Kutpul Hat — do — — do — 400 200 —do — Birajbazar Tuesday 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. 600 300 — do — Shibbazar Hat Dai ly 6 a.m. to 7 p.m; 600 300 — do — Dakhindauki Monday, Hat Friday 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. 600 300 — do — Si tala Hat Wednesday, Saturday — do— 600 400 —do — Dhole mari Hat Monday, Friday — do — 800 400 — do — Mirjapur Hat Sunday, Wednesday —do— 1000 600 — do — Mukundapur Thus. Tues, Hat Saturday — do — 1200 600 — do— Fichabani Hat Sunday, Thursday — do — 1000 660 —do — Ohatradhar- Tuesday, pur Hat Saturday —do— 1000 600 — do — Karpora Hat Monday, Friday — do — 800 400 — do — Chintarani Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do— 800 600 — do— Amtali Hat Sunday, Thursday — do— 1000 600 —do — Dehimukun- dapur Hat Thursday — do— 800 400 — do— Deulbar Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do— 600 300 —do— m Namft of Market/ Hat. Bays of Bitting Sitting Time. i Average assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction* ! Naga Hat Wednesday, dry rainy Saturday —do— 600 300 —do— Morisbda Wednesday, i 8 a.m. to Hat Saturday 8 p.m. 600 300 Vegetables. Durmuth Monday, Hat Friday — do — 600 300 — do — Nilpur Tuesday* Hat Friday -do— 600 300 —do— Ealibari Monday, Hat Friday — do — 800 400 — do — Nacbinda Wednesday. Hat Saturday — do— 900 600 —do— Dbangore Hat — do — — ^^do — 1000 600 — do — Belda Sunday, Hat Thursday — do — 600 300 —do — Tajpore Wednesday, Hat Saturday — do — 900 600 — do— Alledipur Tuesday, Hat Saturday — do, — 600 300 —do— Beruui Monday, Hat Friday — do — 600 400 — do— Golabari Wednesday, Hat Sunday -do- 600 300 — do — Birbandar Tuesday, Hat Saturday —do— 1000 600 — do— Kalagacbia Monday, —do— 2600 1600 —do— Hat Friday Ajanbari Hat , — do — — do — 1200 800 — do — Henria Tuesday, Hat Saturday — do — 900 600 —do — Tikasbi Sunday, Hat Wednesday — do — 900 600 — do- Gbatra Monday, 9 a«m. to Hat Friday 6 p.m. 400 200 — do — Ohoudhury Tuesday, Hat Sunday. —do— 600 300 — do— Sabarda Hat Monday, Friday — do^ :900 600 —do— 105 Name of Market/ Hat. Days of * Bitting. Sitting 1 Time. i Average assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Bbfttnary Hat Sunday, Thursday —do— drv 800 rainy 400 — do — Paharpur Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do— 900 600 —do — Balighai Hat Monday, Friday —do— 600 200 -do— Astichak Hat — do — —do— 1000 600 —do — Kudi Hat Tuesday, Saturday — do — 500 300 — do — Nihari Hat Sunday, Thursday — do — 1000 600 -do— Telani Hat — do— — do — 1200 600 —do— Panchrol Hat Wednesday, Saturday — do — 1200 600 — do — Seipur Hat Saturday, Tuesday — do — 1000 600 1 — do — Mirjapur Hat Saturday, Wednesday — do— 1200 600 —do— Ghorpalia Hat Saturday, Thursday —do— 1000 600 —do — Paniparul Hat Thursday, Friday —do— 1200 600 —do— Aranga Hat Thursday, Saturday Khagda Hat Monday, Thursday —do— — do — 900 600 600 — do— 300 —do— Bhawani” chak Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do- Ganeswar- pur Hat Wednesday, Saturday -^0- Shyambari Hat Thursday, Sunday —do— Satrapore Hat — do — — do — Jerthan Hat —do— — do— Basuli Hat —do— —do — 800 300 — do — 600 300 —do — 600 300 — do— 800 400 —do— 900 600 — do— ■1000 600 — do— 14 Name of Days of Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Sitting. assemblage. and annual volume of Hat. Time, j transaction. Gokulpur Saturday, Hat Wednesday — do — dty 700 rat,^ 500 ' — do— Naipur Hat Friday, Tuesday 9 a.m. to 6 p*m. 900 600 Veg., Bice, Fish. Amarpur Monday, Hat Friday — do — 1000 600 — do— Madhupur Tuesday, Hat Friday -do— 600 300 —do— Khar Hat — do — — do — 600 200 — do — Kherai Hat Sunday, Thursday — do — 900 600 — do — Chandanpur Tuesday, Hat Friday -do— 1000 800 — do — Patharghata Hat — do — — do— 1200 800 — do — Sibor Hat Monday, Thursday —do — 900 600 —do— Gaclaibheri Wednesday, Hat Saturday —do— 600 300 — do — Kamsook Sunday, Hat Thursday — do— 400 200 — do- Brajasia Monday, Hat Friday 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. 