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THE
TETTIGIDAE
OF
NORTH AMERICA
BT
JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK
WITH ELEVEN PLATES AND ttAN¥, | TEXT FIGURES BY THE AUTHOR
CHICAGO PUBLISHED BY SPECIAL GRANT OF
MRS. FRANK G. LOGAN 1902
*-lfe
■ "»*■
Tettigidae of North America
Plate I
J. L. HANCOCK, DEU.
SVMUBE"* '«til»-al4VUIlE Co
THE
TETTIGIDAE
OF
NORTH AMERICA
JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK
/'
WITH ELEVEN PLATES AND MANY TEXT PIGORES BY THE AUTHOR
CHICAGO PUBLISHED BY' SPECIAL GRANT OF
MRS. FRANK G. LOGAN 1902
iJl\}i iLakcsttif ^iiS5
, DONNELLEY * SONS COMPANY CHICAGO
CONTENTS
PAGE
vii
List of plates ..._...
List of text illustrations ------- vii
Introduction ---------!
Origin of the name Tettix ------ 3
Characters distinguishing the group ----- 4
Distribution -------- 5
Recent additions of Genera ...... (,
Temperate forms compared — Dimorphism - - - - 7
Researches to determine biological facts - - - - - 8
Collecting — Distinguishing Tettigids from other orthoptera - 8
Protective resemblance — Varieties of coloring - - - - q
Habits — Hibernation ------- 10
Food habits - - - - - - - - -11
Oviposition — Variations in time of incubation — Number of eggs laid — First eggs laid in May — The egg burrow — Provision for protect- ing the eggs - - - - - - - 12
Resemblance of eggs to leaves of polytrichum - - - - 13
Clianging environment ------- 13
Migratory habits -------- 14
Sexes uniting in the spring— Length of time during conjugation — Method of conjugation — Polyandry among the Tettigidae — Poly- andry a factor in accounting for variations - - - 15 Sexual habits — Peculiar habit of shaking the body - - - 16 The male rides on the female's back ----- 17
Spermatozoa of Tettigidea and Paratettix - - - - i?
How the eggs are laid ------- 18
Appearance of eggs ------- ig
Hatching — Eggs split lengthwise— Shedding of the amnion — Accident
to new born ------- 20
Pigmentation - - - - - - - - 21
Size of larva2 — Appearance of larvae after first ecdysis - - 21
Pronotal changes -------- 21
Appearance of the elytra — Differences between adults and larv;i; - 21
Colors clearly marked - - - - - - - 22
First ecdysis -------- 22
Last ecdysis --------- 23
Phylogeny suggested by the metamorphosis - - - - 24
Enemies --------- 25
External anatomy ------- 27
The pronotum and other parts described - - - - 28
Wings — Tracheation ------- 3°
Variations in middle femora - - - ■ - - 32
CONTENTS
PAGE
First abdominal sclerites— Abdominal appendages ---■,-<
Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera - - . . - ■^d
Catalogue -■----.. ■,-,
Cladonotinte --------- 40
Genus Choriphyllum -----.. , j
Key to species of Choriiifiyllum - - - . - 42
Genus Phyllonotus ---.._. ^r
Key to species of Phyllonotus ------ 4c
Genus Tylotettix -----.. ^^
Metrodorinas '■----- 48
Genus Chiriquia ---.--.. .
Genus Otumba -■•----- w
Genus Platythorus - - - - . . . r j
Tettiginas ---•--...--,
Genus Nomotettix ■----.. r~.
Key to species of Nomotettix - - - . . - S4
The Tettix group ------- 66
Key to species— Granulatus series— Ornatus series— Arenosus series 66 Genus Tettix ----....
Granulatus series -----..
68
- 69
Habits of Tettix granulatus ---... yj
Ornatus series -----..
Habits of Tettix ornatus ---...
Habits of Tettix ornatus triangularis - . . .
Arenosus series ■----.-.
76
7g 81 84 Habits of Tettix gibbosus ------- go
Color varieties of gibbosus ----._ „]
Genus Neotettix ---.-.. Key to species of Neotettix ------
Genus Micronotus -----..
- 92
93
^ , . - 97
Genus Apotettix ......_ ^
Key to species ot Apotettix ------ jqo
Genus Merotettix ------- [qt
Genus Ochetotettix -----.-. jQg
Key to species of Ochetotettix ----- 106
Genus Paratettix ----..._ jqj>
Key to species of Paratettix ------
Habits of Paratettix cucuUatus - - - - -
Genus Clypeotettix -----..
Genus Allotettix ---■--._ 126
Genus Telmatettix ------- 127
Key to species of Telmatettix - - - - - - 128
Batrachidinffi --------
Genus Paxilla -----..
Genus Tettigidea - - - . . - - 13S
Key to species of Tettigidea in North America - - - - 139
Key to species of Tettigidea in Central America - - - 141
Habits of Tettigidea parvipennis - - - - - - 149
Genus Plectronotus ------- ,51
Genus Scaria --------- jg.
log 112 124
J3 136
CONTENTS , V
PAGE
The United States National Museum collection - - - 164
Neotettix bolivari longipennis — Neotettix coarctatus — Neotettix vari- abilis described .-.-..- 165 Vivarium experiments — Method — Observations of Tettigids — Habits 167
Hatching Tettix ornatus — Ecdysis - ... - 168
Number of eggs thirteen and twelve — Eggs in the advanced stage of incubation — Weakness of Males — Third ecdysis — Ornatus lay- ing in June and July — Fifteen days' incubation - - i6q
A specimen lives from May to August in vivarium — Ornatus hatched in June matures August 14 — Ornatus and triangularis the same species — Oviposition — Male stays on the female's back — Eggs shallowly deposited - - - - - - - 170
Hatching ornatus — Time of pigmentation - - - - 171
Summary of how eggs are laid — Protective resemblance of the eggs to lichens or moss — Expulsion of faces by means of hind tibia — Hatching of ornatus — Time perfectly maintained in develop- ment of embryos — Hatching simultaneously after twenty-three days — Handling young in transferring to another vivarium - 172
Number of larvse in each brood — Tliirteen larva; the average — Simultaneously emerging — Tettix ornatus brood of sixteen hatched June i — Ovipositing — Eighteen minutes covering her eggs - 173
Twenty-three days' incubation in Tettix ornatus — How the larva throws off the amnion — Appearance of the eggs just before hatching — Tettix ornatus having but one leg covers her eggs - 174
Tettix nine days old with reddish femora, protectively colored like spore-heads of lichens — Three out of thirteen in same brood thus marked — First ecdysis, tenth and eleventh days after birth — Tettigids play in sunshine — Oviposition — Male active — Ends of eggs visible in shallow hole ----- 175
Oviposition of Tettix triangularis — Eleven eggs laid — How the eggs are covered— Color of newly laid eggs pinkish white — Tettix ornatus covers her eggs — Oviposition last of June — Tettix tri- angularis ovipositing last of June — Second or third ovipositing — Method of covering her eggs ----- 176
Tettix triangularis ovipositing last of June — Living two months in vivarium — Larvs found in June undergone three molts — Ex- perimental evidence of polyandry suggesting the transmission of many lines of descent through the male - - - 177
A brood of twenty-four Tettigidea parvipennis hatches — Pigmen- tation acquired in fifty minutes — Tettigidea parvipennis eigh- teen-days' incubation — Sexes remain together three days — Ovi- positing— Male seeks female afterwards— Twelve eggs laid — Time of incubation in parvipennis eighteen days - - - 178
Incubation twenty days — Increased heat shortening period of incu- bation in June — Hatching in July — Parvipennis hatched July 5 matures August 27, 28, and 29 — Spermatozoa live long within the body of the female — Forty-five eggs laid by parvipennis in three consecutive periods — First twenty-one, second seven, third seventeen eggs - - - - - - - 179
vi CONTENTS
PAGE
Parvipennis hatches in fourteen days in July — Twenty-six eggs laid by parvipennis July 9— Parvipennis lays sixteen eggs July 8— On July 10 nineteen eggs are laid by parvipennis— Position of the male during coupling— The grasp of the male— His convul- sive action during and before coitus - - . . jgo Appearance of egg shells indicating that the embryo breaks the shell longitudinally to escape— Mutilation not inherited in the offspring of Tettix ornatus— Eighteen days' incubation— De- formity of the tibise in parvipennis — The claws also absent on the posterior tarsi — Tettigids taken for experiments — Salacious habits of Tettigidea— Sexes remain long together— In Tettix a short period at a time — Tettix granulatus in conjugation — Poly- andry in Tettix ornatus - - - - - - 181
Literature ---.-... jgj
Explanation of Plates --.-... igj
LIST OF PLATES
Plate I. Leaf-like species - . . . Frontispiece
Plate 11. Tettigidea, Paxilla, and Nomotettix - Facing page 14
Plate III. Tetti.x and Tettigidea ■ - - Facing page 28
Plate IV. Tettix - . - - . Facing page 46
Plate \'. Tettix ---... Facing page 64
Plate VI. Apotettix, Telraatettix, and Neotettix, etc Facing page 82
Plate VH. Clypeotettix, Apotettix, Ochetotettix, etc - Facing page 100
Plate VIll. Heads of diEferent Paratettix - - Facing page 118
Plate IX, Heads of Telmatettix, Clypeotettix, etc - P'acing page 136
Plate X. Heads of different Tettigidea - - Facing page 154
Plate XI. Eggs and abdominal appendages - - Facing page 172
LIST OF TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS
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Fig. |
3- |
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4. |
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5- |
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Fig. |
6. |
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Fig. |
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8. |
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9- |
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Fig. |
10. |
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Fig. |
II. |
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Fig. |
12. |
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Fig. |
13- |
of Tettix obscurus on title page. Tettix ornatus triangularis xarieties View of swampy meadow inhabited by Tettigida; Tettigidea parvipeniiis preparing hole for the eggs Spermatozoa ------
Larva of Tettix obscurus
Tettix ornatus, external anatomy -
Tettix granulatus anatomy of thorax
Hind wing of Paratettix cucullatus -
Hind wing of Tettigidea parvi|iennis pennata
Hind wing of Tettix gibbosus
Fore-wing or Elytra of Paratettix cucullatus -
Femora of different Paratettix
First abdominal sclerites
9 II
13
17
29 30 30 31 31 32 33
THE TETTIGIDyE OF NORTH AMERICA JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK
INTRODUCTION
The present monograph treats of a group of small orthop- tera, some of the members of which are the smallest represen- tatives of the Acrididse. The group of Tettigida;,* as found within the confines of the territory here covered, has received until recently but little special attention. Tettigids or grouse- locusts, the name by which these insects are commonly known, are widely distributed over the world, there being fewer species here than occur in some foreign tropical countries. Still North America is much richer than Europe in the actual number of species. The present contribution brings together, as far as possible, what is known of the species inhabiting North America, Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies, the aim of its preparation being to stimulate further study of this inconspicuous, though most interesting, orthop- teran group. While approximately ninety-nine species are here mentioned, further investigation might have rendered the treatment more complete and satisfactory by the addition of new material. Whatever the field may be it is fully appreciated that before our ink is dry new discoveries may change some of our present conceptions.
During the nine years of study, in which a riper knowl- edge has been sought, it has been necessary to revise the manuscript many times, owing to accumulated observations and descriptions of species and data published by other observ- ers. Types of a great many of the described forms have been critically examined. The author has been able to add materially to the knowledge of the habits of some of these little orthoptera. The drawings of the various plates and text
* The Tettigidtc should not be confused with Tettigiidiv, a name sometimes applied to the CicadidiV,
2 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
figures were made by the author and with but few exceptions, designated further on, are taken from nature.
After the description of each species the bibliography is appended. This part of the work was facilitated by the recent appearance of the excellent " Index of North American Orthop- tera," by Dr. S. H. Scudder. New synoptical tables are pre- sented herewith, which modify to some extent those already published by the author. In the biological field there are many problems here suggested which invite the student of evolution. For instance, of peculiar interest is the last ecdy- sis in which the elytra in many of the northern forms, which in the earlier larval stages are obscured from view, now take a position at the side of the body in the posterior elytral sinus. The wings likewise become explicate, taking a folded position when at rest under the pronotum, where they become partly visible. Few groups of insects present such numerous variations, which, viewed from the quantitative standpoint, are as yet but little appreciated. Again, the embryology of the group will doubtless throw important light on very interesting questions of its phylogeny.
It would have been impossible to present the subject, even in its present form, without the kind co-operation of a number of observers who generously aided me in various ways. To them the author here takes pleasure in acknowledging his obligation.* Professor Ignacio Bolivar, of Madrid, Spain, identified some of the doubtful species referred to him, and very generously furnished a number of exotic forms. Mr. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Massachusetts, in a like spirit of generosity, allowed me to examine a large series, and contributed a number of species to my collection. Some of his types were also examined. Dr. S. H. Scudder, through whose correspondence a number of species have been clearly defined, allowed me the opportunity of examining his type examples of Tcttix acadiciis and Paxilla obesa. To Professor H. De Saussure the author is indebted for a rare copy of one of his memoirs and correspondence. From Mr. Malcolm Burr,
• I am much indebted to the officers of the United States National Museum for placing the collection comprising three hundred and thirty-two specimens at my disposal for study.
HANCOCK 3
of East Grinstead, England, came the gift of interesting exotic species, valuable for comparison. To Professor J. G. Need- ham, Lake Forest University, the author is under obligations for the determination of certain points in the tracheation of the wings. Through friendly association or contributions of series to my collection may be mentioned Professor W. M. Wheeler, University of Texas; Professor W. S. Blatchley, In- dianapolis, Indiana; Dr. F. W. Goding, New South Wales, Australia; Professor M. J. Elrod, and C. C. Adams, Blooming- ton, Illinois; Dr. R. W. Kunze, Phoenix, Arizona; Professor C. F. Baker, Auburn, Alabama; Dr. Martin Matter, J. E. McDade, and Professor O. S. Westcott, of Chicago; Dr. Hugo Karl, Lawrence, Kansas; C. F. Adams, Atherton, Missouri; O. W. Barrett, Mexico; R. J. Crew and E. M. Walker, of Toronto, Canada; B. T. Gault, Glen EUyn, Illinois; the late A. Bolter, of Chicago; and Professor Otto Lugger, of St. Anthony Park, Minnesota, also now deceased.
Foremost in laying the foundation of our present systematic knowledge of the Tettigidre was the admirable essay (1887) of Professor Ignacio Bolivar. Upon this work more than any other the writer has based the present 'systematic studies. It will be observed that, through lack of adequate material at that time, the species of North America were not treated thoroughly and the identity of species was more or less con- fused. But as a notable general contribution the work of Bolivar stands as a classic. Pearlier writers described here and there an isolated species. Those who have enriched the subject may be mentioned: Say, De Saussure, Burmeister, Harris, and Scudder. Notable among the more recent contri- butions are several by my colleague, Mr. A. P. Morse, whose systematic studies of North American and Central American species have been the most important. Citations from other observers will be found in the body of this article.
ORIGIN OF THE NAME TETTIX.
The genus Tettix was first known by the appellation Tetrix, which was given by Latraille (1804) to a well defined group of Acridians, which in succeeding? years became known under various names, but we recognize these insects from the time of Linnaeus {1764). whose figures are unmistakable. T. bipunctatus and T, subulatus oi Europe were
4 TETTIGIDyE OF NORTH AMERICA
the first to be made known. The synonymy of the term as applied to the entire group which we now understand as the Tettigidcr, from this early period to the present time, is as fol- lows: Bulla. Linnaus (1764); Acrydium, Fabricius (i775), Zetterstedt ('21); Actidium, Say ('24), Olivier ('25). Kirby ('37), DeHann ('42); Telrix. LatraiUe ('04), Burmeister ('38). Harris ('41): Tetricidiles, Serville ('39>; Platyparyphaea. Fieber {'53): Tetticiens. De Saus- sure ('60): Tetricides, Scudder ('5S); Tettigidx. Walker ('69). Bolivar ('87), Brunner ('03), Hancock ('96). Hancock ('00); Tettrgins. Thomas ('73), Fernald ('88), Morse ('94), Bueten- muller ('94), Blatchley ('92), Lugger ('97). Smith (96), Walker ('98), Scudder ('97), Morse ('00), Scudder (01); Tettigides, Shipley ('98).