600 300 Rioe, Fish, Veg., Eakurdanga Monday, Hat Thursday — do — 300 100 —do — Setkati Hat Monday, Friday — ^do — 600 300 —do — Tart Hat — do — —do — 900 600 — do — Protapdighi Hat — do““ — do — 1000 700 — do — Haripur Hat Sunday, Thrusday 800 400 —do — Kol u toal Tuesday, Hat Friday — ^do — 600 300 — do— Mathura Hat — do— 800 800 —do— Brajakishore- pore Hat — do— — do — 600 300 — do— 107 N»me of Market/ Hat. Sitting Days. 1 Sitting ! Time. i 1 Jalda Hat Sunday, Thursday —do — Amarsi Hat Sunday) 'Wednesday — do— Ohilgora Hat Tuesday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Angua Wednesday 8 a*m. to 12 noon Sirsa Monday, Friday 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Kesbpur Wednesday 12 noon to 6 p.m. Amdubi Sunday — do— Anandapur Bazar Daily 7 a.m. to 12 noon Dhalhara Hat Monday 12 noon to 6 p.m. Mugbasan Thursday — do — Pirakota Friday — do — Godapiasal Sunday 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Loada Thursday, Saturday — do — Debra Wednesday 3p,m. to 6 p.m- Marotala Thursday —do — Patna Tuesday, Saturday 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Malighati Hat Wednesday, Sunday — do — Goalgram Wednesday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Kadhamohan-Tuesday, pur Saturday 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. Shyamchak — do— — do— Kharkusuma Daily 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. Qoaltore Hat Saturday 8 a.m. to 4 p.m, Aventge Important agril. produce assemblage. and annual volume of transaction. dry 500 rainy 300 —do — 1000 800 — do — 76 36 Potato, Vege., Eggs. Poultry. 76 36 -do- 60 60 -do— 100 100 — do — 1000 1000 —do — 100 100 — do- 150 160 — do — 100 100 — do — 76 35 — do— 200 aoo — do— 300 100 — do— 100 100 —do— 160 160 — do — 300 100 —do— 300 100 — do— 1000 500 —do — 1000 500 —do — 800 300 — do— 76 25 — do— 300 900 —do— 108 Name of Sitting 1 Sitting Average Important agril. produce Market/ Hat. Days. Time. assemblage. and annual volume of transaction. Amlasuli Thursday 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. 100 100 Potato, Vegetables, Fish, Egg, Poultry. Homegar* bazar Daily 8 a,m. to 10 a.m. 76 26 — do— Deboha Hat Tuesday 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. 100 100 —do — Panchkuri Saturday 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1000 1000 -do— Guiadaha Tuesday — do— 50 50 — do — Haratala Wednesay — do— 60 60 -do— Garmel Monday 12 noon to 5 p.m. 60 50 — do— Bhimpur Saturday 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. 100 100 -do- Jhargram Hat Thursday 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. 1000 1000 Rice, Vege,. Paddy. Manikpara Daily (Assembling Centre) 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. 50 60 Paddy, Pulse etc. Sardiha Friday 11 a.m to 6 p.m. 200 100 Vegetables. Ohundri Wednesday —do — 300 100 — do — Farihati Tuesday — do — 800 200 — do— Dahijuri Thursday — do — 200 100 ' Cattle, Vegetables. Lalgarh Wednesday — do— 300 200 -do~ Bamgarh Sunday —do — 200 100 — do — Silda Firday —do— 1000 1000 Paddy, Jute, Vege., Belpahari Wednesday — do — 300 100 Vegetables. Kenadapara Sunday — do — 200 100 — do— Baghunath- Sunday 200 100 — do— pur Thakurbari Hat Ghorobita —’(10 — — do — Sunday 400 100 Vegetables, rice Hat Tuesday — do — 1000 600 Vegetables, Cattle. Basrahat Wednesday — do — 400 100 Vegetables. Mohipal Thursday — do — 300 300 — do — Ambi Hat Tuesday —do— 260 160 —do— 109 Name of Market/ Hat. Bitting days. Sitting Time. 1 1 T 1 Average * I assemblage. i Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Nadangeria Hat Friday -do— dry 400 rainy 300 Bice, Vegetables. Pandisol Monday —do— eSOO 100 Vegetables Kukrakhali Saturday — do — 300 100 Vegetables, Rice. Kumarda Hat Saturday -do— 300 100 Y egelables Bohini Hat Friday 12 a.m. to 4 p.in. l.’iO 150 —do— Kultikri Hat Monday — do — 