Although LatraiUe first applied the term Tetrix, as we understand the name to-day, it is essentially the same genus as that defined by Charpentier {'41) as Tettix, and later used by Fisher ('r3), and so on down to the present time. The word Tetrix is of Greek origin, meaning grasshopper. Harris supposed that LatraiUe applied the term to the Tettigida from some fanciful resemblance to the heath-cock of Europe. In North .America the name grouse-locusts has to some extent been applied toTettigids in consequence of this supposed similarity. A number of common names have been created for the various species. Thus Harris gave five names to a single species. Tettix ornatits, basing these names principally upon color-markings.
Notwithstanding the very marked characters dividing the Tettigian group from the other orthoptera, the earlier authors in some instances failed to grasp the real taxonomic differ- ences. We find, for instance, members of the genus Cltori- phylliiin Serville (See Plate I., Figure i), placed among the Membracida, a fundamentally different order of insects, though possessing the same analogous, prothoracic develop- ment. By reason of the great difficulty in classifying the species synonyms have accumulated.
CHARACTERS DISTINGUISHING THE GROUP.
The characters which distinguish the Tettigidae from other groups of orthoptera may be stated briefly as follows: They are among the smallest orthoptera. They have a large pro- notum, covering the mesonotum, the metanotum, and not infrequently extending bevond the end of the abdomen and the apex of the posterior femora; presenting very small, rudimentary elytra formed like little lobes or scales, and situated on each side of the body within the posterior elytral sinus at the base of the wings. The wings ma}- be large and well developed. They are remarkable for the narrowing of the wing proper or the part before the anal furrow (this portion being usually exposed and partially chitinized) and for the enormous development of the anal area, as more fully described and illustrated further on. The elytra and wings are not infrequently rudimentary or even absent; the
HANCOCK 5
prosternum is specialized in a sternomentum (chin-piece); the mesosternal plate is wider than long, the metasternum strongly curved; there is no aroleum between the terminal claws of the tarsi; the ninth and tenth tera:a of the abdomen in both sexes are provided with a median longitudinal sulcus; the subgenital plate of the male, viewed in profile, is conical or triangular, the cerci conico-cylindrical and very small, the supraanai plate lanceolate or triangular ; the female ovipositor serrulate, with sharp diverging extremities. During the last ecdysis in arriving at the adult stage, the elytra take their position on either side of the body and the wings become extended and folded under the pronotal process.
DISTRIBUTION.
The Tettigidje were divided by Bolivar into seven sec- tions, none of which it is necessary to revise. Of this number four subfamilies appear to be represented, namely: Clado- notincB, Aletrodorince, Tcttigince, and BatracliidincB. Of the Cladonotince, the remarkable leaf-like CJwriphyllnm, Walk., and Phyllonotns, Hanc, are represented in the West Indies. Mem- bers of these genera exemplify the highest type of protective resemblance. Another genus, Tylotettix, Morse, comes from Nicaragua. Of the Metrodori?i(e the following genera: Chiri- quia, Morse, Otumba, Morse, and Platythonis, Morse, are from Nicaragua. The TcttigincF are represented by eleven genera; the first, Nomotcttix, Morse, is largely distributed in the north- eastern United States, but appears as well in Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, and southward. The genus Tettix, Charp., is numer- ously represented by various species covering the temperate region, extending north, and two species appear in the south- ern United States. This genus was formerly thought to be represented by one species in South America, namely, T. aspcrulns, Bol., but this species appears to come under the genus Apotettix, Hanc. Ncotcttix, Hanc, is essentially a south- ern genus. Micronotiis, Hanc, as we have already mentioned, is from the West Indies. Apotettix, Hanc, appears in Mexico and Texas. The genus Oclietotettix , Morse, is Mexican. The
6 TETTIGID.i OF NORTH AMERICA
distribution of Paratcttix, Bol., is north, northeast, and south- ward into Mexico and Central America. Clypeotettix, Hanc, is Central American and Mexican. Alloiettix, Hanc, is Cen- tral and South American. Tchnatcttix , Hanc, is found in the western, and southern United States, Mexico, and southward. Paxilla, Bol., is represented by a very singular monotypic species in Florida and Georgia. Tcttif^idca, Scudd., is quite widely distributed over North America, Mexico, and Central America. Plcctronotus, Morse, is a Central American genus, while Scaria, Bol., is Central American extending southward.
RECENT ADDITIONS OF GENERA.
Some species which were formerly known under the genus Batrachidca were brought together by Morse (1894), under the genus Noinotcttix. A genus which remained until recently unrecognized in the southern United States was brought to light by Hancock (1S98). To this genus he gave the name Ncotcttix. Still more recently Morse (1899) added to our fauna the genus Mcrotettix from California, a very curious genus somewhat like the Criotcttix of the Philippines. Bolivar included in the genus Paratettix an assemblage of species which, after more critical study, evince differences of struc- ture of such a range as to separate them into generic positions. To summarize: P. aztccus of Bolivar forms the type of a distinct group {Tchnatcttix, Hanc), having the vertex strongly nar- rowed anteriorly. P. po'uvianus, Bol., forms another group (Allotettix, Hanc), characterized by a prolongate body and equal length of the posterior tarsal articles. Similarly P. scliochii, Bol., typifies a group {Clypcotettix , Hanc), in which the head is somewhat retracted within the dilate pronotum, and the femora present an extraordinary clypeate form. It is seen Paratcttix proper is narrowed down to a circumscribed group which still comes within the meaning of Bolivar's origi- nal description. Morse (1900) has made known a number of interesting genera in the material gathered for the Biologia Centrali Americana. Tylotettix, Chiriquia, Otiimba, Platytliorus, Oclietotcttix, and Plectroiwtus are worthy of special mention.
HANCOCK 7
The genus Micronotus, Hanc, is a West Indian type which might easily be taken for a Tettix or Neotcttix were it not for the filamentous elongate character of the antennae. It will probably prove upon further study that the genus Apotettix, Hanc, has a more extensive range.
TEMPERATE FORMS COMPARED.
The species of temperate North America are, generally speaking, simpler in structure than those of the subtropical or purely tropical regions. In the latter regions their bodies are more extremely modified in structure, the pronotum being particularly specialized owing to the prominent part it plays in covering and protecting the body. The body of Tettigids sometimes takes on grotesque forms; for instance, the pro- notum may be strongly compressed or foliaceous, as evidenced in Clioriphyllum, or the median carina may be cristate as in Nomotcttix, the pronotum depressed as in Paratettix, elongate as in Allotcttix, tumid as in Paxilla. These suggest the possi- bilities of modification of structure. The correlation of parts offers one of the most interesting points of view from which to study these insects.
The relative frequency of certain long wing forms as com- pared with their near congeners, the short-wing forms, is well illustrated in temperate latitudes by the species Paratettix CHCiilatus, Morse. In the northeastern parts of the United States especially the brachypterous forms are exceedingly rare. The same agency is at work in the case of Tettix gramdatus, Scudd., in which the short-wing forms are quite rare. On the other hand, Tettix o. triangularis, Morse, and its macropterous prototype, oriiatiis, Harr. , are in some situ- ations equally common.
Many species of Tettigidae are dimorphic, some more or less polymorphic as well as polyornate, showing a remarkable plasticity. It was this knowledge of the great variety of structure that led Professor Bolivar to speak of them as pro- teiform. It will be observed that some genera are rich in closely allied species and by properly directed interbreeding the
8 TE TTIGID.-E « OF NOR TH AMERICA
line of demarkation, no doubt, would be found in many instances to insensibly disappear and real species be fewer. As a matter of convenience the line is drawn arbitrarily in dividing species, whereas in nature there is one continuous descent. In a num- ber of instances numerous Tettigids of different species have been kept alive for successive years under observation by the author in vivarium jars, and their habits in nature have also been watched. The hatching and raising of larvze from the eggs to adult life was accomplished under observation, their feeding habits determined and a knowledge of certain phases of their life history was gleaned. Some observations having a special bearing on our subject are given in the form of notes under their proper headings. These researches were made with a view of determining certain questions in biology, which in a few instances are satisfactorily answered. On the other hand, an endless field of inquiry is opened which it is proposed to carry further in the future.
COLLECTING.
In the marshy meadows in the latter part of May or the first week in June the attention is attracted to the hordes of locusts, principally the young of the larger Acridiida;, of which the genus Melanoplus predominates.* The sight becomes bewildered on trying to trace the individuals. Per- haps the grass and other vegetation has gained marked head- way by the advancing of the season. In such situations the water of the marsh may have evaporated considerably, giving one an opportunity of walking over ground previously inun- dated. Here, along with the young of the other orthoptera mentioned, but lying close to the ground, are to be found cer- tain members of the Tettigid.ne. The jump of the Tettigid is peculiar in that it is (juick and inconspicuous, and in this that
* There was a luxuriance of vegetation after recent rains, tlie marshy meadow was fairly glowing in flowers of Phlox, which gave beautiful color to the field. But this was one of an almost bewildering number of species of plants which on every inch of the black loam struggled to outdo its neiyhbors. Just so with the insect life. .As 1 stood in one spot I could enumerate dozens of kinds, some of which had now for the first time emerged upon the scene this season. This was the picture presented to the eye now, where a month pre- vious the shortly cropped marshy land had been the habitat of numerous Tettigid<t^ while now it is next to impossible to find one. Observation made at Chicago, June 26, 1898.
HANCOCK 9
it alights almost invariably on the ground. The young of the larger orthoptera usually alight on grass or stems of plants, dodging behind them for protection. The remarkable color of these Acridians, harmonizing in every instance with the soil, makes it sometimes difficult to locate them. This protective
Fig. I. Some individual variations in the markings of Tettix ornatus trian- gularis. All found on light loam in an open meadow, within an area of a few yards, at Kenilworth, Illinois, July lo. Adult females enlarged from photograph by the author.
resemblance is carried out to perfection, the little insects living on the soil scattered with debris faded out by the hot sun, and the lights and shadows, in whatever way they play, are copied exactly. No shade, color, or arrangement of markings seems impossible of simulation, and every individual is a study in color harmony. Other points of the environment, and the habits connected therewith, are noted further on. The insects may be taken by hand or with a net; with the latter they are frequently taken by the method known as "sweeping."
PROTECTIVE COLORING.
The innumerable shades of color in the soil are sometimes copied in the young Tettigids most exquisitely. Along the sheltered banks of the Des Plaines River, in Illinois, the author saw hundreds which, on viewing them closely, showed the similarity existing between the colors of the ground and those of the little locusts. As evidence of this several young speci- mens of Ti'ttix, from five to six millimeters in length, were peculiarly marked with frosted white, and these were on ground which was similarly colored from fungi or decayed algae and other microscopic dead vegetable organisms. A
lo TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
singular instance of this protective resemblance at one point was discovered where fragments of reddish bits of insect borings, fallen from outstretched limbs of trees, were exactly matched with a patch of color on the pronotum, usually in front of the shoulders and on the sides. Mottlings of various kinds upon the hind femora still further helped to protect the species on the ground. Half dead and bleached grasses, sedges, and other plants which give a yellowish cast to the ground, along with the ripened seeds falling in profusion, add shades of reds and browns. In this environment was noticed a Tettix with the back a light grayish fuscous, conspersed with whitish granulations, and a strongly marked banner spot between the shoulders of rich yellow ochre. This banner spot broke the continuity of surface and was perfectly protective, and the same individual was still further adorned by the same shade of yel- low on the pronotal process and knees of the hind femora. But the ornamentation did not cease here, for two triangular spots behind the yellow banner spot, and a dark edging in front of it, was present. The eyes were hyaline above, a blackish stripe passing through the middle horizontally, and spoke-like radiations from the center gave a hazel appearance to them. Annulations of fuscous on the legs and antennae added to the effectual protection of this species. The femora at the middle third was tinted a bright sienna. It seems from these observations and others previously noted that it is para- mount to the perpetuation of the species that colors must vary through a wide range in individuals of the same species. The picture presented to the mind on viewing the live insects in their natural environment is far more satisfactory to the student of color than viewing the changed or darkened cabi- net specimens. Observation taken at Riverside, Illinois, August iS, 1899. See further observations in sequence.
HABITS.
Many if not all of the species of TettigidjE in the temperate region hibernate, secreting themselves among debris such as dead leaves, twigs, mosses, grasses, as well as under logs and bark, and in the little crevices in the earth where they happen
HANCOCK 1 1
to be late in the fall of the year. They live on the ground, usually near water, either in boggy places, along the banks of streams, the shores of small lakes or swamps, in woods, or more rarely on dry upland ground. They feed upon the vege- table mold or decomposing soil sometimes mixed with algn;,* or
Fig. 2. Swampy meadow inliabited by Tettigidae. From a photograph.
on the lichens, mosses, tender sprouting grasses, sedges, germi- nating seeds of plants and debris found in such situations. Particularly sought-after morsels are the various colored surface clays and the black muck, consisting of rich vegetable mold.f They are ravenous eaters, as one might infer from the dietary list just mentioned, and the fecal excrement, on reaching the
» .\ microscopic examination of the abdominal contents of TV/Zii- showed numbers of mold spores and alga: mixed with particles of quartz sand. There were also some infu- soria-like bodies and macerated material. (July 4, 1901.)
t See article by the author on " The Food Habits of the Tettigida;." Ent. Record and Jour. Variation. X. p. 6-7, iSqS.
12 TETTIGID.^E OF NORTH AMERICA
end of the abdominal ajjpendages {Tetlix), is thrust away from the body by a rapid kick of the hind tibia.
In the middle of May (Illinois) the first eggs are laid in the ground, the female accomplishing this act by making a shallow burrow with her ovipositor. The young larvae hatched from this brood mature by fall, passing the following winter in the adult state. The broods hatched in late June and early July are often immature by the time winter arrives, and we find them hibernating in the pupa state. Thus it is that the Tettigidae are about the earliest insects to be found in the Spring, appearing as early as March. The time of incubation varies with the temperature, the early broods of Tcttix hatch- ing in twenty-three days, but as the days become warmer this period is shortened to sixteen days. The number of eggs of Tt'/y/xand Paratcttix vary considerably, but they are more often ten, thirteen, or sixteen in each burrow; in Tettigidca varying from twelve to twenty-six. A departure from the habit com- mon to the larger AcrididjE, is the laying of eggs irregularly together in a pear-shaped mass instead of an egg-pod. (See Plate XI., Figure 2.) In depositing the eggs, they are laid, one by one, side by side, as shown in the accompanying illustration, forming a round mass at the bottom of the bur- row, the attenuated extremities directed upward vertically. A glutenous secretion which is excreted after each egg passes from the vagina holds the eggs together. The burrow is round, rather shallow in Tcttix, deeper in the genus Tettigidea, usually from five to ten millimeters below the surface; and after the eggs are deposited the opening is covered up by particles of earth scraped up with the hind tarsus (Tettix) or the ovipositor {Tcttigidcu). The acutely pointed extremity in the eggs of Tcttix serves admirably for protection. Owing to the shallowness of the burrow the tops of the eggs are quite near the surface, and sometimes exposed, though the female usually endeavors to conceal the eggs with various particles of earth. In certain situations, as when they are deposited in lichens or moss, an insect enemy might easily pass the exposed pointed extremities without molestation. Again the pointed pole of the eggs would be more difficult to destroy
HANCOCK
13
or would be mistaken for the tops of seeds of grasses, or parts of plants, especially the leaves of polytrichum. With the genus Tctiigidca, where the eggs are laid deeper in the
Fig. 3. Tettigidea parvipennis preparing the burrow for the eggs. En- larged about four diameters.
ground, their extremities, while attenuated, would not be so liable to attack from this source, and are not in consequence so specialized at the cephalic pole.
CHANGING ENVIRONMENT.
In the early spring the vegetable mold immediately border- ing rivers is frequented by numerous Tettigids, and while Parateltix cucnllahts remain close to the edge of the streams the year round, Tcttix seem to be forced back farther and farther away as the season's wealth of vegetation comes up and spreads over the river banks. Similarly in swampy meadows in the spring Tcttix and Tettigidea are more easily detected than later on in the season when the wild flora of considerable height then covers the earth. On the other hand, in the late fall some species are taken quite easily; Notnotettix, for instance, which frequent drier sandy soils.
14 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
Moreover, at this later period, in favorable places some species, as Tettigidea and Tettix migrate, and for that reason become abundant locally, for the time being at least.
MIGRATORY HAUITS.
One can scarcely conceive of the activity shown in the life of the Tettigida; unless special study has been devoted to them. The warm summer sunlight brings this activity to perfection; the long-winged adult forms delight to sport in the sunshine, instantaneously spreading widely and as quickly closing the prismatic semi-transparent wings. The flight of Tettigids is rapid, noiseless,* and inconspicuous, or some of the abbreviated forms hug the ground closely, scarcely ever attempting flight. Tettigids have amazing leaping power, and their small size and inconspicuous colors and markings have usually made them scarce in collections in which other insects are well repre- sented. A restless period seems to seize some species in the fall of the year, especially among the long-winged forms of the genera Tettigidea and Tettix. At this time local flights have been recorded of considerable extent. In northeastern Illi- nois during sudden storms multitudes are blown into Lake Michigan, from which, however, they usuallyare washed ashore, forming wind rows with the other insects suffering like calam- ity, yet ultimately escape unharmed owing to their naturally semi-aquatic habits. In the American Naturalist, 1894, the writer recorded a flight of these locusts, and since then, on several occasions in the fall, similar migrations have been observed.! With these insects during the flights other larger Acridiida, Lociistidce and Gryllidie are not infrequently associ- ated.
SEXES UNITING IN THE SPRING.
The tendency of present-day penetration into the deeper causes of the evolution of sex makes it necessary to record
* Riley savs of Tettix graimlatus that they tly with a buzzing noise like a Hesh Hy, Rep't U. S. Ent. Conini., p. 256, 1877.
tProf. J. G. Needham. in an interesting article in "Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society," I, pp. 19-26 (1900). relates a remarkable experience in Hnding multi- tudes among the insect drift along the shore of Lake Michigan.
Tettigidae of North America
Plate II
--^
ti^^'^
J. L. HANCOCK, EEL.
SrHNIidl fhOT«-r.aAVUM»CO
HANCOCK 15
the sexual habits of insects, and these little orthoptera are not without interest in this regard.
In the spring the male and female effect conjugation, vary- ing from a few hours to days before the egg-laying process commences. In Tcttigidea the two sexes often stay together for some days at a time. The male, being much smaller, rides about on the female's back unless she rids herself of his pres- ence by a vigorous jump. During actual conjugation the subgenital plate of the male is capable of being lifted up from a horizontal plane to nearly upright. Its superior surface is grooved in the middle and it is anteriorly obtusely angulate. This superior portion answers as a shield which covers the opening of the spermatic ducts. It is upon this obtusely pointed anterior border that the edge of the last abdominal segment (sternum) below the female ovipositor is clasped, thus affording a hold and retaining the proper position of the geni- talia during copulation.* The superior shield or surface ordinarily when at rest is covered partly by the pointed supra- anal plate. The difference in their positions in activity and repose is extraordinary, the stuctures in activity being drawn out of any semblance to their passive position; and it must be remembered the anterior border of the shield is not at all observable ordinarily, only that part behind showing which is not covered by the supra-anal plate.
In Tcttix the two sexes do not often remain long in copu- lation, often only a few minutes at a time. During the active egg-laying period the female is sought after by the males.
POLYANDRY AMONG THE TETTIGID^.
The existence of polyandry among the Tettigidae forms an important factor in accounting for variations. In those species where the sexes remain longer together, as in the genus Tctti- gidea, the extent of polyandry is not so great as among Tcttix and allied genera, in which the individuals stay together but a short period, thus allowing a greater number of males access to the female. It will be remembered that among Tettix and
* In some orthoptera chitinous hooks arm the caudal end of the penis.
1 6 TETTIGID.^E OF NORTH AMERICA
allied genera an unusual diversity of coloring and polymor- phism exists. Polyandry occurs in most if not all the species and in Tettix the number of different males received by one female may be considerable, as shown in the experimental evidence. (See experiments further on.)
SEXUAL HABITS.
When the male sights the female he walks with a hurried, tremulous gait, or sometimes it is jerky. Stealing nearer, he runs up close, climbing on her back from the side. Some- times in his e.xcitement he faces temporarily in a reversed position while on her back. The males seem to recognize each other and though they may climb on each others' backs, they seem to appreciate the sex, yet the sexes resemble each other with the exception of size, the female being considerably the larger. As shown by experimental observa- tions, copulation lasts from a few seconds to several minutes. In Tettix there is no anatomical provision for clasping the female permanently, so that the male and female cannot go about together for long periods, as occurs in the genus Tctti- gidca and some other genera. At the sight of another species or an uncongenial male the female usually shakes her body. The author saw a female Tettix gibbosus recognize a male one and a half inches away, and she made her aversion known in the way above mentioned. After sexual conjugation the ovipositor is made to open and close repeatedly to favor the entrance of the male secretion.
In Tettigidea parvipentiis ihe male jumps on the female's back, riding about in this position until she becomes quiet. At the same time he watches for the opportunity of effecting conjugation. In his excitement he begins to lengthen out the abdomen preparatory to emission. The appendages undergo a jerking motion, then suddenly his hind legs straighten out behind in a convulsive orgasm over her body, the appendages now becoming moistened. Immediately reviving, he backs a little, keeping, however, his forelegs grasping her body. With his abdomen extended and reaching
HANCOCK
17
down below the female's and to one side, he turns up the end so that it affixes the subgenital plate by its anterior border, as we have described, to the process of the last sternum below her ovipositor, fastening it securely in position. Now he rides with impunity about on her back out of her reach. At this time his hind legs are usually drawn up out of the way, taking no part in grasping her body. The female becomes, after a time, resigned to the male's presence and goes about as usual. The male, unwilling to leave his position, often takes food while still clinging to her back.
TETTIGIAN SPERMATOZOA.
The spermatozoa are found in multitudes as hair-like bodies in two whitish glands at the extremity within the male abdo- men. When these glands are opened at the proper time
Fig. 4. Spermatozoon of Tettigidca parvipennis. A, dorsal and lateral aspect of body: a, cephalic segment; (^, mesosegment; f, caudal segment. B, Paratetti.x CKCitllatiis, the different parts designated as in preceding figure.
under favorable conditions with a needle, the spermatozoa, which are not motile at first, upon exposure to a warmed saline solution exhibit remarkable movements. In Tctti-
1 8 TETTIGJD.E OF NORTH AMERICA
gidca parvipcniiis, with a twelfth Leitz oil immersion objective, the author observed a thin undulate protoplasmic keel, which arises close to the head and extends nearly the whole length of the body (Fig. 4A), but becoming attenuated and disappearing near the extremity of the body. The body of the spermatozoa is exceedingl)' long and hair-like, bending from side to side in the medium in which it was examined. Motion is communi- cated by the waving keel movements which pass along throughout its length. This keel or carina acts as a long fin which propels the body. It seemed on first viewing these spermatozoa that a spiral motion in the axis of the body was apparent, but on further examination and waiting for the motions to become slow it was found that this was a deception caused by looking on the dorsal aspect of the body, the undulating motion giving a false impression of revolutions. The spermatozoa of Tcttigidea has a very short compresso- pointed head-piece and comparatively short tail-piece.
In Paratcttix cucuUatns (Fig. 4B) the body of the spermato- zoon is exceedingly drawn out into a hair-like form. The head is short, thin, and acutely pointed; the middle-piece is formed into a high, rather short, protoplasmic keel. Commencing at the point of meeting with the head, the middle-piece is sud- denly e.xpanded and nearly the same width for a short distance backward, when it becomes rapidly attenuated and continues as an unkeeled portion, finall}' joining the long hair-like tail. Paratettix spermatozoa are keeled much wider than those of Tettigidea, and in this genus the keel extends only a small part of the whole length, the edge of the keel not being sin- uate as in Tcttis-idca.
HOW THE EGGS ARE LAID.
Speaking generally, when the female desires to lay her eggs, she selects a suitable spot on the earth, sometimes on the muddy ground {Paratcttix), or on vegetable mold, or among moss and lichens (Tcttix and Tcttigidea). Satisfied as to the spot, she curves the abdomen under her; the blades of the ovipositor, directed downward, are forced into the ground.
HANCOCK 19
By undergoing a spreading and closing process, this instru- ment, composed of two pairs of serrulate blades, Fig. 3, sepa- rates the particles readily, while at the same time the boring is facilitated by turning the abdomen upon the long axis of the body. The ovipositor is carried down to its utmost depth in the ground by lengthening of the abdomen. It not infre- quently happens that just before and during ovipositing the male is found on the female's back. During this time of egg- laying the front and middle pairs of legs are so raised that she stands on "tip-toe," while the hind legs are drawn up to the sides, out of the way, taking no part whatever in the process. As will be noted in the sequence the time consumed in ovipos- iting varies, one hour being an average in Tcttix.
APPEARANCE OF EGGS.
Plate XL, Figures 2--3a.
In Tettix ornatiis triangularis the ^'g'g is elongate, one and three quarters of a millimeter in length, slightly curved in its long axis. It is one-third as wide as its length, without the narrow extremity. The posterior extremity or pole is obtusely rounded, the anterior pole slightly smaller, and here it is sud- denly reduced into a small, rather acute, extended and some- times curved process. The eggs of Tcttigidea parvipemiis differ from Tettix in being more "wine-bottle" form, and larger; the width is contained five times in the total length, the e.gg being rather straight in the long axis, and beginning a little before the middle, being more gradually attenuated toward the anterior pole, where, near the end, it is a little more suddenly reduced. The anterior pole is not so acutely pointed as in Tcttix. The posterior pole is obtusely rounded.
When recently laid, the eggs are a beautiful pinkish white, but after more advanced incubation they turn to a more opaque greenish yellow-white.
20 TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA
HATCHING OF TETTIGIDiE.
The young, which are always white, excepting the reddish eyes, emerge from a little hole which the first hatched makes by worming its way to the surface. Were we watching the spot from which a new brood was about to make their exit into the outer world, we would see them, one by one, following the leader, coming out upon the ground through a little opening. As if exhausted after a struggle the young larva on reaching the outside lies motionless for a moment. Then vigorously spread- ing the legs and expanding the body, the veil-like amnion is torn open and immediately the little earthly visitor finds a footing on the ground. One after another emerges (each hardly waiting for its predecessor to come out of the opening), and goes hurriedly through the shedding of the amnion vest- ment, which, as we have said before, is folded backward and at last kicked off by the hind tibia. Within a little distance from the hole and encircling it are seen sometimes these vestiges in the form of scarcely visible scattered white specks.
The young larvpe emerge from the attenuated extremity, or anterior pole, the head being thus directed in the later embryological stages. It more often happens that the ^SS splits lengthwise during the escape of the larva. After breaking through the egg shell and pushing up to the sur- face, the amnion is shed, as above described. From this time on to maturity we have seen individual variations of marking and coloring, as well as differences in structure ema- nating from the same mass of eggs, but this will be considered at greater length further on.* When a few moments have passed all are out upon the ground, having gained a footing and scattered a short distance away. It is at this time it some- times happens an accident befalls one of the new-born, which, though having sufficient strength to come to the surface, fails in its effort to throw off the amnion and thus perishes from exhaustion. Then again it not infrequently occurs that a tardy individual comes out a longer or shorter period after the others.
*See article by the author on the experimental hatching,' of Faratettix cucttllatus. Trans, .^m. Ent. Soc, XXUI, 241-242, 1896.
HANCOCK 3 1
The reaction of the environment on the little Tettigids from now on is interesting to observe. During a time extending from a few minutes to a half hour after emerging, the pale white larvjE undergo pigmentation and are soon lost from view, the most careful scrutiny becoming necessary to detect them now on the ground.
SIZE OF TETTIGIDS LARV^.
As the eggs would indicate, the young of Tettigidca, when first born, are considerably larger than Tettix or Paratettix, and are quite easily distinguished even at this early period. In Tettigidca parvipefinis, just before the first ecdysis or the first larval stage, the body is quite slender; the pronotum about twice the length of the head. After the first ecdysis or during the second larval stage, the body becomes more compact or stouter, the pronotum becoming proportionately larger, more strongly carinate and arcuate, and then an apical process lengthens out, covering nearly half the abdomen. In the first stage there are ten joints in the antennae, the joints being divided by a whitish line, but in the second stage the third and fourth antennal articles become distinctly divided, increasing the number to eleven.
PRONOTAL CHANGES.
As each molt proceeds, the pronotum, which in the begin- ning only just covers the metanotum, gradually develops, and during the last or fourth molt reaches its maximum size and the antennae then consist of the full complement of twenty-two articles.
APPEARANCE OF THE ELYTRA.
It is after the fourth, or rarely the fifth, ecdysis that the elytra, which have not heretofore been visible, take their position at the sides of the body, and the wings extend back- ward and longitudinally folded under the now fully developed pronotal process. The adult can thenceforth be distinguished from the larva.
TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA
COLORS CLEARLY MARKED.
After the last ecdysis the colors are most vivid and clean. How long the Tettigid can continue living in its adult life is not known, but certainly we know it can live as long as two years, and it is not improbable it lives much longer. After a year the markings usually become of duller hue, and some- times the body becomes tinged greenish from the attachment of a lichen growth to the surface.
The first ecdysis takes place in about ten days;* the insect then may be quite differently colored from the stage just preceding, or may carry onward the same coloration, the same being true of the markings. This applies to all the different stages.
FIRST ECDYSIS OF TETTIGIDS.
We might suspect the process about to take place by the quiet actions of the insects on the ground, grass-stem, or other
Fig. 5. Larva of Teitix ohscunis, fmir millimeters in length, after the second ecdysis, a and /' lateral and dorsal aspects of body. Note the absence of elytral sinus.
low plant upon which they climb. Granting we are looking at a larva on the ground, the insect is seen to attach its feet
* The females grow much faster and are bulkier than the males. This rapidity of growth is^to^a great extent dependent on the food eaten, and in turn the nutrition exerts an influence on the period of ecdysis.
HANCOCK 33
with a firm grasp and drop the antennae downward; the color becomes perceptibly paler, when shortly the skin splits over the head region to the vertex in the median line, the rent then extending backward over the dorsum. The head and anten- nae are then released from the mask, which on loosening is facing downward and forward ; the forward and middle pair of legs and abdomen, and finally the hind legs, are extricated in the order named. The larva, then completely free to act, though not yet hardened, walks forward a little on the ground, the posterior tibs somewhat bowed. Here, near the empty cuticle, the insect remains to sun itself and take on the neces- sary pigmentation, for the body is pale; a little darker, how- ever, than when first born. The pronotum has not at first materially changed, but soon commences to stretch out behind into a rudimentary apical process. The head and bod}' become more compact, and by comparison with the preceding stage the modification of form is remarkable. The changes above related take about an hour.
LAST ECDYSIS AS ILLUSTRATED BY TETTIX ORNATUS TRIANGULARIS.
The last molt, which is the most striking feature of the metamorphosis of Tettigians, is well illustrated by the follow- ing observation made May 29th. The specimen, Tettix ornatjis triangularis, had but one hind leg, but this did not inconvenience the process. The insect grasped the ground firmly with its claws, then inclining forward, with the antennae lowered and spread downward, a series of jerking or convul- sive movements of the insect's body occurred. This motion included a rocking to and fro. Then the cuticle of the pro- notum split at the median line of the dorsum and over the top of the head; the head, antennae, and front pair of legs were extricated in their turn, while lastly came the hind femora. The wings, which were at first pale, unfurled at the same time the elytra began to take their position at the sides of the body. The apical process of the pronotum was at first very soft and short, and also colorless, gradually stretch- ing out to nearly the knee of the hind femora. The abdomen
24 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
was usually drawn out or stretched at first, but appeared to diminish in length a little as the parts were undergoing the adjustment and change to their natural proportions. The hind femur was weak and the tibia was pliable for a short period immediately following its redrawal from the empty cuticle. The cast-off cuticle was left still grasping the ground, the head part thrown down and the rent along the dorsum gaping.* The newly metamorphosed insect finally crawled up a stalk of grass to get the full benefit of the sun and take on the normal pigmentation.
PHYLOGENV AS SUGGESTED BY THE METAMORPHOSIS.