500 200 Vegeiables, Paddy Bonpara Hat Sunday — do — 200 60 Vegetables, Khakri Hat Tuesday — do — 300 100 Vegetables, Rice Nigui Hat Sunday — do* ^160 150 Vegetables Baligeria Friday — do — 700 50 Rice, Paddy, Yege., Nayagram 12 a.m. to 500 300 —do— Hat Monday 4 p.m . Paikjhari Hat Thursday — do — 200 100 -do— Shamalina Hat Thursday —do— 300 100 Vegetables Birkada Hat Wednesday — do — 400 50 — do — Khadinarai Hat Saturday —do — 200 100 —do— Old Jhargram Hat Sunday — do — BOO 200 Voge., Fowl, Paddy, Bice, Irpala Hat Friday 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. ... Vegetables Khasbar Hat Wednesday —do— Sunday — do — ... Manoharpur Monday, — do — — do — Hat Friday ... Mansuka Monday, — do-'-' — do — Hat Thursday Badhanagar Sunday, — do— —do— Hat Wednesday Maharajpur -do— —do— Pat -do— 110 Name of fiittiing ! Sitting 1 ATomge bnportant agril. produce liaike/ Days. 1 Ticoe. assemblage and annual volume of Hat. 1 I transaction. Ohoeai Hat Saturday, Tuesday dry rainy —do — — do — Eharar Market Daily — do*~ ••• —do— Bultanpur Hat Wednesday, Saturday — do- — do — Krishnapur Hat Wednesday 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cattle Market Chandrakona Market DaUy 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Bice, Vegetables Bamjibanpur Tuesday, Hat (Old) Saturday — do — BeteWeaf, Yege. Do (New) Daily — do*“ ••• Vegetables Khirpai Hat Monday, Wednesday, Saturday do eee Bice, Vegetables Surhur Hat Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday. Saturday — do — — do— Jarpa Market Daily — do — -do— Jhakra Hat Tuesday, Saturday —do — Vegetables Monoharpur Monday, Hat Friday — ^do — — do — Joyantipur Hat Monday, Thursday, — do- — do— Hanigunj Hat Saturday, Thursday — do— — do — Lahirigunj Market Daily —do— — do — Ehakurda Hat Tuesday Friday — do — Bice, Vegetables Banichak Hat Wednesday, Tuesday 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. —do — Jotekanu- ramgarb Tuesday Saturday — do— Ohainpat Hat —dp — — do — — ido— Hi Name of Market/ Hat. Sitting days. Sitting Time. Average assemblage. Important agril. produce and annual volume of transaction. Ajuria Hat Monday, Friday —do- dry rain — do — Gopigunj Hat Monday, Thursday — do — ... —do— ,Joteghana* Bhyam Hat Tuesdays Friday —do— ••• — do- Bajnagar Hat Monday, Friday — do — ... — do — Sarberia Hat Thursday — do— ... — do — Kakdari Hat Monday, Friday —do— ... —do — Joykrishna- pur Monday, Friday — do — ... — do — Basudevimr Wednesday, Hat Saturday —do — • •• Rice, Vegetables Kalmijole Hat Sunday, Thursday —do— • « • — do- Badhakanta- Monday, pur Hal Friday — do — — do— Daspur Hat —do— —do— ... — do — Sagarpur Hat Tuesday, Friday — do — — do — Harirampur Tuesday, Hat Sunday — do— • • • — do — Nahin Manna Hat Thursday, Sunday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. — do— Nimtala Bazar Daily 8 a.ni. to 2 p.m. —do — Eamalpur Monday 9 a.Qi% to Hat Friday 2 p.m. — Kheput Hat Monday, Thurs&y —do- • •• —do— Narajole Market Daily — do— — do— Appendix— (Vide Chapter— IV) Uat of Rice Hilb. Name of the Rice Mill. 1. M/S Sri Madhab Bice Mill. 2. »» Sreedhar Bice Mill. 3. „ Bajrang. 4. 9, Badhanath Bice Mill. 6. 7i Sree Sankar Bice Mill. 6. •1 — do— 7. Mahalakshmi Bice Mill, 8. ti Ganga Bice Mill. 9. Harimati Bice Mill. 10. Mahabir Bice Mill. 11. Mahalakshmi Bice Mill. 12. t) Satya Narayan Bice Mill. 13. »> Sreekrishna Bice Mill. 14. M Sree Gopal Bice Mill. 16. ,, Bharat Bice Mill. 16. }} Priya Nath Bice Mill. 17. f» Binapani Bice Mill, 18. Sree Durga Bice Mill. 19. If Sri Lakshin 1 Bice Mill. 20. U Eamala Bice Mill. 21. J» Annapurna Bice Mill 22. fl Haribar Bice Mill. 23o )l Sreekrishna Bice Mill. 24. »• Trading Rice Mill. 26. n Giri Bala Bice Mill. 26. 11 Siva Durga Bice Mill. 27. », Harekrishna Bice Mill. 28. ij Sree Guru Bice Mill. 29. II M/B Vijoy Sree Rice Mill. 30. ij Badhasyam Bice Mill. 31. »> Lakshmi Narayan Bice Milli 32. II Bam Bice Mill. 38 . •1 Sashi Bice Mill. 34 . If Bharat Lakshmi Bice Mill. 36. If Sree Durga Bice Mill. 86 . 11 Eamala Bice Mill* Addrets : Tantigaria> P.O. & Dt. Midnapur. Amlagora, P.O. Garbeta, Midnapur. P.O. Salbani, Dt. Midnapur. — do— * Ghaktarini, Salboni, Midnapur. Bangamati. P.O. Eotwali, Midnapur. Balichak, Midnapur. — do— Debra, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapur. Amlagora, Midnapur. Tantigeria, Midnapur. Salboni, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapur. C. K. Bd. Midnapur. Shyamchak, Midnapur. Amlagora, Midnapur. 0. K* Bd., Midnapur. Amlagora, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapnr. Balichak, Midnapur. — do— Tantigaria, Midnapur, Balichak, Midnapur. — ^do — —do — — do — Saibankura. Midnapur. G. E. Bd., Diet. Midnapur. , Shyamchak, Midnapur. Balichak, Midnapur. Tantigaria, Midnapur. Balichak, Midnapur. Badhamohanpur, Midnapur. — do— Boulice, Amlagora, Midnapur* 113 Name of the Rice Mill. 37. f* Palli Laksbmi Bice Mill. 38. „ Haraparbati Bice Mill. 39. ft Eamala Bice Mill. 40. If Bejoy Bice Mill. 41. »• Bajpurwalla Bioe Mill. 42. Bhagya Laksbmi Bice Mill. 43. Laksbmi Janardban Bice Mill. 44. »t Bbagya Laksbmi Bice Mill. 45. ft Bbarat Laksbmi Bice Mill. 46. tt Sri Eamala Bice Mill. 47. ti Sri Sibsakti Bice Mill, 48. tt Danipur Bice Mill. 49. tt Banka Bice Mill. 50. it Sri Laksbmi Bice Mill. 61. 11 Balugbata Bice Mill. 62. j> Kukrahati Bice Mill. 63. Tamluk Rice Mill. 54. „ Durgarani Rice Mill. 66. Bajlaksbmi Bice Mill. 56. Sitala Bice Mill. 67. ft Bora Bice Mill. 68. 1* Annapurna Bico Mill. 59. t> Bupnarayan Bice Mill, 60. J) Satyanarayan Bice Mill. 61. 17 Denan Bice Mill. 62. *1 Deulia Bice Mill- 63. 17 Srikrishna Bice Mill. 64. 97 Kbargpur Bice Mill. 65. 11 Mababir Bice Mill. 66. tl Gouranga Bice Mill. 67. >1 Sarbamangala Bice Mill* 68. tt Sailendu Bice Mill. 69. tt Satyanarayan Bice Mill. 70. ft Laksbmi Narayan Bice Mill. 71. ft Sorosbi Bice Mill. 73. tt Mababir Bioe Mill. Addfoss : Badhamohanpur» Midnapur. C. E. Ed.} Midnapur. Balichak, Midnapur* Salboni, Midnapur. Tilakbula, Salbani, Midnapur. G. E. Rd., Midnapur. Manikpara, Midnapur. — do — — do — Jhargram, Midnapur. — do — Danipur, Midnapur. Mahisada, Eamalpur, Midnapur. Itamagra, Hajrikhali, Midnapur. Balughata, Midnapur. Kukrahati, Midnapur. Tamluk, Midnapur. Panskura, Midnapur. Kolaghat, Midnapur. Eolaghat, Midnapur. — do— — do— Kolaghatt Midnapur. — do— — do — Deulia, Midnapur* P.O. & Vill : Jakpore. Inda» Eharagpur, Midnapur. Puratan Bazar, Midnapur. Belda, Midnapur. — do — — ^do — — do — P.O. & Vill : Narayangarh, Pist : Midnapur. P.O. & Vill : Bakrabad, Diet ; Midnapur. P.O. & Vill : Bakrabady Diet : Midnapur. 15 APPENDIX XI (Ohapter-V) List of Cattle Markets Name of Subdivision Name and distance of the place. Name of the hats/Market. Day or Days | in which it is held. 1 Estimated annual arrivals of Live-stock. Midnapur- Panchkuri Panchkuri Only once in a Bullock — 10,000 Sadar. North. P.O. — ^do— Bus stop about a furlong. Bly. Stn. 6 miles. (Midnaijur Ely. Stn.) Cattle Hat, week — Saturday. Cow — 3,000 Bull — 1,000 Buffalo— 600 Goat —10,000 -—do — Amdubi Amdubi Cattle Only once in Bullock— 1,000 P.O. —do— Hat (Keshpiir a week — Cow — 3,000 Bus stop about a furlong. Ely. Stn. 13 miles. (Midnapur Ely. Stn.) Police Station) Sunday. Bull -- 600 Buffalo — Nil. Goat — 2,000 — do— Debcha Debcha Cattle Only once in Bullock — 2,000 P.O. O.K. Ed. Market. Bus stop about a furlong. Ely. Stn. 2 miles (C. K. Ed. Ely. Stn.) a week — Tuesday. Cow — 1,600 Bull — 1,000 Goat — 1,000 Ghatal* Krishoapor Krishiiapur Only once in a Bullock — 2,000 P.O. —do— Cattle week — Cow — 1,000 Bus stop about 4 miles— 16 miles Ely. Head (O.K. Ed.) Market. Wednesday. Bull — 1,200 Goat — 1,000 Buffalo — 400 Jbargram. Chorchita. P.O. — do— Bus stop about 1 mile. 20 miles off from Jhafgram Ely. Stn. Chorchita Hat. Only once in a week — Tuesday. Bullockr-10,000 Cow — 1,000 Bull — 1.200 Goat — 8,000 Buffalo— 3,000 