In the temperate region all the species have a climacteric period, one in which the insects on becoming mature enter a new phase of existence different from the preceding last pupa stage. This final period of metamorphic perfection (imago) is characterized by the establishment of the sexual functions and taking on of distinctly adult characters. The elytra shift their position to the sides of the body and the wings become explicate and functionally perfect. With some of the tropical species, on the other hand (see Choripkjlliiin, Plate I.), this distinctly metamorphic stage, denoting a period of anabolic surplus of vitality, is not so apparent, there being no external evidence of a distinct period between the last pupa stage and imago. The insects here referred to are wingless and have no elytra or any anatomical place provided for them, the sinus for their reception at the usual point at the side of the body being absent. The seasons alone can not be responsible for this peculiar con lition, for we also find species in the tropics living near-by possessing elytra and wings. It seems to be in a large measure due to the reaction of the organism to the environment, effecting in turn an adaptation of structure to a special purpose, obviously of a protective character. In this evolution these Tettigids have suffered the loss of the marked distinction of pupa and imago characteristic of other Tettigidse, whose metamorphosis is apparently one stage
*A maW Paratettix cucuUaius \n the author's collection had never completely discarded the cuticle during life. It is attached to the distorted pronotum.
HANCOCK 25
removed. A part of the phylogenetic history of the species is recapitulated in the larva and pupa, and there is suggestive evidence that the early progenitors of living forms presented a highly cristate condition of the pronotum, as shown now in some forms further south. It will be seen that in all the genera of the temperate region of North America the median carina of the pronotum in the larval and pupal stages presents a cristate character, and there is but one sj:rongly marked sinus situate inferiorly. The cristate character in the larva is correlated with the acquiring of a numerical increase of the antennal articles. These larval characters are retained in adults of such specialized forms as Clwripliylliim. It is prob- able the ancestors of the Tettigidse had but one sinus inferiorly located on the pronotum, while the wings and elytra were still undeveloped and metamorphosis was less complete. The knowledge gleaned from the post-embryonal studies show that the Tettigidffi are a remarkably highly specialized group, doubt- less originally starting from the lowest portion of the trunk from which arose the various other groups of the Acrididse, and that they (Tettigidae) occupy a distinct position.*
ENEMIES.
During the life of these little Tettigians they are more or less constantly in danger of enemies among the arachnida, insecta, and some of the vertebrata. The larva of a red mite (Trombidian) is one of the most frequent sources of annoyance. Acting as a parasite the Trombidian larva clings on the body and attaches itself out of the reach of the victim. There it remains to sap the juices of the host's body. It is found on many species. Among insect pests, ants and bugs are some- times deadly to them. In a wet ditch in June the writer found a number of small dark-brown ants dragging along the ground a female Tcttix ornatus which had just been killed by them. When endeavoring to capture some Tettix at the same place my attention was drawn to a colony of these ants acting in a panicky state of excitement, the cause of this being that they had darted upon the insect the author was pursuing, tumbling
* The embryology is left out here for future consideration as a separate contribution.
26 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
it over and biting it savagely about the nect:. The little locust finally escaped by a vigorous jump.
According to P. R. Uhler (1884) Galgiilus oculatus, an hemipteran insect, is a serious enemy. They may often be seen, says Uhler, "in the month of May walking about between stones on the low banks of brooks and streams, where Tcttix and Batracliidca* abound, watching an oppor- tunity to seize one of these insects, and when the favorable moment arrives, leaping suddenly upon one of them, clasping it with tight embrace between the front femora and tibia and there sucking out its vital juices." In a marshy meadow in May the writer suspected, from seeing a number of common toads jumping about on the ground where Tettigids were also quite numerous, that they might form the food of the batrachi- ans. The stomach of one of the adult toads there taken, on subsequent examination, was found to contain a crab spider, some beetles, Tet tig idea parvipcimis, Tcttix oriiatits, with material too macerated to identify. The Tettigids were partly digested, but the remaining pronotum was sufficiently preserved in each species to furnish a certain clue. Professor S. A. Forbes (1888), in his researches on the food of fresh water fishes, found that these acridians were eaten by fishes. Icta- luriis punctatus had eaten Tcttigidca in June, Hyodoii tcrgisus had fed on Tcttix in October, and it is related of Lcpoiiiis pallidiis that it had devoured Tcttigidca in June and Novem- ber. The robin also is said to feed quite freely on these orthoptera. As the Tettigids commence to multiply in the spring and early summer we find numerous frogs, toads, and snakes living in the same environment, that doubtless find them within easy reach and prey upon them. These enemies are probably but a small part of those Tettigians have to con- tend against.
* Probably refers to Paratcttix.
HANCOCK
27
EXTERNAL ANATOMY.
Figure 6.
To properly study the various modifications of the external organs, the profile is necessary in conjunction with observa- tions made from above and those made from the front view. Other less used positions may be called into use. Beginning with the head, which lies in a vertical plane in relation to the body, it is usually strongly encircled by the antero-dorsal and antero-lateral margin of the pronotum above, while below the
Po3TBfl,0« oft- ANTERlOt^ C*.»V'W»^
hrtCDIAM CARlNft
Fig. 6. Lateral aspect of the body of Tettix. The face is shown to the right, the pronotum and head below. Parts of the anatomy are designated by self-explanatory nomenclature.
mouth parts are surrounded by the sternomentum. The superior surface of the head is bounded anteriorly by the fastigium, which is usually carinated transversely (not visible in Clioripliylhuii). The vertex lies behind the fastigium and between the eyes and is much used in classification. The crown is all the dorsal aspect of the head from the fastigium in front to and including the occiput behind. The occiput or posterior portion of the crown is sometimes mammillate or sometimes concealed {Paratctlix and Clypeotettix). The contour of the face may be more or less
28 TETTIGID.'€. OF NORTH AMERICA
oblicjue, flattened, or curved. When viewed in front the com- ponent parts contributing to this outline are the frontal costa above and the frontal carina below. The vertex varies extremely and it is often divided by a mid-carina. It may be broad or more or less narrow, and is conijjared in breadth with one of the eyes. The eyes are nearly always conspicuous and globular, or subelliptic; their outline in profile may be circular or trian- gular. The ocelli are three in number in the form of a triangle, the base directed upward and backward. The median ocellus is placed anterior to the other two in the lower portion of the grooved frontal costa. The others are situated sometimes almost in the same vertical line or back and above on either side of the frontal costa before the eyes. The antennas are variable in length and the number of articles, there being as few as twelve and as many as twenty-two. In shape they are cylindrical or filiform. They are longest in Tettigidea, Scudd., and Plectronotus, Morse, where they reach to the humeral angle or base of femora, and are very slender in ChoriphyUuni. The frontal costa extends down the middle of the face, commencing above at the fastigium and ending at the median ocellus. It is more or less furcate, or the branches may strongly diverge, forming a frontal scutellum. Viewed in profile the frontal costa is sometimes sinuate, rounded, or flat above. It is not infrequently continuous upon the vertex as the median carina, where it may end more or less abruptly or extend and disappear further back on the crown. Below, on the face, it is continuous with a single frontal carina which bifurcates near the clypeus. The collective parts of the mouth rest against the sternomentum; the maxillar}- palpi have the extremity enlarged. The pronotum is remarkably developed posteriorly into an apical process extending beyond the posterior femora, or it may be abbreviated; the dorsum may be flattened, tectiform, compressed, or very much ele- vated and foliaceous, while the surface may be smooth, rugose, rugulose, arenose, scabrous, or tuberculose. The anterior margin of the pronotum is most frequently truncate. The pronotum extends down on either side of the body forward, forming the lateral lobes. The outer surface is usually
Tehigidae of North America
Plate III
J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.
HANCOCK
29
bounded above by the anterior lateral carinje (absent in Pax- ilia), which appear in front of the humeral angles. A median carina is more or less present on the dorsum of the pronotum, continued backward on the apical process, and there are two lateral carinse which anteriorly cover the humeral angles on each side and are continued backward on the process. An infra-apical carina arises behind the shoulders over the apex of the elytra and runs a short curved course downward and backward to form the inferior marginal carina of the process. It has been termed the humeral apical carina and defines the limits of the scapular area. The lateral lobes are obliquely directed, the posterior margin sinuate; the superior or infra- humeral elytral sinus receives the base of the elytra and above it is the overlying humeral angle; an inferior lateral sinus is usually present and a superior or median lobule is located between the two; the inferior border of the lateral lobe of the pronotum behind terminates in an angle (the pos-
FlG. 7. Dorsal aspect of the thorax with the pronotum removed, showing the mesonotum and metanotum of Tettix ^ranulatiis. Ventral aspect of the thorax of same species to the right, showing sclerites. Anteriorly the modified prosternum is indicated as the sternomentum, which surrounds the mouth parts.
terior angle which takes on various forms), and is much used in descriptions, while anteriorly the angle is nearly always more or less subrounded and rarely used taxonomically.
The mesonotum. Fig. 7, has the squamous elj^tra attached, the metanotum the posterior wings; the prosternum is e.xtraor-
3°
TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
dinarily modified in front, and is separated from the meta- sternum by a convexed and rather deep furrow, the convexity being directed forward.
The small squamous elytra are more or less oval, cov- ering a small portion of the base of the wings; the wings are not infrequently well developed, extending to the posterior extremity of the pronotum or beyond it. The anterior
Sen
Fig. 8. Hind wing of Paratettix cucullatus. More reduced figure below. Tracheseoccupy the veins represented by solid lines of anal area. The basal origin of the trachea; designated at the left.
border, being the exposed portion when folded up at the sides, is chitinous in the apical half and more or less opaque. In recent specimens, which have just undergone the last exuvi-
FiG. 9. Hind wing of Tettigidea parvipennis pentiata. The media shown at M is free at the distal portion and divided into three sub- branches. Original.
ation, it is quite hyaline, and it is at this stage the tracheation can best be observed. The anal field is traversed by many transverse nervules, which form square and rectangular spaces. The narrowing of the wing proper, the part before the anal furrow, has had the effect of bringing together the veins.
HANCOCK
31
subcosta, media, and radius so that they have completely fused in the middle, subcosta being free for a little distance at its base, the media being free at its apex, its distal two- fifths.
This narrowing has also resulted in the suppression of the cubitus to a much greater extent than in any other orthop- tera at present examined. Whether the radial sector is lost
Fig. 10. Hind wing of Tettix gibbosits. Cnstal trachea wanting; its place taken by Icmg anterior branch of subcosta from base.
or is fused with the distal end of the media is not j'et clear. In the wing apex of Tettix gibbosits, as shown in figure,* the subcostal, radial, and medial tracheae take the courses to the wing margin, showing clearly how the tips of the correspond-
cg^iB.
Fig. II. Elytra or forewing of Paratettix ciicullatiis, showing three trachese designated at the basal portion as I, 2, and 3. Some pores are shown.
ing veins may be designated. In this region of the wing Tettix gibbosus is somewhat more reduced in venation. In Tettigidea parvipennis pcnnata the media is free at the apex
* For drawings and valuable suggestions on venation of the wings tlie autiior is indebted to Dr. J. G. Needham.
32
TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
and subdivitlcd into three branches. The basal attachments of tlie trache;E are similar to tliose found among the orthop- tera generally, and designated as shown in the figures.
The el3-tra or forewings show three trache.'e, but there is no clue as yet to their homologies. The Tettigidea appear to be the most specialized orthopterous type so far es the venation is concerned.
The middle femora are subject to marked variations and are useful in distinguishing species. They are sometimes quite unaltered (in which case they are spoken of as entire), or com-
FlG. 12. Femora of Paratettix showing variations, a. Hind femora of P. tuberciilatus sp. n.; b, mid-femora of same species; r, mid- femora P. Me.xicanus var. from Rio Cocula, Gro. Max.; (/and e, P. tiiorsei extensus, California; / and g, P. mexicanus. La Antiqua, Mex.; h and /, P. cucicUiiius, Toronto, Can.;/ and k, P. tt-xaniis, Paige, Texas.
paratively slender, carinated, quite broad, or rarely passing into lobed or clypeate forms. The legs are more or less com- pressed, the first femora less modified, but in BalrachidiiKB furrowed above; the hind femora are proportionately large, reaching the maximum relative size in Noviotcttix. Near the apex of the superior carina is the femoral lobe, present only in a slight degree in our species. The genicular spine is placed at the very extremity of the femora; the posterior tibia; are multispinose ; the four anterior tarsi are short, the terminal segment being longer than the two others united.
HANCOCK
33
In the posterior tarsi the first segment is as long or longer than the last two. The tarsi are serrulate above, and below divided into three little acute, obtuse, or flat pulvilli; the second segment is very small in all the tarsi; the claws are dentate at the base beneath.*
The first abdominal sclerite ]:)resents at the caudal margin of the dorsal portion various modifications in the different
Fig. 13. Peculiarities of the first abdominal sclerites: a and/ lateral and dorsal aspect of Tettix armosus ; b and h, Parateittx texanus ; c and i, Tettix granttlatus, male; rfand/, Tettix ornatus trian- gularis, male; e and g, Tettix gibbosus, male.
species. It is observed by elevating the pronotum. In Tettix granulatiis the margin has a raised eminence, folded, and projecting caudad. The various figures here given show some of the variations in this portion of the anatomy.
* ABDOMIN.AL APPENDAGES.
It is of interest to compare the characters of the abdominal appendages, though, it must be said, in these orthoptera which require the most delicate handling, they are not easily accessible. I have found that by bringing water nearly to the boiling point and immersing the specimen for about a minute usually accomplishes the desired softening in small species so that the abdomen can be pressed to one side, after the legs have been pushed down. This is of course assuming the specimen is a pinned example. This process is required owing to the almost immovable pronotal process being in the way. Both male and female characters of the genitalia afford some distinctive features, but for the reasons named they are less used in classification than the vertex, pronotum, pulvilli, etc. {See Plate XI.. Figs, i-ia and 5-53.)
34 TETTFGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.
Small orthoiJteia presenting no aroleum between the tarsal claws; the pronotum completely covering the body; elytra small and lobiform.
1. Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate
above.
2. Frontal costa furcate between the eyes, the branches
strongly diverging, forming a frontal scutellum. I. subfamily Cladonotin^.
3. Body largely compressed, above completely folia-
ceous.
4. Pronotal margins in profile forming a subrhomboidal
contour. Gen. Clioripliyllimi, Serv.
4. 4. Pronotum at the superior dorsal margin in profile,
arcuate-subangulatc. Gen. riiyllouotus, gen. n. 3. 3. Body not compresso-foliaceous.
5. Pronotum sharply tectiform, anteriorly truncate,
median carina cristate, arched anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly. Gen. Tyloicttix, Morse.
2. 2. Frontal costa narrowly or moderately forked. Pos- terior angle of lateral lobes of pronotum laterally little produced, posteriorly obliquely truncate. II. subfamily Metrodorin^.
6. Median carina of pronotum conspicuously serrato-
undulate. Elytra minute, elongate. Verte.x con- cave. Gen. Chiriqnia, Morse.
7. Pronotum flat above, little depressed. Elytra lanceo-
late. Body slender. Gen. Otnniba, Morse.
7. 7. Pronotum strongly depressed. Body stout. Vertex
truncate. Elytra and wings absent.
Gen. Platyl/iorus, Morse.
8. Posterior angle of the lateral lobes of pronotum
turned downward, more or less rounded, not obliquely truncate. Antennae with twelve to four- teen articles. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum truncate or angulate, or rarelj' angulate produced.
III. subfamily Tettigin^.
HANCOCK 35
9. Vertex advanced beyond the eyes, wider than one of
them, in profile united with the frontal costa, generally angulate anteriorly. 10. Antennae with twelve, rarely thirteen articles. Pro-
notum with the dorsal front margin more or less angulate produced, median carina cristiform, more or less arcuate longitudinally; median lobule of the posterior margin of lateral lobes generally feebly developed; the posterior elytral sinus shal- low or moderately deep. Gen. Nouiotcttix, Morse.
10. 10. Antennte with fourteen or often thirteen articles.
Pronotum generally not advanced upon the head to the eyes; median lobule of posterior margin of the lateral lobes more or less well developed; the posterior elytral sinus quite deep.
Gen. Tettix, Charp.
11. Vertex viewed in profile united with the frontal costa
rounded or depresso-rounded, little advanced beyond the eyes, equal to or considerably wider than one of them.
12. Vertex considerably wider than one of the eyes;
branches of the frontal costa more or less strongly divergent. Antenna; consisting of twelve or thir- teen articles. Gen. Ncotcttix, Hanc.