Binpur Binpur hat — do — P.O. — do — Monday only Bus stop 1 mile Jhargram Kly. Stn. 12 miles. —do— 115 Name of Subdivision. Name and distance of the place Name of the Hats/Market. Day or Days in which it is held. Estimated annual arrivals of Live-stock. Tamluk. Ranirhat. P.O. Pra^ap- pur T ruilG- Bus stop about a mile. Rly. Stn. about 3 miles. (Panskura Rly. Stn.) Ranirhat or • Mauripukur Cattle Hat. Only once in a week — Thursday. Bullock — 9,000 Cow — 4,000 Bull — 1,500 Buffalo— 600 Goat — 8,000 — ido — Narghat. Adjacent to the Hat- Bus slop ^ 2 miles- Rly. Stn. 25 miles (Kolaghat Rly. Stn.) Narghat Cattle Hat. Only once in a week — Wednesday, Bullock — 4,000 Cow — 2,000 Bull — 700 Buffalo— 300 Goat —25,000 Midnapur South. Dhaneswar- Dhaneswarpur pur. P.O. Hat. Gomunda, about 3 miles. Bus stop. 3 Miles. Rly. Station about 8 miles (Dan bon) Each Thurs- day. Bullock — Nil. Cow —12.000 Bull — Nil. —do— Tengra. P.O. Nim- Tengra Hat. Thursday & Sunday. Bullock — Nil Cow — 9,000 pura. Rly. Stn. Kharag- pur 4 Miles distance. Bus stop Kharagpur 4 Miles. APPENDIX— Xn LIST OP IMPORTANT FAIRS & MELAS SI. No. i J. L. No. Name of the place where Mela or Fair is held Time when it is held Local religious or occasion of the Mela Duration Average total attendance Thaaa : Kharagpur Local 1. 247 Gholgharia April Ealipuja 2 Days 3,000 2. 573 Bhandaria April Ealipuja 2 fi 1,000 3. • •• Malancha July Bathajatra 8 1,000 4. 13 Andharia February Maghipumima 2 „ 600 6. 631 Sreerampur March Dolepurnima 2 „ 1,600 6. ... Mawa March Ealipuja 1 Day 1,200 7. 384 Balarampur July Bathajatra 2 Days 700 Thana : Narayaogarh 8. 326 Deula January Makarsankranti 1 Day 2,000 9. • • • Mamansa jf 1 2,000 10. • • • Tuma tt f» 1 ,1 2,000 11. • •• Kasha February Maghipumima 2 Days 4,600 12. 439 Baipur Shibratri 2 „ 2,600 13 316 Beldaba^iar October Durgapuja 4 „ 2,500 14. ... Narayangarh February Maghipumima 1 Day 2,000 16. 480 Bhadrakali April Charak 2 Days 3,000 16. ... Eeddipur >» »• 1 Day 1,000 17. 360 Paktapole II 1 1,000 18. ... Narayangarh June Chaitrasankranti 1 1,000 19. ... Babulpur April Charak 1 ,, 1,000 20. 316 Belda June Bathajatra 1 2,000 21. ... Sanpia November Bash 7 Days 600 22. 390 Agarara September Durgapuja 4 „ 600 23. 384 Mohanpur June Snanjatra 1 Day 1,000 24. 384 If Bathajatra 1 .. 6,000 26. 384 >» July Ultarath 1 4,000 26. • •• Baitabazar April Barwari Ealipuja 16 Days 2,000 27. ••• Kbarisha Charakpuja 12 „ 300 Thana : Pingla 28. ••• Gopinathpur April Agnipuja 1 Day 200 29. ... Eanta Pukur February Maghipumima 2 Days 6,000 30. 38 Pingla April Harimela 4 „ 400 31. 106 Dhaneswarpur If >1 2 .. 600 32. 77 Kalika Eundua If Charakmela 4 4,000 Thana : Sabong 33. 293 Sabong October Durgapuja • 4 1,000 34. 248 Tilantapara November Baspumima 6 .. 2,000 117 81. J. L. Name of the place where Time when No. Mela or Fair it is held No. j is held Local religious or occasion of the Mela Duration Average total attendance Days 36. 398 Shiialda February Shibratri 4 „ 1,000 36. 40? Bishnupur October Durgapuja 4 „ 1,000 Thana : Danton 37. 250 Kedar February Shibratri 2 Days 1.000 38. 120 Sharashanka January Religious 1 Day 2,000 39. ... Thakurgharah July Rathajatra 2 Days 4,200 Thana ; Sutahata 40. 77 Gunageria January Madhab Mela 14 „ 2.000 41. ••• Basudebberiya March .Dol Mela Q *4 1 1 1,600 42. 84 Basulya April Gajaninela 6 „ 1,000 48. 60 Barabaria May Gangaswar Mela 6 „ 4,000 Thana : Tamluk 44. 22 Bansda February Maghipumima 8 4,000/6.000 46. Chimutia April Nilratri 1 Day 2.000 46. 21 Sahara February Bhim Ekadashi 2 Days 600 47, ... Dihimari March Ghaitrasankranti 2 .. 2,100 48. 16 Baliuk November. Rathajatra 2 1,500 49. ... Dehimari July do 2 „ 1,200 50. 61 Sayadighi April Ganga Baruni 8 1,000 51. ... Eamtarak Hat October Durgapuja 4 1,000 62. ... Kadhamoni Baisar »> >1 4 ,, 2,000 68. ... Kelomal »> »» 4 „ 2,000 54. ... Dhanichak March Holi-purnima 2 „ 2.000 55. ... Nilhanpur March >) 2 „ 500 56. 162 Jogikhop November Rash „ 6 „ 6,000 67. 294 Kulberia February Bhim Ekadashi 4 2.000 Thana : Moyana 68. Garsfat October Utthan Ekadashi 7 „ 3,000 69. 196 Jaigirchak February Bhim Ekadashi 2 i, 1,000 60. 210 Purb Dakshin Moyna it Kalipuja 8 3,000 61. 236 Ijamlichak * tt Bhim Ekadashi 6 1,500 62. 207 Garmoyna March Dolejatra 1 Day 4,000 63. 212 Anandpur ti Panchamdole 1 .. 2,000 64. 226 Gojina February Bash Purnima 9 days 4,000 66. 177 Gokulnagar April Charak 8 M 4,000 Thana : Pansknra 66. 333 Baghunathbari September Bijoya Dasami 1 day 4,000 67. ... Degunbari May Falaharinipuja 4 days 800 68. ... Siddhikundi January PouB Sankianti 8 „ 1,800 69. 29 Jashara March Dolejatra 8 1,600 118 SI. No. J. L. No. Name of the place where Mela or Fair is held Time when it is held 1 j Local religious or occasion of 1 the Mela 1 1 jDuration i Average total attendence 70. 20 Deulia September Dharmasankranti 4 •» 2,700 71. 103 Brindabanchak October Durgapuja 4 3,000 Thana : Mahbadal 72. Mahisadal June & July Bath 8 1 60,000 73. 162 Bambag ft If 1 II 1,000 74. ... Kadamara February Maghipurnima 2 II 2,000 76. 61 Kanchi f) 2 If 6,000 Thana : Nandigram 76. 130 Eeyanpara February Shibratri 7 If 20,000 77. 130 1 1 April Charakpuja 1 If 1,600 78. ... Amgachia »» 2 II 6,000 79. ... Sarusahad October Maharrum 1 fi 12,000 80. 180 Nandigram January Pous Sankranti 1 If 2,000 81. ... Bamarasa April Madhupurnima 2 II 1,700 82. 68 Baroj April 2 If 12,000 83. 164 Basulichak September Basulimela 4 If 12,000 84. 170 Bhekutya April Charakpuja 1 II 3,000 86. 61 Bamun Arab September Durgamela 4 II 8,000 86. 80 Amdabad January Pous Sankranti 1 ff 6,000 87. 61 Bamun Arab September Durgamela 4 i> 20,000 88. 136 Kukminipiir March Madhupurnima 2 II 3,000 89. 227 Shimulcunda February Shibratri 1 II 16,000 90. 227 »» September Durgamela 4 II 7,000 91. 186 Mobammadpur February Shibchaturdashi 8 If 6,000 92. 12 Purushottam- pur September Durgamela 4 fi 7,000 Thana : Egra 93. ,,, Egra Bazar February Shibratri 7/8 „ 8,000/10,000 94. ... March Basantipuja 7/8 „ 8 000/10,000 96. 39 Keud i March ChitraSankranti 7/8 „ 8,000/10,000 96. ... Balighai June Barwari Puja 7/8 „ 8,000/10,000 97. ... Bajsal June Bathajatra 2 II 6,000 98. ... Hatnagar February ^ Shibratri 6 If 10,000 99. 70 Basudevpur July Bathajatra 2 II 6,000 100. ... Amalgaria I » Janmasthami 12 If 16,000 101, 121 Barda September Durgapuja 4 fi 3,000 102. 203 Pani Parul March Chaitra Gajan 6 If 6,000 103. ••• Pan chel garb November Bashpurnima 8 ♦ 1 6,000 104. 134 AmarshiKasba January Chandra Nil 16 fJ 8,000 106. 36 Gopalpur October Durgapuja 4 ff 2,000 106. 11 Naipur July Bathajatra 2 II 1,900 107. 31 Tepapara »> 2 II 1,600 108. 11 Tulshichara January Pous-Sankranti 2 II 1,600 Thana : Bhagawanpnr 109. ... Bbimeswari January Pous-Sankranti 2 II 2,000 110. 261 Ebanjadapur If i> 3 fl 6,000 119 SI. J. L. No. No. Name of the place where Mela or Fair is held, Time when ! it is held. Local religious or occasion of the Mela. Dura- tion. Average total attendance 111. 112 Purba Masuria March Chaitrasankranti J .. 966 112. 28 Gurgram November Eashjatra „ 1,800 113. ••• Shib Bazar March Gajau 1 1,000 Thana ; Gontai 114. ... Junepur January Pous-Sakranti J »i 1,000 116. 41 Nachinda May Akshoy Tritiya IJ 30,000 1 16. 210 Mukundapur October Durgapuja <5 „ 1,900 Thana : Mohanpur 117. 384 Baitaba^.ar April Ba.rt>ari Kali* l)uja lu 2,000 118. 384 Kharisa n Charakpuja 12 300 119. 390 Sanpia Thana : Jhargrani November Bash 7 600 120, Old Jhargram August Indraparba Mela 9 .. 2,000 121. ... September Durgapuja 4 „ 600 122. 811 Chundri January Makar 4 300 Thana : Nayagram 123. ••• Birkada February Kumarsabib 6 „ 6,000 124. 981 Daulbar April Baruni Charak 7 „ 600 125. 1246 Nayagram September Durgapuja 4 „ 6,000 126. 1220 Jamirapaul Thana ; Sankrail January Makar 7 M 2,000 127. ... Gar Eohini October Diirga Puja 4 days 3,200 128. ••• Pitalkhathi — do — Joycbandi Mela 2 3,000 Thana . Jamboni 129. 