13. Antenna; strongly filimentous-elongate. Body small.
Facial costa rather narrowly furcate, subparallel, viewed in profile sinuato-convex. Median carina of pronotum undulate. Distribution West Indies.
JSIicronotus, gen. n.
14. Eyes small, distinctly globose. Antennc-e short and
stout. Vertex distinctly wider or twice as wide as one of the eyes, advanced about as far or little beyond the eyes. Body rugose or minutely tuber- culose. Distribution southwestern United States and Mexico southward. Apotettix, gen. n.
15. Vertex equal in width to one of the eyes. Body
narrow between the shoulders. Frontal costa narrowly forked, straight, and evenly divergent. Distribution California. Gen. Merotcttix, Morse.
36 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA
16. Facial costa widely forked. Pronotum presenting a
short supernumerary carina midway between the humeral angles and the median carina. Distri- bution Mexico and southward.
Gen. Oclictotcttix, Morse. 9. 9. Vertex not advanced beyond the eyes. Median carina of pronotum generally scarcely elevated.
17. Body usually broad between the shoulders. Vertex
narrower or as wide or little wider than one of the eyes, little narrowed anteriorly. Second femoral cariUcTe more or less undulate, or sinuate, or sinu- ato-lobate, very rarely entire.
Gen. Paratcttix, Bol.
18. Dorsum of pronotum transversely convexo-tectiform
between the shoulders. Femora expanded, mar- ginal carinae strongly carinate-clypeate. Distri- bution Mexico and southward.
Clypcotcttix, gen. n.
19. Body narrow, strongly prolongate, apical process
attenuate; occiput naked behind the eyes. F""irst and third articles of posterior tarsi subequal or equal in length. Distribution Central America southward. Gen. Allotettix, Hanc.
20. Vertex strongly narrowed in front, the front border
about one-half to nearly the breadth of one of the eyes. Body usually slender. Frontal costa nar- row subparallel. Distribution western and south- western United States, Mexico, Central America.
Gen. Tclinatcttix, Hanc. I. I. Anterior femora above distinctly sulcate. Pronotum in front produced more or less above the head, the antero-dorsal margin hooked, or cuspidate, or obtuse-angulate, or rounded. Antenna; with six- teen to twenty-two articles.
IV. subfamily, BatkachidiNjE.
21. Body strongly tumid. Dorsum of pronotum con-
vex, lightly punctate, lateral carina,- in front of the shoulders wanting. Distribution southern United States. Gen. Paxilla, Bol.
HANCOCK 37
22. Lateral carinae in front of the shoulders present.
23. Dorsum of the pronotuni between the carinae more
or less conspersed with longitudinal wrinkles, or scabrous, or granulose; behind the shoulders between the carinae concave.
Gen. Tcttigidca, Scudd.
24. Facial costa sinuous. Pronotuni scabrous. Elytra
minute. Distribution Central America.
Gen. Plcctronotits, Morse.
25. Median carina of pronotuni anteriorly strongly
ascendant. Middle femora with the superior mar- ginal carina terminating in a spine. Body slender, smooth. Distribution Central America and south- ward. Gen. Scaria, Bol.
CATALOGUE.
I. CL.A.DOXOTIN.€;.
Gen. Choripliyllum, Serv. (i) I. C. westwoodi, new n. Plate I., Fig. 2.
(2) 2. C. foliatum, sp. n. Plate I., Fig. I.
(3) 3. C. rhombeum, Walk.
Phyllonotus, Gen. n.
(4) I. P. sagrai, Serv.
(5) 2. P. saussurei, Bol. Plate I., Fig. 7.
(6) 3. P. plagiatum, Walk.
Gen. Tylotettix, Murse.
(7) I. T. sinuatus, Morse. Plate 1., Fig. 4.
II. METRODORIN/E.
Gen. Chiriquia, Morse.
(8) I. C. serrata, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 6.
Gen. Otumba, Morse, (g) I. O. scapularis, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 5.
Gen. Platythorus, Morse. (10) I. P. camiirus, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 3.
38 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
III. TETTIGIN^. Gen. Nomotettix, Morse.
(11) I. N. parvus, Morse. Plate II., Figs. 4-43.
(12) 2. N. acuminatus, Hanc. Plate II., Figs. 2-2a.
(13) 3. N. sinufrons, Hanc.
(14) 4. N. compressus, Morse.
(15) 5. N. cristatus, Morse.
(16) 6. N. carinatus, Brun. Plate II., Fig. 5.
(17) 7. N. floridanus, sp. n. {18) 8. N. arcuatus, sp. n.
Gen. Tettix, Charp.
GRANULATUS GROUP.
(19) I. T. granulatus, Scudd. Plate IV., Figs. 2-2a, and Plate III.,
Fig. I.
(20) 2. T. g. variegatus, var. n.
(21) 3. T. incurvatus, Hanc. Plate III., Fig. 2.
(22) 4. T. luggeri, Hanc. Plate IV., Figs. 6-6a.
(23) 5. T. brunneri, Bol.
ORNATUS GROUP.
(24) 6. T. acadicus, Scudd. Plate IV., Figs. 3-33.
(25) 7. T. ornatus, Harris. Plate III., Fig. 4, and eggs Plate XI.,
Figs. 3-33.
(26) 8. T. o. triangularis, Scudd.
(27) 9. T. hancocki, Morse. Plate IV., Fig. 4, and appendages
Plate XI., Figs. 5-53.
(28) 10. T. h. 3bbrevi3tus, Morse. Pl3te I\'., Figs. 1-13.
(29) II. T. crassus, Morse.
(30) 12. T. c. affinis, var. n.
ARENOSUS GROUP.
(31) 13. T. arenosus, Burm. Plate IV., Figs. 5-5b, and Plate III.,
Fig. 3-
Plate v., Figs. 1-23. Plate v., Figs. 3-53, 3nd Plate III., Fig. 6.
Plate v., Figs. 6-6a, and Plate III., Fig- 5-
(37) 19. T. blatchleyi, sp. n.
Gen. Neotettix, Hanc.
(38) I. N. bolivari, Hanc. Plate VI., Figs. 4-4b, and appendages
Plate XI., Figs. l-lb.
(39) 2. N. rotundifrons, Hanc. Plate \' I., Fig. 5.
(40) 3. N. femor3tus (Scudd), Hanc.
(41) 4. N. bolteri, Hanc. Plate \'l., Figs. 6-6b.
|
(32) |
14. |
T. a. costatus, var. n. |
|
(33) |
15- |
T. obscurus, Hanc. |
|
(34) |
16. |
T. gibbosus, Hanc. |
|
(35) |
17- |
T. fluctuosus, Hanc. |
|
(36) |
18. |
T. decoratus, Hanc. |
HANCOCK 39
Gen. Micronotus, gen. n.
(42) I. M. quadriundulatus, Redt.
Gen. Apotettix, gen. n.
(43) I. A. convexus, Morse. Plate VII., Figs. 2-2a.
(44) 2. A. tectus, Morse.
(45) 3. A. eurycephaliis, sp. n. Plate \"II., Figs. 4-4a.
(46) 4. A. e. brevipennis, var. n.
(47) 5. A. rugosus, Scudd. Plate VI., Figs. l-ia.
Gen. Merotettix, Morse.
(48) I. M. pristinus, Morse.
Gen. Ochetotettix, Morse.
(49) I. O. barretti (Hanc.) Morse. Plate VII., Fig. 3-33.
(50) 2. O. volans, Morse.
Gen. Paratettix, Bol. {51) I. P. cucullatus, Morse. Plate VIII., Figs. 6 and 7.
(52) 2. P. texanus, sp. n. Plate VIII., Figs. 4 and 5, and Plate
VI., Figs. 2-2b.
(53) 3- P- t- nanus, var. n.
(54) 4. P. mexicanas, Bol. Plate VIII., Figs. 12 and 13, also var.
Figs. I and 2.
(55) 5. P. m. abortus, var. n.
(56) 6. P. tuberculatus, sp. n. Plate VIII., Fig. 3.
(57) 7. P. morsei, sp. n. Plate VIII., Figs. 10 and 11.
(58) 8. P. morsei extensus, Morse. Plate VIII., Figs. 8 and 9, and face
Fig. i5.
(59) 9. P. toltecus sonorensis, var. n.
(60) 10. P. toltecus, Bol. Plate VIII., Figs. 14 and 15.
(61) II. P. arizonus, race. n.
(62) 12. P. robustus, sp. n.
(63) 13. P. frey-gessneri, Bol.
(64) 14. P. durus, Morse. (651 15. P. sinuatus, Morse.
Gen. Clypeotettix, gen. n.
(66) I. C. schochii, Bol. Plate IX., Figs. 10 and 11, and Plate
VII., Fig. I.
Gen. Allotettix, Hanc.
(67) I. A. peruvianas, Bol. Plate IX., Fig. 5.
Gen. Telniatettix, Hanc.
(68) I. T. hesperus, Morse. Plate IX., Figs. 8 and 9.
(69) 2. T. parviverticis, var. n. Plate IX., Figs. 3 and 4.
(70) 3. T. aztecus (Sauss.) Bol. Plate IX., Figs, i and 2.
(71) 4. T. aridus, sp. n. Plate VI., Figs. 3-33.
(72) 5. T. fallax, Bol.
(73) 6. T. minutus, sp. n. Plate VII., Figs. 5-6a.
(74) 7. T. m. rugosus, var. n.
40 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
IV. BATRACHIDIN^. Gen. Paxilla, Bol. (75) I. P. obesa (Scudd), Bol. Plate II., Figs. 3-33.
(76:
(78
(79 (80 (81: (82
(83
(84 (85 (86,
(87 (88
(8<^ (90
(91 (92
(93 (94 (95 (96
(97 (98 (99
Gen. Tettigidea, Scudd.
1. T. armata, Morse. Plate .\., Fig. 6.
2. T. a. depressa, Morse.
3. T. apiculata, Morse. Plate .\., Fig. 2.
4. T. acuta, Morse.
5. T. spicata, Morse. Plate X., Fig. 5.
6. T. prorsa, Scudd. Plate X., Fig. i.
7. T. p. elongata, Morse.
8. T. parvipennis pennata, Plate X., Fig. 7, and eggs Plate XI.,
Morse. Figs. 2-2a.
9. T. parvipennis, Morse. Plate X., Fig. 8, and text Fig. 3.
10. T. medialis, var. n. Plate X., Fig. 10.
11. T. lateralis, Scudd. Plate X., Fig. 9.
12. T. polymurpha, .Scudd. Plate X., Fig. 11.
13. T. jalapa, Hanc. Plate X., Fig. 4, and Plate II., Figs.
I -2a.
14. T. australis, Hanc.
15. T. guatemalteca, Bol. Plate -X., Fig. 3.
16. T. bruneri, Morse.
17. T. chichimeca, Sauss.
18. T. nicaragua;, Brun.
19. T. plagiata, Morse.
20. T. parvula, Morse. Plate III., Fig. 7.
21. T. nigra, Morse. Plate III., Fig. 8.
22. T. tecta, Morse.
Gen. Plectronotus, Morse. I. P. scaber, Morse.
Gen. Scaria, Bol. I. S. hamata (De Geer), Bol.
CLADONOTIN/E.
The body is tomentose, generally rugose, covered with irregular tubercles, often strongly compressed and even foli- aceous. The head is large and wide, the front a little oblitjue, a large scutellum of variable form showing in the middle, con- sisting of two carin;e more or less compressed and united above to form the frontal costa. The vertex is wide and always separated from the eyes by a space, generally double the diameter of one of them. The antennre are inserted before the eyes and separated at the base by the whole width
HANCOCK 41
of the frontal scutellum. The basal segments are short and thick, the rest are filiform and segments six to nine are the long- est; the last segment of the palpi is longer than the first and subacuminate. The pronotum projects more or less above the head, very rarely truncate in front, sometimes strongly compressed or foliaceous above, its posterior process nearly always short and truncate or even excised at the extremity, sometimes, however, extending to the middle of the posterior tibia. The elytra and the wings are usually absent, exception- ally developed. The sternomentum is strongly reflected around the mouth and more or less sinuate anteriorly. The femora are compressed and the carincTe in most of them have lobes (or even spines or tubercles in exotic species), the femoral and genicular teeth are little developed; the posterior tibiae, little or not at all widened towards the end, have the carinae armed with rather strong spines, more numerous on the external carina where they are continued to the extremity; the apical spurs are strong and the inferior external is sensibly the smaller, the first segment of the posterior tarsi nearly as long as the last, and obscurely furrowed above, the claws dentate at the base.
GEN. CHORIPHYLLUM, serv.
Granulate. Face little oblique; antennae widely separated, frontal scutellum above narrowed, lateral carina; above con- verging. Vertex much wider than one of the eyes. Pronotum large, strongly compressed, completely foliaceous, with radi- ating veins, anteriorly extended above the head, posterior process not passing the femora, or strongly extended beyond, apex obliquely truncate. Elytra always absent. Anterior femora narrow, distinctly longer than wide; carina; percurrent; posterior femora above compressed, apical half serrulate; genicular tooth acute; first article of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third.
Choriphyllum, Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Orth., 754
U839)-
Choriph}llum, Fieber, Entom. Monogr.
Hymenotes, Stal.
42 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
X. Superior marginal carina of the posterior femora lobate.
zuestzuoodi nom. n. 2. Pronotum in profile distinctly enlarged posteriorly.
Body large. foliation sp. n.
2. 2. Pronotum in profile subenlarged posteriorly; angles
subrounded. rJiombciiin Walk.
CHORIPHYLLUM WESTWOODI, NOM. N.
Plate I., Figure 2.
Professor Westwood gives a good figure of a species of Choriphyl/nin from Jamaica which has the posterior femora above distinctly lobate, and both the anterior femoral mar- gins also appreciably lobate. Of this species Professor Westwood says: "Thighs notched like edges of a leaf in the Banksian specimen seem to indicate a different species." The figure accompanying the description carried out that assertion and this species was left unnamed. It does not seem to have been properly interpreted by later authors. It should more properly have been given a distinct position. It may be called Clioripliyllum zvestii'oodi.
CHOKIPHVLLUM FOLIATUM, SP. N.
Plate I., Figure I.
Body rather large. Visible portion of head between the eyes very wide, convexed, in profile roundly elevated above the eyes, and produced anteriorly nearly the width of one of them; between the eyes the upper portion of the facial costa feebly carinate, the branches of the lower portion widely and roundly scutellate, strongly angulato-carinate; the face is very little convex just below the scutellum, the median carina here being distinct; eyes rather small, hardly prominent. The ver- tex just above the eyes provided on each side with a scarcely visible eminence (the rudiments of anterior carinre of the ver- tex). Palpi flattened. Antenna; about five millimeters long,
HANCOCK 4:^
inserted considerably below and in advance of the eyes about one-third the breadth of one of them, the first joint large, the second round and diminutive, the remaining ten or eleven articles becoming extremely attenuated. Pronotum foliaceous, strongly angulose, the portion above being thinned out and partially translucent when held against the light; the dilated opaque portion of the pronotum below divided by a strongly arcuate line and highest at the middle; sides of the pronotum distinctly veined and punctate. Dorsum in profile elevated into an angle a little behind the middle, in front of the angle sloping forward nearly straight over and beyond the head; the part before the angle a little sinuate, at the antero-produced portion suddenly truncate and bisinuate; the short horizontal inferior margin straight, anteriorly angulate (two millimeters in length), extending beyond the head; behind the angulate dorsal summit a little more precipitously declined, subcon- caved, posteriorly marked by slight sinuations and the apical extension backward, forming the posterior process, provided with a prominent tooth near the apex, which here projects backward a little farther than the inferior marginal apex, and scarcely or about as far as the angulate apex of the posterior femora. Viewed from above the dorsal median margin is sulcate; the humeral angles are obliterated ; the lateral carinae exquisitely modified into veins. Elytra and wings wanting. The posterior angle of the lateral lobes small, subangulato- truncate behind, with a small, deep, subrounded sinus above; the inferior margin of the lobes scarcely at all laterally deflected; toward the apex the inferior lateral margin of the pronotum very little but broadlv convexo-concaved. Anterior femora narrow, above carinate, below lobate at the anterior third, and a very small secondary lobe just following; middle femora slender, both margins very slightly lobate near the extremity; posterior femora slender compressed, superior marginal carina a little beyond the outer half suddenly reduced ; genicular tooth strongly angulate produced, external femoral paginje scabrous, between the superior marginal carina and the next one below three or four enlarged elevated papillate eminences.
44 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
Length of body, i6 mm.; pronotum, ig mm. : hind femora, 9 mm.
Locality, Jamaica.
This interesting species described from a female example received in good state of preservation from Mr. Malcolm Burr, of East Grinstead, England.
CHORIFHYLLUM RHOMBEUM L.
Head granulate. Pronotum densely punctate; dorsum largely foliaceo-dilate, posteriorly scarcely extended as far as the hind femora; viewed in profile very high, gradually sub- expanded backward, posteriorly suddenly sinuato-truncate, here being nearly perpendiculaily truncate, below the midi^le obtuse sublobate; dorsal top margin straight, posteriorly obtuse roughened, scarcely declined toward the front. The anteriorly produced part above the head suddenly subangulate, nearly straight, obtusely sinuate and from here strongly declined, the inferior margin of this produced part obtusely rounded. Anterior femora above foliaceo-carinate, below and behind the middle provided with an obtuse lobe; intermediate femora above carinate, below back of the middle provided with a smaller lobe; posterior femora above dilated, dorsal margin behind the middle suddenly reduced.
Body length, 2, ii mm.
Locality, Jamaica.
Cicada rhombea, Baker, Phil. Trans., Vol. 54, p. 55, pi.
6(1764).
Cicada rhombea, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. XIL, pi. i, p.
704 (1767)-
Membracis rhombea, Eabr., Ent. Syst., IV., 8, 2, Syst.
Rhyng., p. 7.
Acridium (Hymenotes) rhombeum, de Hann, Bijdrag., p. 165, pi. 12, fig. II.
Hymenotes compressus, Stal. Recensio, Orth., L, p. 153
(1873)-
Choriphyllum rhombeum. Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., Brit.
Mus., v., 84s (1871), Jamaica; Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol.
HANCOCK 45
Surv. Terr., V., 245 (1873), Cuba; Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI., 202, 203 (18S7), Jamaica; Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).
PHYLLONOTUS, gen. n.
Allied to Choriphyllnm, but distinguished by having the dorsal margin of pronotum in profile between the antero-pos- terior extremities arcuato-subangulate, anteriorly convexly advanced over and beyond the head, posteriorly reduced and obliquely truncate.
Choriphyllum, Bol.
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
Dorsal margin of pronotum in profile arcuato-subangulate between the antero-posterior extremities.
1. Body large, highest over the head. sagrai, Serv.
2. Highest point of pronotum at the middle, body
small. saiissiirci, Bol.
2. 2. Highest point of pronotum a little behind the
middle. Length of body, ten millimeters.
plagiatuin. Walk.
PHYLLONOTUS SAGR.^I, SERV.
Head granulate. Pronotum densely punctate; dorsum largely foliaceo-dilate, posteriorly the apex passing the femora, in profile in front greatly elevated over the head, from here forward greatly declined, backward distinctly angulate, posteriorly obliquely truncate, behind the middle dorsal margin sinuate. Anterior femora compressed, above foliaceo-carinate, below with a small triangular lobe; middle femora carinate; posterior femora wide at the base, carina very highly compressed, the apical half suddenly reduced and serrulate; tibia annulated with yellow; the third pulvillus of the posterior tarsus below straight and longer than the second.
Bod}' length, ?, 10 mm.; pronot., 19 mm.; post. fem. 7 mm.
Locality, Cuba (Bolivar).
46 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA
Clioriphyllum sagrai, Serv., I., c. p. 755, pi. 8f, 5 (1839).
Acridium (Hymenotes) sagrai de Hann, Bijdrag., p. 165.
Hymenotes sagrai Guerin in La Sagra's Hist, de Cuba. Art. p. 148, pi. 12, fig. 10. Westw. Charles W. III., fig. 67, 4.
Bolivar Essai Tettig. , Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, p. 203
(1887).
Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).
PHYLLONOTUS SAUSSUREI, BOL.
Plate I., Fig. 7.
Head and pronotum granulate, less highly cristate than P. sagrai, posterior process reaching a little beyond the apex of femora, in profile the middle greatly elevated, from here backward more greatly declined than toward the front, pos- teriorly obliquely truncate, the dorsal margin behind in middle undulate. Anterior femora carinate, below lightly lobate; posterior femora wide, the superior carina compressed, the apical half serrulate.
Body length, ?, 7 mm.; pronot., 12 mm.; [)Ost. fem., 5.5 mm.
Choriphyllum saussurei, Bol. Bolivar Essai Tettig., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, Vol. XXXI., 203, pi. i, fig. 5 (1887), Cuba; Mem. Soc. Zool., France, I.,- 146 (1SS8); Id. Orth., Cuba, 31 (1888); Id. Gundl., Ent. cub., II., 347 (1890); Id. Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).
PHYLLONOTUS PLAGL-\TUM, W.ALK.
Female, testaceous or dead leaf color, wingless. Antennae very long and slender. Crest of the pronotum foliaceous, extending much beyond the head and the tip of the abdomen, adorned with various black sjiots of different size and shape, its edge slighty undulating, forming a little behind the middle, a rounded angle. Legs slender; four anterior femora bidentate beneath; hind tibire with very short spines.
Length of body, 10 mm.
Tettigidae of North America
Plate IV
^^^^TTF^
J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.
I.M6ERS PMCTO-SFUVUHE CO
HANCOCK 47
Jamaica (Walker).
Choriphyllum plagiatum, Walker, Cat. Dermap. Salt., V., 845 (1871); Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V., 245 (1873); Scudder, Index N. Ain. Orth., 76 (1901).
GEN. TYLOTETTIX, mor.se.
Related to Diotanis, but having the face retreating, the facial scutellum deeply concave, with high marginal carinse; the vertex strongly convex in front, with a very prominent mid-carina; the anterior margin of the pronotum truncate; the genicular and femoral lobes of the hind femora prominent. Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 6 (1900).
TYLOTETTIX SINUATUS, MORSE.
Plate I., Fig. 4. Face retreating, with prominent carinje; in profile, slightly excavated at the lower edge of the scutellum, deeply (almost rectangularly) so at its upper margin, where the carinas unite to form the very prominent mid-vertical carina, which is con- tinued backward to a point just behind the level of the front margin of the eyes. Seen from above the vertex is twice the width of one of the eyes, the mid-carina projects in front of the eyes nearly the width of xjne of them, and on each side of this the front margin of the vertex is formed by a short trans- verse carina projecting convexly between the mid-carina and the eyes, but reaching neither. Pronotum rather sharply tecti- form, the mid-carina cristate, arched anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly; front margin truncate; hind process abbreviated, not reaching ^the apex of the hind femora, with rounded, sube- marginat tip; lateral carina.- bent inward, elevated and com- pressed behind the humeral angles, sinuate in both dorsal and lateral views; hind process with oblique elevated rugae, three or four on each side, running inward and forward from the humero-apical carina: nearly to the mid-carina; scapular area, wings, and elytra absent. Fore and mid femora stout, two and one half times as long as wide, strongly carinate, lobate beneath with sinuate margins; hind femora stout, genicular and femoral lobes prominent.
48 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
Total length, ?j, 8.7 nmi. ; pronotum, "] ."/ mm.; post, fem., 5.25 mm.; antennas, 2.3 mm.
Habitat, Nicaragua (Shimek, in Coll. Bruner).
One male, from a swampy locality.
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 6, fig. (1900).
Crimisus si). Bruner, 15ull. lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, III., No. 3, 61, fig. I.
Scudder Index N. Am. Orth., 338 (1901).
METRODORIN^.
In general we find the body is little or not at all rugose, of (|uitc large size, the pronotum not strongly prolongate, but rather widely subulate. The head is not crowded into the pronotum so far as the eyes; in general it is more or less com- pressed backward, the vertex being nearly always higher than the disk of the pronotum; the eyes are large and projecting; the antennae are of variable length and filiform, and inserted in front of the anterior inferior border of the eyes; the superior ocelli are placed between the ej'es and nearer their anterior border; it is between them that the frontal costa divides into two diverging branches forward, although separated nearly always by a narrow sulcus. The pronotum is depressed above, always truncated in front and prolonged backward, or in some it may not reach the extremity of the abdomen, in the others well [jrolonged beyond and ending in a sharp [joint. The median carina is scarcely elevated, offering sometimes small cratiform elevations; the humeral angles obtuse; the lateral lobes having their posterior angle directed outward as a lobe, obliquely truncate behind and rather angular. The elytra and the wings have the ordinary form, except in the genus Platy- thorus, in which they are both wanting; in C/iiriqiiia the elytra are minute and elongate, while in Qtuinba the elytra are lanceolate. The legs are generally rather long, the posterior tibiae somewhat spinose, the terminal s])urs unequal, the tarsi narrow at the first segment, which equals the third in length, or nearly so. The valves of the ovipositor are serrulate- acute at the extremity and denticulate along the borders.
HANCOCK 49
GENUS CHIRIOUIA, MORSE.
Related to Ptcrotcttix, especially in the form of the elytra, but differing from that genus in having the posterior ocelli below the level of the eyes and also in the structure of the vertex.
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am., II., 7 (1900).
CHIRIOUIA SERRATA, MORSE.
Plate I., Fig. 6.
Body somewhat depressed. Face moderately retreating; eyes large, globose, very prominent, elevated on the sides of the vertex; antennas inserted below the level of the eyes, equidistant from the eyes and each other; posterior ocelli barely below the level of the eyes. Vertex horizontal, elevated at the sides above the eyes to form transverse carinje, running obliquely downward and inward to the mid-carina; the latter conspicuous from above, but hidden in side view by the promi- nent eyes, dividing opposite their lower part into high, rather widely divergent antrorse rami; from above the vertex is nearly twice the width of one of the eyes, distinctly excavate, with a prominent median tooth (the mid-carina) reaching the level of the front margin of the eyes. Face in profile strongly crenate, the middle arc formed by the prominent rami of the frontal costa, the upper arc by the e^'es terminated by a min- ute portion of the transverse carina of the vertex. Pronotum with truncate anterior margin and cuneate apex, of moderate width at the shoulders, granulate, rather flat above, with the exception of several prominent transverse rugje, which form on the mid-carina a series of low teeth between the shoulders and apex, and in front of the humeral angles a high cristiform eminence convexly arcuate in front, concave behind, its height from the shoulders equal to two-thirds the depth of the lateral lobes; lateral lobes laminate, strongly produced, squarely truncate at the apex. Elytra minute, the exposed portion linear, five times as long as broad; wings fully developed, reaching the apex of the pronotum, which passes the abdomen
50 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA
bv about one millimeter. Anterior and middle femora very slender, the latter five times as long as broad, with irregularly sinuate margins; hind legs missing.
Total length, I, 9.4 mm.; pronotum, 8 mm.
Habitat, Nicaragua, Castillo (Shimek in Coll. Bruner); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,500 to 4,000 feet (Champion).
Two males. Professor Bruner's specimen is immature, and he referred it with some doubt to another genus, as noted above; but so similar is it to the adult male from Chiriqui described that I have no doubt of their specific identity. (Morse.)
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, fig. (1900).
Bruner, Cota saxoca (Bob, part), Bull., lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, HI., No. 3, 61.
Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 73 (1901).
GEN. OTUMBA, MORSE.
Related to Metrodora. Face strongly retreating; eyes verj- large and prominent, elevated; vertex truncate. Pronotum somewhat depressed, flat above; humeral-apical carinse excep- tionally developed and separated from the lateral carinae by a deejj groove; scapular area very large, external angles of lateral lobes rectangular. Femora elongate, slender.
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, 8 (1900).
OTUMBA SCAPULARIS, MORSE.
Plate I., Fig. 5.
Antennse long, reaching the humeral angles, filiform, very slender, joints 9-12 the longest. Face very retreating, convex opposite the insertion of the antennae, which are placed a little below the level of the eyes; eyes very large, globose, and prominent; posterior ocelli exceptionally large, situated between the lower part of the eyes. Vertex truncate, scarcely as wide as one of the eyes, horizontal, terminating anteriorly in oblique transverse carinee; the mid-carina distinct, but very small. Facial costa forking at the middle of the eyes (behind the ocelli) into very narrowly divergent, nearly straight,
HANCOCK 51
moderately elevated antrorse rami, which are rather widely open below. Pronotum somewhat depressed, elongate, truncate in front, subulate behind, flat above, slightly depressed at the shoulders, granulate, coarsely rugose anteriorly, slightly swol- len on each side between the end of the humero-apical carina and principal sulcus; the shoulders narrow, humeral angles very obtuse, sides of the hind process straight; mid-carina scarcely distinct, lateral carinas prominent; humero-apical carina distinct, continued forward in a straight line on the shoulders to meet the lateral carinas one millimeter behind the groove opposite the apex of the elytra. Elytra elongate, four times as long as wide, narrowly lanceolate, subactite at each end, nearly straight above, arcuate below. Anterior and middle femora slender (6 by i, 5 by i) with undulate margins; hind femora long and slender, genicular and femoral lobes small, third joint of posterior tarsi equal to or a little longer than the first.
General color rufous-brown, varied with fuscous, with blotches of pale green on the hind femora and on sides of the })ronotum.
Total length, $, 12.5 mm.; pronotum, 11.4 mm.; post, fem., 6 mm.; antenna;, 4 mm.; width of the shoulders, 2.6 mm.
Habitat, Nicaragua, Greytown (Shimek in Coll. Bruner). (Morse.)
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, 8, fig. (1900).
Amorphophus sp. Bruner, Bull. lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, III., 3, 61, fig. 2.
Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 235 (1901).
PLATYTHORUS, morse.
Related to Amorphopus, but possessing elongate antennae, with very large basal joints inserted on a level with the lower margin of the eyes; the anterior and middle femora little expanded; posterior tarsi with the first joint longer than the third; lateral lobes of the pronotum turned outward, obliquely truncate, obtuse, and rounded. (Morse.)
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 8 (1900).
52 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
PLATYTHORUS CAMURUS, MORSE.
Plate I., Fig. 3.
Body much depressed, granulate; eyes of moderate size. Vertex horizontal, one and one-third times as wide as one of the eyes, squarely truncate, with small but distinct mid-carina, the transverse carinre separated from it by a shallow groove, but continued into low ridge running backward along each side of the mid-carina. Antennze elongate, distinctly passing the shoulders, filiform, joints 7-10 the longest, the basal joint two-thirds the width of one of the eyes in length, inserted in a line with the lower margin of the eyes. Facial costa low above, forking midway between the ocelli and vertex into high, narrowly divergent rami, which form in profile a strong protuberance opposite the points of insertion of the antennae. Pronotum strongly depressed, granulate, flat above, truncate in front, cuneate behind, with pinched almost mucronate apex; mid-carina distinct in front of and behind the shoulders, nearly obsolete elsewhere, in profile undulate; lateral lobes laminately produced, obliquel}' truncate at the ajjex, angles obtuse, rounded. Elytra and wings absent, anterior and middle femora strongly carinate, with sinuato-lobate margins. Hind femora partaking of the general depressed form of the body, but very stout from side to side; femoral lobes small, genicular lobes prominent, acutely pointed.
Total length, j, g.6 mm.; pronotum, 8.5 mm.; post, fem., 6.3 mm.; antennre, 5.5-6 mm. (estimated).
Habitat, Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).
One female. (Morse.)
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., H., 8, fig. (1900).
Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 269 (1901).
TETTIGIN/E.
To this section belong some of the smallest species, includ- ing the common forms of Tcttix of North America as well as those of F;uro])e.