112 Gidney — do — Kali Puja 7 „ 2,000 Thana : Binpur 130. 371 Laschhipur January Ekhan Mela 2 600 131. 790 Lalgarh -—do — — do — 2 600 132. 136 Belpahari September Indra Mela 1 „ 1,000 Thana : GopiballaTpnr 138. 664 Belaberia November Bash Purniroa 3 3,000 134. 370 Malincha January PouB Sankranti 2 „ 2,000 Thana : Ghatal 136, ... Ghatal Town May Sitala Puja 1 .. 1,000 136. ••• June Gambbir Sitalapuja 2 „ 1,000 J. L. No. Name of the place where Mela or Fair is held Time when it is held Local religious or occasion of the Mela Duration SI. No. Average total attendance Thana : Daspnr 137. 17 Nij Narajole July Bathajatra 8 19 3,000 138. Ghechua January Maghi Pumima 7 »» 1,000 Thana : Ghandrakona 139. 27 Srinagar January Maghi Purnima 8 ft 2,600 140. 279 Dingal I* »» 8 It 2,600 141. 103 Chandrakona July Bathajatra 8 it 2,600 Town Thana : Polashpnr 142. - Panchelgarh November Bash Purnima 8 ft 6,000 143. 134 Amarshi Kasha eTanuary Chandra Nil 15 8,000 144. 36 Gopalpur October Durgapuja 4 o 2,000 Thana : Ramnagar 146. ... Mirgodaganj October Kalipuja 7 *» 3,000 146. ... Bhutnathpur u Bhutupuja 2 ) • 2,000 147. 226 Kalindi January Pous-Sankranti 4 tf 1,000 148. 62 Magi pur October Kalipuja 3 ft 1,000 Thana : Khejnri 149. ... Jorarnagar January Birth Ceremony of Netaji Subhas 7 ff 12,000 160. ... Krishnanagar April Bose Kalipuja 7 it 2,600 Thana : Garbeta 161. ... Bagri 1st March Doljatra & (Krishnanagar) Batha Jatra 3 if 6,000 162. 763 Kenkator March Chaitrasankranti 3 ff 2,600 163. 746 Bashkundu April Shib Mela 3 It 1,800 Thana ; Midnapnr 154. ... Bela (inUB-II) February Sankrantipuja 7 1 ) 600 Thana : Debra 165. 230 Chandipur December & January Kedar Mela 15 If 6,000 166. 260 Satyapur April Gajan of God Shiva 15 tf 2,000 Thana : Salboni 167. 624 Karnagarh January Barang Puja 2 ft 3,000 168. ... Meghakham February Sankranti Puja 1 It 2,600 Thana : Keshpnr 169. 81 Kanasole April Gajan 7 ff 6,000 160. 421 Bokhakali May Nemai Puja 2 tf 2,600, 161. 447 Dhalhara April Gajan 8 If 2,600 Midnapore District Hand Book. EREETA Page No. Line No. Incorrect. 1 33 Centuries 2 26 Characteristic 2 43 9*33 16 22 a 27 6 is far 36 5 apportune 66 6 Mahindra Kumar 68 16 Labjee Madhabjee 68 36 are 69 Table-0 Variation in Prices 1969 (in rupees) 69 34 Khrshari 6o 3 is 64 18 of 64 S3 60 66 12 Nandapore 71 6 Sole Pata 71 .6 Sonakamia 71 7 Harin Mung 72 4 D. T. Road 76 1 Dhema Pf 13 Tarapara tt 17 Salpati 28 Maghasan 30 Tegharai 31 Amrakadi 36 Sarishakhela 76 8 .Gbaltere fj 22 Kharka^hma tt 23 Rashkanda 44 Bhemva If 62 Miligram 77 1 Khiroi 91 14 Lechmapur 91 32 Tatranga Correct, Century Characteristics 9*60 an is by far opportune Mahendra Nath Lavjee Madhabjee and Variation in Prices 1959 (in rupees) per md, Kheshari are off 76 Anandapur Solepatta Sonakania Harimung O. T. Road Dherua Turapara Satpati Mugbasan Teghari Amrakuchi Sarisbakhola Goaltore Kharkushma bashkundu Bhemua Maligram Ehirai Lachhmapur Tutranga Page No. Line No. Incorrect. Correct. 77 86 Parumda Parulda It 47 Tarkagarh Turkagarh 91 16 Samsonka Sarshanka In Page No. 18 ‘Table — “M" has been omitted : (Which is incorporated here) 102 11 Eolabaria Kalabaria It 25 Sardullachak Sadullacbak •» 34 Balisai hat. Balisai market 103 23 Fiohaboni hat. Pichaboni hat. 106 4 Madhupur Madhpur 107 11 Pirakota Pirakata It 21 Goalgram Golagram 112 Last line. Boulice, Amlagora. Amlagora, District Agricultural Marketing Officer, Midnapore (West) TABLE— M Population of the District Midnapore, Total Population 334, 286 Males Females 182.687 161,599 Scheduled Castes Males Females 16,663 16,463 Scheduled Tribes Males Females 2,644 2;636 Literate and Educated x)er8onB Males Females 106.689 49.736 according to Cencus of India Part I of 1962 Total workers As cultivators As Agricultural labours Males Females Males Females Males Females 86,161 8,130 4.870 244 3.613 666 APPENDIX B List of Graphical Sketch etc. Price Graph of Paddy for the year 1951-62 