Summing up the general characters; the body is rugose
HANCOCK 53
or granulate, the front of the face is little oblique, and the vertex in most of the species is limited anteriorly by two more or less oblique carinae, which are directed backward along the internal border of the eyes; these carinae sometimes depressed forward and concave, and then the two longitudinal furrows of the vertex are open anteriorly. The frontal facial costa bifurcates above in front, and its two branches are pro- longed forward almost always diverging until they meet the median ocellus; the antennae are composed of twelve to four- teen segments, are usually rather short and inserted a little in front of the anterior inferior border of the eyes; the palpi are entire, cylindrical, or a little flattened at the extremity. The pronotum is truncate in front or is produced in an angle over the head as in Nomotettix; the dorsum is usually flat, although strongly carinate or cristate in some species; the humeral angles obtuse; the lateral lobes directed downward, and the lobe formed by the posterior angle projecting but very rarely, and then rounded and not angulate. The elytra are always in the form of a scale, oblong and punctate, and the wings are well developed in most of the species ; the sternomentum is largely reflexed about the mouth. The legs are variable ; the anterior femora carinate above, and not at all sulcate; some- times the middle femora possess large clypeate dilatations {C/}'pcotctti.v), their carinae often undulate (Paratcttix) or entire, the jjosterior tibial carin.-e appreciably parallel, being but little or not at all widened toward the extremity, their carinas having numerous spines, the terminal spurs rather long and inequal, the posterior tarsi slender and their first seg- ment longer than the third.
GEN. NOMOTETTIX, morse.
Body small, a little compressed, usually brachypterous, granulate rugose. Vertex wider than one of the eyes, middle carinate, in profile angulate produced in front of the eyes; crown usually mammillate posteriorly between the eyes. Fron- tal costa more or less sinuate, viewed in front the rami approxi- mate and parallel; antenna; short, filiform, with thirteen or
54 TETTIGW.E OF NORTH AMERICA
more rarely twelve articles, not reaching the humeral angles, viewed in profile inserted barely in front of the anterior inferior border of the eyes. Dorsum of pronotum more or less com- pressed, between the shoulders rather narrow; median carina strongly cristate and longitudinally more or less arcuate; antcro-dorsal margin of pronotum advanced upon the head, angulate, posteriorly cuneate, most rarely subulate; lateral lobes of pronotum bisinuate posteriorly, the infra humeral lateral sinus shallow, the inferior lateral sinus deep, angulate, the median lobule between the two feebly developed, the pos- terior inferior angle obtuse angulate. Elytra narrow acuminate. Marginal carinje of anterior and middle femora entire; pos- terior femora more or less stout; carina; of posterior tibije multispinose, the first tarsal article longer than the second and third combined.
Tettix, Harris: Batrachidea, Scudder, Nat. Mon. N. Am. Orth., 478 (1862), Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.; Thomas Synop. Acrid. N. Am., 189 (1873); Fernald, Orth. N. Eng., 48 (1888), separate; Tettix, Bolivar, Essai (260), 86 (1887); Nomotettix, Morse, Psyche, Oct., 150(1894); Hancock, Ent. News, June, 135 (1898); Scudder, Guide N. Am. Orth., 189 (1873); Hancock, Psyche, Jan. 6 (1900).
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
1. Vertex shallowly fossulate on either side of the
median carina opposite anterior portion of the eyes; antero-dorsal margin of pronotum, viewed from above, obtuse angulate; body rugose.
2. P"ace strongly retreating; body very small.
parvus, Morse.
3. Vertex, viewed from above, with front border strongly
angulate; body larger. aciiiiiinaius, Hanc.
4. Anterior border of vertex convex; face moderately
retreating, ampliate. s/i/u/ro/is, Hanc.
I. I. Vertex quite deeply longitudinally fossulate on either side of the median carina opposite anterior portion of the eyes, frontal carina laterally compressed.
HANCOCK 55
5. Median carina of pronotum strongly compressed, in
profile strongly arcuate, translucent, punctulate; posterior femora scarcely at all ampliate.
compressus, Morse.
6. Body larger; median carina of pronotum lower; pos-
terior femora distinctly ampliate. cristatus, Morse.
7. Pronotal process posteriorly extended beyond the
knee of hind femora. carinatus, Brun.
8. Body smaller; median carina of vertex in profile
scarcely elevated above the eyes ; elytra not strongly elongate.
9. Pronotum between the shoulders strongly tectiform,
between the carinas transversely subconcave; body rugose, scabrous. f/oridaniis, sp. n.
10. Median carina of pronotum longitudinally arcuate,
between the shoulders transversely compresso- cristate, between the carinae strongly concave; body granulate, rugose. arcnatiis, sp. n.
NOMOTETTIX PARVUS, MORSE.
Plate II., Figs. 4-4a.
Small, vertex projecting in advance of eyes about two- thirds the length of an eye, the anterior margin obtuse angu- late, its sides nearly straight, rounding shortly into sides of crown, the mid-carina showing from above as a very small, slightly projecting tooth; mid-carina low on the crown, dis- appearing opposite the middle of the posterior half of the eyes; profile rounded or round-angulate at top, deeply exca- vate opposite eyes, subprotuberant o[)posite lower border of eyes, the face more retreating than in cristatus; sides of crown subparallel, slightly excavate opposite anterior portion of eyes; mammillse of occiput scarcely distinct. Pronotum sharply tectiform, the mid-carina lower and less arched longi- tudinally than in cristatus ; anterior margin of dorsum project- ing but little over the head, obtuse-angled, the sides straight or very slightly excavate; surface scabrous.
Length of body, /, 6.5-6.8 mm.; pronot., 5.5-6 mm.;
56 TETTIGID.£ OF NORTH AMERICA
post, fern., 4 mm.; antenneu, 2 mm.; 5,8.5 mm.; pronot., 7.6 mm.; antennse, 2 mm.
This species differs from N. cristatus in the smaller size; lower carina, less angulate anterior margin, and more scabrous surface of the pronotum; more advanced vertex, with less distinct carina in top view; more projecting vertex, more retreating face, and flatter crown in side view, with excavation opposite the eyes shallow and rounded instead of sharply excised.
St. Anthony Park, Minnesota, Professor Otto Lugger. (Morse.)
Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. III., p. 14, fig. i, pi. II, Vol IV.
Specimens in my collection from the same locality were presented to me by Professor Lugger, and it seems to be a local species closely allied to N. acuininatus, Hancock. Lugger, Orthop., Minn., 3d Ann. Rep. State Plxp. Station, 106, fig. 62 {1S98); Scudder, Cat. Orth., U. S., 15 (1900); Scudder, Index N. Am Orth., 2og (1901).
NOMOTETTIX ACUMINATUS, HANC.
Plate II., Figs. 2-2a.
Similar to N. parvus, differing as follows: Larger, includ- ing relative proportions of body. Vertex from above more acute angulate, the mammilla; of occiput more distinct; the antero-dorsal margin of pronotum a little more angulate pro- duced over the head; wings posteriorly reach slightly beyond the apical process. From cn's/rrfiis it is distinguished by the more slender form of the body, besides having the median carina of the pronotum less arcuate longitudinally.
Length of body, § 9 mm. ; pronotum, 8 mm. ; hind femora, 5 mm.; antennae, 2.5 mm.
Locality, Lawrence, Kansas. (Hugo Kahl.)
Nomotettix acuminatus, Hancock, Ent. News, X., 8 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 15 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).
HANCOCK
NOMOTETTIX SINUFRONS, HAN'C.
>t
Body a little compressed, rugose, granulate; crown mani- millate posteriorly between the eyes, occiput considerabh- exposed. Vertex fully twice as wide as one of the e3'es, rugose, in profile distinctly higher than the eyes, and strongly pro- duced in front of them; median carina distinct anteriorly, obliterated posteriorly, ]5rojecing a little from the middle of the convex front border; on either side of the median carina of the vertex shallowly fossulate or subdepressed between the anterior half of the eyes; viewed in front the frontal carinae substraight. Frontal costa moderately sulcate, rami parallel, in profile strongly advanced in front of the eyes, a little sinu- ate between them, face a little retreating. Pronotum rugose, granulate, antero-dorsal margin angulate, the sides of the angle subconcave, in profile anteriorly produced scarcely beyond the posterior border of the eyes; dorsum between the shoulders narrow, humeral angles widely obtuse, posteriorly the process cuneate, reaching about as far as the knee of the hind femora; median carina of pronotum distinct, compresso- carinate, longitudinally rather low subarcuate, highest between the shoulders, lateral carinae indistinct. Wings not reaching so far as the apical process; elytra narrow, subacuniinate. Femoral margins entire; posterior femora stout, the first article of the posterior tarsi much longer than the third, serrulate above, pulvilli flat below.
Body, 5 9.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5 mm.; post, fern., 6 mm.
Locality, Minnesota, St. Anthony Park. (Lugger.)
This species is nearly allied to X. cristatus, differing from that species principal!}' in the body being a little more rugose; the vertex a little wider and more flattened, coarsely granu- late, convex at the anterior border, the median carina of vertex less distinct and but little projecting, the occiput more uncov- ered; the facial frontal costa less sinuate; the face more ampliate; the pronotum, while anteriorly angulate, projects but little over the head; the median carina of pronotum less thinly cristate and in profile longitudinally presenting a lower
58 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
arcuation. From parvus it is distinguished by the convex front border of the vertex.
Nomotettix sinufrons, Hanc, Ent. News, X., 278, 279 (1899), Minn.; Scudder, Cat. Orth., U. S., 92 (1900); Scud- der, Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).
NOMOTETTIX COMPRESSUS, MORSE.
Body small, compressed, granulate, poiyornate. Vertex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, a little higher in profile than the eyes, and strongly produced in front of them; front border subrounded; median carina anteriorly distinct, viewed in profile a little convex, from above a little project- ing at the front border; anteriorly on each side of the median carina of the vertex longitudinally rather deeply fossulate, the frontal carina laterally compressed and subangulato-rounded. Frontal costa in profile between the eyes moderately sinuate, the face distinctly retreating, viewed in front the frontal costa sulcate, the rami parallel. Pronotum strongly compressed, antero-dorsal margin angulate produced over the head to about the posterior third or half of the eyes, sides of angle concave; dorsum between the shoulders narrow, transversely strongly concave between the carina:; humeral angles widely obtuse; pronotal process posteriorly acuminate; median carina of pro- notum strongly compresso-cristate, longitudinally arcuate, highest between the shoulders, often presenting numerous translucent punctulations when held against the light; more or less broken linear in arrangement. Wings not reaching so far as the apex of pronotum; elytra narrow, subacuminate. Femoral carina; a little compressed, entire; posterior femora scarcely at all ampliate; pulvilli of ])osterior tarsi flattened below, the second nearly as long as the third.
Length of body, $ 6.3-7 nim.; pronot., 6-6.2 mm.; post. fem., 4-4.3 mm.; antenna;, 2.2 mm; 5, 7.1-8.7 mm.; pronot., 6.5-8 mm.; hind fern., 5 mm.; antenna;, 2.2 mm.
Locality, Clark, Ind. (Wheeler); Vigo County (Blatchley); Dune Park, Ind. (Hancock).
Resembling cristatus, but the body is smaller and more
HANCOCK 59
compressed, the median carina of the pronotum more arcuate, often with distinct translucent punctulations in broken linear arrangement; the posterior femora scarcely at all ampliate.
Variations as evidenced from an examination of forty-seven specimens from Dune Park, Indiana: The punctulations of the median carina sometimes appear like one or several lines of irregular pin holes; the median carina may be without dis- tinct pin-hole punctulations, but more or less translucent, or both conditions may appear in the same individual; on the other hand, an occasional one may appear with the median carina sufficiently opaque as to scarcely admit light through it.
HABITS.
This species of Nomotetti.x lives on dry, sandy soil, lightly covered by fragments of twigs, leaves, and various fine debris accumulated from past seasons. It frequently seeks retreat among prickly pear cactus on mossy covered ground, slightly sheltered b}^ trees, among sand dunes. It is a curious little species, occurring in certain localities in Indiana where there was no evidence of much moisture, and though sometimes quite common locally, it required the exercise of tact on hand and knees to capture the sprightly little insects. In the cool fall morning they did not appear to jump far, but as the sun- light warmed the ground they became more active. Some were in the last pupa stage, but the majority were adult. This species was associated with an occasional individual of Tettix ornatiis. Dune Park, Indiana, October 7, 1901.
On two occasions this species was found frequenting mossy ground skirting a swampy opening. They were on dry, sandy earth at the edge of a wood, the opening being surrounded by sand dunes. Nearly full grown pupa were found August 9- 1897.
Very similar to N. cristatiis, resembling it in size and pro- portions of body, but differing as follows: Median carina of pronotum a little higher, especially opposite the shoulders, more smoothly arched on top, and distinctly compressed into a keel, which is about one millimeter in height at the shoul- ders and so thin in section that punctulations of its surface
6o TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA
appear translucent when held to the light. Dorsal front mar- gin of pronotum much advanced upon the head, projecting over it a distance nearly or quite e(]ual to one-half the dis- tance between the lateral carina;, with the sides strongly con- cave, cristatus projecting but one-fifth to one-third the above distance and with the sides less concave.
Length of body, $, 8.4 mm.; pronotum, 7.8 mm.; hind fem., 5-6 mm.; antennae, 2.5 mm. $, 9-9.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5-8.8 mm.; hind fem., 5-6 mm.; antennae, 2.8 mm."
After describing this species Morse was not confident it was racial or specific.
Nomotettix compressus, Morse ?
Morse, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. III., 15 (1895).
Locality, North Carolina (Atkinson and Morse); Indiana, Maryland, Georgia (Morse).
Scudd., Cat. Orth., U. S., 15 (1900); Scudd, Index N. Am. Orth., 209 (1901).
NOMOTETTIX CRISTATUS, MORSE.
Body small, brachypterous, a little compressed; granulate, subrugose, polyornate, light fuscous variable, frequently pre- senting triangular black spots on the disc of the pronotum, either in pairs or merging together or wanting. Crown mammil- late on each side between the posterior third of the eyes. Vertex about twice the width of one of the eyes, having a dis- tinct scarcely convex median carina, in profile advanced beyond the eyes a little less than one-half the length of one of them; the front border of the vertex viewed from above convex, from in front concave, the median carina projecting as a little tooth. Frontal costa in j^rofile deeply angulato-sinu- ate between the eyes, between the antenn.-E a little protuber- ant, but not so far as the vertex; viewed in front the frontal costa is distinctly and suddenly furcate, the rami moderately separated and parallel. Eyes rather small, subelliptic from above, subconico-globose in jjrofile. Antenna? in profile inserted a little below the antero-inferior border of the eyes, filiform, with twelve to thirteen articles. Pronotum having the antero- dorsal margin angulate produced (usually about one-third the
HANCOCK 6 1
length of one of the eyes over the head), posteriorly the pro- notal process is acute, extending backward nearly to or a little beyond the knee of hind femora, humeral angles obtuse, between the shoulders rather narrow, transversely between the carinas concave. Median carina of pronotum distinctly cris- tate, longitudinally arcuate, more rarely with a number of translucent punctulations visible when held against the light (not so numerous or apparent as in cojjipresstis)\ lateral and antero-lateral carina; moderately developed ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, the superior sinus shallow for the reception of the elytra; the inferior quite deep, forming nearly a right angle; the little lobule between the two feebly developed, being subconvexed; posterior angle of lateral lobe obtuse angulate. Elytra small, elongate, subacuminate; wings rudimentary, not extended backward so far as the apex of pronotal process. Anterior and middle femora entire, the mid- dle femora more compressed, posterior femora stout; tibia; not at all ampliate at the extremity, multispinose; first, second, and third pulvilli of posterior tarsi successively increasing in length, flattened below, the first and second acute.
Morse gives the following measurements:
Total length, ,J, 7.7-9 mm.; pronot., 7.1-8.5 mm.; pro- notum passing hindfem., 1-1.5 mm.; wings passing pronotum, .5-1.3 mm.; length $, 8.6-10.2 mm.; pronot., 8-9.5 tnm.; pronotum passing hind fem., .5-1 mm.; wings passing pro- notum, .7-2 mm.
In Massachusetts it is reported by Professor Morse to be common locally. He has taken it in every month of the year excepting November. Young specimens were taken in October, commonly of small or medium size, and in June about half-grown; in middle of July very small, and one in the last stage was taken in northern Vermont. It would appear from these observations that the breeding period in New England is later than it is in allied species farther south and west, ovipositing probably being in the latter part of June or early July.
Tetrixcristatus, Harris, MSS. Batrachidea cristata, Scudd. Materials, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII., 478 (1862); Thomas,
62 TETTIGID^E OF NORTH AMERICA
Syn. Acrid. N. Am., V., 190 (1873); Fernald, Orth. N. Eng., 48; Batrachidea cristata, Harris, Morse, Psyche, 54, 107(1894); Nomotettix cristatus, Morse, Psyche, VII., 150, 152, pi. 6, figs. I, la-d (1894); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898); Morse, Psyche, VIII., 320 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 15 (1900); Smith, Ins. N. J., 158 (1900); .Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 209 (1901).