to 1961-62. Price Graph of Eice for the year 1961-62 to 1961-62. Price Graph of Potato for the year 1951-62 to 1961-62. Price Graph of Cashewnut for the year 1961-62 to 1961-62. Price Graph of Jute for the year 1961-62 to 1961-62. Price Graph of Betel leaves for the year 1961-52 to 1961-62. Graphical Eepresentation hy Bar of “Paddy” in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Eepresentation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Paddy) in the district of Midnapore — Aman Paddy. Graphical Eepresentation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Potato) in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Eepresentation hy Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity Potato in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Representation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Jute) in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Eepresentation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Jute) in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Eepresentation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Cashewnut) in the district of Midnapore. Graphical Representation by Bar of Production of Agricultural Commo- dity (Cashewnut) in the district of Midnapore. 123 A P P E N D J X-B Graphs Charts PRice ai OlST. DURU O UNI LJuit in 5,00000 tons® &A4PMIC/II. A£^R£^£/v^rAT/ov6y eMor*Mooy' IN rne Oisr. or AffOATAPua* Acu£nG€ Of AMM(pnooy)m /opo/icAfS- nmii GRAPHICAL REPkeS’t^TATlON Of WOUCT! ON Of ACOJCUL ^ cONMODiry cpaoo/) in tut oi«r* otmiohirpur- hmah paooV #w «9oe roNf* N 5 lA ll» £ I £ m £ ■ o» ;i I 0% I r* u» » * ORfiPnicm, urmGCMrTMTfoAr ay pwooucTioAr. iiaRievt. coMMootry in ti« out of FflDNJirva. POTATO IN THeiNfr^ OF MIOKMVR IN |/>OP • Unit in 1,000 tons«:^\)" Unit in 1,000 acres Unit in 100 bailes MAEAU OP turtm ipoo acaeS. 30T8 IN.THe 0«ST. Of MlOMfVR IM lOOoam ^ li in 0^ Ml 1 in lO c% Ml - U> 0% Ul o JlilUii- CAViieM. RtmsiHTKrtoH By eflR of pmwkvm OF AOUCW.. COMMOUTV fWTS) MW TH feWSt Of ffiPNMPWt* a 'S D RemseNTHTiON ByesR CRSHit^dNUT IN y^mmsT of mionopur- Unit in IgOOO tons=^y BIBLIOGRAPHY In compiling this publication the following books and reports have beeen consulted. 1. Census Eeport, West Bengal, 1951. 2. Census District Hand Book. 1961 — Midnapore. 3. Bengal District Gazetteers — Midnapore by L. S. S. O'Malley, I.C.B* 4. Census of India Paper No : 1 of 1962 — Census 1961. 6. Agricultural Statistics by plot to plot enumeration by H.S.M- Ishaquei l.C.S. 6. Eeport on Live Stock Census, West Bengal — 1951. 7. Agricultural Geography of West Bengal by S* N. Mukherjee Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal. 8. A Brochure on the Marketing of Eice in West Bengal, published by the Marketing Branch of the Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal. 9. Market Directory of West Bengal Vol. I, II, III — Published by the Market- ing Branch of the Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal. 10. District Price Bulletins— Published by the Marketing Branch of the Direc- torate of Agriculture, West Bengal. 11. Agricultural Marketing — Prof : F. L. Thomson. 12. Agricultural Marketing in India and Abroad — by E. S. Srivastava. 13. Agricultural Marketing in Northern India — by Dr. S. A. Hossain. 14. A report of the All India Eural Credit Survey — Eoserve Bank of India. 16. A Eeport of the Eural Banking Enquiry Committee — 1950. 16. A Eeport of the Food Grains Enquiry Committee, Govt, of India. 17. Eeport of the Technical Meeting on Marketing (Asia and Far Eastern Eegion ). 18. A report of United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture — 1946 — F.A.O. 19. The Code of Management of West Bengal State Warehousing Corporation, 20. Census of India 1961 Vol XII — West Bengal & Sikkim Part II A.— General Population Table. Besides, office records and files of different offices under the Agriculture Directorate have also been consulted*