Through the generosity of Professor Morse, the author had an opportunity of examining twenty specimens which had been taken 7\pril 22, 1899, in Massachusetts, and four days later the colors were still preserved. On first examining the specimens the colors were quite vivid, but after softening them for mounting the daylight exposure caused a rapid change in coloration. In some specimens four rich black spots upon the dorsum of the pronotum were conspicuous, the posterior pair being the largest. These were bounded laterally sometimes by a light, almost white, line not appreciable in cabinet specimens. The black spots are sometimes obscure, being replaced by a plain gray, or there occurs an evident attempt at fusion of the spots into imperfect longitudinal bands. A light yellowish white inclosure may appear (as a spot) between the dark spots on the pronotal disc.
In writing of Nomotettix cristatus in Massachusetts, Pro- fessor Morse says:
"This species lives on light sandy soils, but especially in dry pastures and other wild land sparsely covered with a scanty growth of curling tufts of Danthonia grass, scraps of Cladonia lichens, and the leathery leaves of Antennaria. It is perhaps more plentiful in damper portions of such localities, but differs much from the other species of the subfamily in this particular, the others |jreferring soils perpetually moist or even the shores of lakes or streams."
Locality, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New lingland .States.
HANCOCK 6
o
NOMOTETTIX CARINATUS, BRUN.
Plate II., Fig. 5.
Head, legs, and lateral lobes of pronotum resembling cris- tatus. Pronotum anteriorly angulate produced, posteriorly subulate, rugose, between the shoulders transversely strongly tectiform; pronotal process extended backward beyond the knee of posterior femora; median carina of pronotum a little compressed, longitudinally slightly convex, a little higher over the shoulders, posteriorly gently concave. Wings explicate, extended a little beyond the process.
Length of body, $, g.2 mm.; pronot., 11.8 mm.; post, fem., 5.3 mm.
Morse gives the following measurements: $, 11-11.5 mm.; pronot., g. 5-10.7 mm.; j, 11-12.5 mm.; pronot., 9.8-11.5 mm.; posterior femora breadth contained 2.5 times in the length; pronotum extending beyond the posterior femora; $, 2-3 mm.; $, 1-2.8 mm.; wing extension beyond pronotum, $, .4-. 8 mm.; $, .3-1 mm.
Locality, Massachusetts (Morse), New Jersey (Smith), Nebraska (Bruner).
Batrachidea carinata, Scudd., Mat. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 497 (1862); Thorn., Syn. Acrid. N. Am., 190 (1873); Fernald, Orth. N. Eng. (Separate), 49 (1888); Batrachidea carinata, Scudd.; B. cristata, Harr., Morse, Psyche, 54 (1894); Morse, Psyche, 107 (1894); Nomotettix cristatus carinatus, Morse, Psyche, 150, 151 (1894); Nomotettix carinatus, Brun., Ann. Rept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 138 (1897); Smith, Ins. N. J., 158 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 209 (1901).
Morse maintains that carinatus is a reversion to the earlier long-winged type of female cristatus, consequently a variety of that species.
The proportion of the former to the latter individuals, as determined locall)', is one or two to the hundred in Massa- chusetts, where observations were made. It is found associ- ated with cristatus.
64 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
NOMOTETTIX FLOKIDANUS, SP. N.
Body small, a little compressed, rugose scabrous, some- times light reticulate with fuscous, with two obscure black- spots on the pronotum. Vertex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, median carina distinct, in profile low, scarcely ele- vated above the eyes, anteriorly rounded angulate, viewed from above distinctly projecting at the middle of the front border; on either side of the median carina of vertex anteriorly distinctly fossulate between the eyes; front border convexo- subtruncate; frontal carina: compressed laterally, rounding into sides, lateral margins of crown subparallel. Frontal costa in profile produced in front of the eyes about one-fourth to one-third their length, deeply angulato-sinuate between the eyes; face rather strongly retreating. Pronotum rugose, sca- brous; antero-dorsal margin strongly angulate; sides of angle scarcely concave, in profile acute, advanced over the head a little more than one-half the length of the eyes; dorsum between the shoulders narrow, transversely strongly tectiform, between the carina; subconcave; posteriorly apical process obtuse, not reaching so far as the apex of posterior femora; median carina of pronotum subarcuate, highest between the shoulders; median lobule of lateral lobes almost obliterated; scapular area above the elytra distinct, nearly as high as the exposed portion of the elytra. Wings very little develojjed; elytra very small, their length a little more than twice their breadth. Femoral margins entire, compressed; posterior femora ampliate. rugose; first article of posterior tarsi as long as the second and third combined.
Length of body, ^;, 8 mm.; pronot., 6.9 mm.; post, fem., 4.7 mm.
Locality, Port Orange, Florida; Enterprise, Florida (Bolter).
Described from two females. One of the specimens in the author's collection received from the late A. Bolter, Chi- cago; the other in the collection of the University of Illinois. This species is allied in cotitprcssns, but is distinguished by the vertex, it being as viewed from above more convexo-subtrun-
Tettigidae of North America
J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.
i fHIT*-6fi1VU!te CO
HANCOCK 65
cate; the pronotum not so strongly compressed, in profile longitudinally less arcuate; the body rugose, scabrous; the elytra smaller, less elongate; the median lobule of the lateral lobes of pronotum almost obliterated, the posterior femora ampliate. From the other species it can be readily distin- guished by referring to the key.
NOMOTETTIX ARCUATUS, SP. N.
Body small, strongly compressed, granulate, rugose, dark fuscous. Vertex about twice as wide as one of the eyes, front border convex, median carina distinct, in profile very little convex, scarcely elevated as high as the eyes, viewed from above, distinctly projecting from the middle of the front border; anteriorly on either side of the median carina of the vertex fossulate between the eyes; frontal carinae laterally a little compresso-rounded into the sides at the anterior portion of the eyes. Frontal costa angulato-sinuate between the eyes; face strongly retreating. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum obtuse angulate, in profile advanced over the head nearly to the middle of the eyes; posterior pronotal process acuminate, not extended quite so far as the apex of posterior femora, between the shoulders narrow; humeral angles widely obtuse; median carina of pronotum strongly compresso-arcuate, high- est at the shoulders, between the carinje transversely strongly concave; median lobule of posterior margin of lateral lobes nearly obliterated. Wings undeveloped; elytra small, the width contained two and one-half times in the length (while in N. cristatiis the width is contained about three times in the length). Femoral carinae compressed, entire; posterior femora distinctly amjjliate, at the outer third of the superior marginal carina provided with a very small acute tooth.
Length body, 2. 8 mm.; pronot., 7.5 mm.; post, fern., 5 mm.
Locality, Tifton, Georgia (Pilate).
The species described by Bolivar as Tcttix cristatus, Scudd., agrees with this species, and the fact that he gives the locality as Georgia is further evidence that this was the species
66 TETTJG/D.£ OF NORTH AMERICA
meant in his description. The measurement of male and female he gives as follows:
Length of body, ,j 5, 7-9 mm.; jjronot., 7.5-9 mm.; post, fem., 4.5-6 mm.
Tettix cristatus, Bol., Essai, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXI'., 257, 260 (1887).
In the following group are some which present the most suggestive problems of variation; there is evidence of the recent origin of many changes in structure. The tendency to vary is inherent in all the forms, the line of demarkation not easily drawn between species, but it is clearly apparent from an examination of a considerable series from distant and inter- mediate localities that appreciable changes in structure are taking place through the reaction of the organisms on their environment; varieties and species are being formed moder- ately rapidly, and some of the forms have not yet attained the degree of specialization to which they are trending. The descriptions of the species give a composite conception to the mind, the variations being of such wide range as to baffle separate description of each individual phase. The differ- ence between the extremes of the gramilatus and the arenosus groups is very wide, approaching separate generic rank.
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
GRAN'ULATUS GROUP.
1. Median carina of pronotum more or less distinctly
elevated, percurrent; dorsum transversely tectiform.
2. Body slender, pronotal process posteriorly extenuate;
vertex viewed from above obtuse angulate.
granu/ntus, Scudd. 2A. Pronotal process and wings more or less abbrevi- ated, g. variegatus, var. n. 2. 2. Dorsum between the shoulders wider; apical process and wings shorter ; scapular area higher over the outer fourth of elytra; face broader, ampliate.
iitcurvatiis, Hanc.
HANCOCK 67
3. Vertex in dorsal view with anterior border convex ;
frontal costa viewed in profile not at all sinuate.
subspec. liiggeri, Hanc.
4. Pronotum distinctly incrassate ; superior lateral sinus
of lateral lobes shallow; frontal costa in profile moderately sinuate; face retreating. brmicri, Bol.
ORNATUS GROUP.
5. Vertex in dorsal view obtuse angulate; median carina
distinctly projecting as a tooth at the middle of the front border; frontal costa protuberant opposite lower part of eyes. acadicus, Scudd.
6. Body rather slender; median carina of pronotum dis-
tinct, percurrent, in profile a little elevated anteri- orly; front margin of vertex convex; superior lateral sinus of pronotum quite deep. oniatiis, Harr,
6A. Pronotum and wings more or less abbreviated.
var. (). triangularis, Scudd.
7. Pronotum anteriorly between and before the shoulders
with the median carina arcuate, compresso-elevated; middle femora enlarged, in the male nearly or quite one-half as broad as long; body more robust.
hancocki, Morse. 7A. Pronotum and wings abbreviated.
Ii. ahhrcviatus, Morse. 7. 7. Middle femora of moderate proportions; body
robust. crassiis, Morse.
7. 7A. Pronotum and wings abbreviated. c. affiiiis, var. n.
ARENOSUS GROUP.
I. I. Median carina of pronotum not at all or very little elevated, in profile barely undulate or anteriorly gibbose; dorsum transversely flattened or subcon- vex. 8. Frontal costa narrowly sulcate, rami closely approx- imate; vertex distinctly depressed anteriorly; eyes
68 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
in dorsal view |jrominent, moderately large; body rather slender, pronotal process posteriorly ex- tenuate acute. arenosiis, Burm.
8 A. I'ronotum and wings abbreviated; dorsum between the shoulders broader depressed; frontal costa more abruptly furcate, the rami more appreciably sepa- rated, a. cost at us, var. n.
g. Vertex slightly depressed anteriorly, in profile ad- vanced beyond the eyes, equal to about one-fourth the diameter of one of them; frontal costa in profile distinctly sinuate; eyes of medium size; body moder- ately robust. obsairus, Hanc.
gA. Pronotum anteriorly before the shoulders more or less strongly constricted, gibbose; median carina low, frequently indistinctly undulate, posteriorly subhorizontal. gibbosiis, Hanc.
gB. Median carina of pronotum posteriorly with small
undulations. var. fluctiiosus, Hanc.
gC. Body very small; dorsum anteriorly gibbose,' posteri- orly strongly flattened. var. decoratus, Hanc.
10. Lateral carina; of pronotum decidedly compressed; dorsum behind the shoulders compresso-narrowed.
blatclilcyi, sp. n.
GEN. TETTIX, CHARP.
Body lightly rugose, granulate. Vertex viewed from above wider than one of the eyes, laterally more or less sinuate; middle carinate, anterior border angulate, or convex or sub- truncate, viewed in profile more or less distinctl}' produced in advance of the eyes. Frontal costa more or less or not at all sinuate. Antennae short, not reaching to the shoulders, stout or slender, consisting of twelve to fourteen articles, inserted hardly in advance of the eyes. Dorsum of pronotum transversely between the shoulders may be subcompressed, tectiform, flattened, subconvex, or lightly depressed; pro- notum truncate anteriorly or antero-dorsal margin scarcely angulate, posteriorly extenuate acute or the apical process
HANCOCK 69
abbreviated; humeral angles strongly obtuse, lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate; posterior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse; inferior margin oblique, more or less lightly reflected later- ally. Femora entire or margins undulate, posterior tibiae near the apex a little enlarged, carinas serrulate, short spinose; first article of posterior tarsi elongate, distinctly longer than the third, the pulvilli may be flat below or subspiculate.
Tettix, Charpentier, Germar, Zeitsch III., 315 (1841).
Tetrix, Latreille, Hist. Nat. d. Crust, et. Ins., XII., 161 (1804).
Tettix, Fischer (1853). ^
Bolivar, Essai, 257 (1887).
Morse, Psyche, 149 (1894).
Scudder, Cat. N. Amer. Orth., 24 (1897).
Hancock, Ent. News, 138 (1898).
Hancock, Psyche, 6, 7 (1890).
GRANULATUS GROUP.
TETTIX GRANULATUS, SCUDD.
Plate IV., Figs. 2, 2a. Plate III., Fig I.
Body slender, granulate, or little rugose. Crown of head united with the frontal costa, forming a subconoid profile. Vertex viewed from above nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, front margin obtuse angulate, advanced farther than the eyes, perceptibly widened posteriorly, lateral margins a little sinuate, occiput naked; median carina of the vertex distinct, not projecting beyond the frontal apex, on either side of the median carina longitudinally a little fossulate, viewed in profile low, scarcely raised above the eyes; the small frontal carinas of the vertex forming the front margin, nearly horizontal, viewed from above laterally angularly curved at the antero- inner margin of the eyes, scarcely compressed, and here the vertex a little wider. Frontal costa viewed in profile strongly advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes hardly sinuate, between the antennae scarcely convex; viewed in front the frontal costa narrowly sulcate, rami parallel, very little more
70 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
divergent at the median ocellus; face distinctly retreating. Eyes small, viewed from above elyptic. Antennte short, stout. Pronotum anteriorly truncate ijosteriorly long extenuate; the apex acute, passing the posterior femora, not extended quite so far as the wings; antero-dorsal margin sometimes indis- tinctly obtuse angulate; dorsum narrow, transversely between the shoulders tectiform; humeral angles widely obtuse angu- late; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated, percur- rcnt, in profile nearly straight, sometimes scarcely undulating, a little more elevated anteriorly between the shoulders; lateral lob^ posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the elytral sinus nearly as deep as the inferior sinus, the median lobule between the two angulate; posterior inferior angle obtuse, scarcely rounded below. Elytra subampliate, elongate, rounded apically; wings fully developed. Femora slender, margins entire; posterior femora much reduced near the apex; first article of posterior tarsi a little longer than the other two together, the pulvilli flat below, the first small, acute, the second about twice as long as the first, the third nearly as long as the first and second together.
Length body, f,, 8-9 mm.; pronot., 10. 5-1 1 mm.; post, fem., 4.9-5.5 mm.; J, body, lo-ii mm.; pronot., 12.5-13.7 mm.; post, fem., 6-6.3 mm.
Acrydium granulatum (Kirby), Faun. Bor. Am. Ins., 251
(1837)-
Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII., 474 (1862).
Tettix granulatus (Scudd.), Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Fernald., Orth. New Eng.
Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Bolivar, Essai (1887).
Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Morse, Psyche.
Tettix morsei, Hancock, Ent. News.
See further on for complete bibliography.
Locality, temperate and boreal regions of North America.
Agassiz, B. C. (Walker); De Grassi Pt. L. Simcoe, Ont. (Walker); Toronto, Can. (D. G. Cox, Baker); Colorado (Baker); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Wellesley,
HANCOCK 71
Mass. (Morse); Evanston, Kenilworth, Chicago, Glen Ellyn, Richmond, Riverside, Winnetka, in Illinois (Hancock); N. Illinois (C. T. Brues); Evanston, 111. (J. G. Needham); Mon- tello, Nee-pee-nauk, Wilson's Island, L. Puckavvay, in Wis- consin (Hancock); Dune Park, Ind. (Hancock); Kewanna, Ind. (Blatchley); Michigan Agric. Coll. (Baker); Sparta, Wis. (Hancock); also recorded from Minn., Mass., Me., N. H., Hudson Bay, Arc. Am., L. Huron, Conn., Can., Iowa, Nebr., Dak., Mont., Van Couver, Kan., New York, Montreal, Col., Ont., Staten Is., Vic, N. J., Manitoba.
A female specimen from northern Illinois in the collection of the late A. Bolter, of Chicago, measured sixteen millimeters in total length, this being the maximum size of any examples examined. A series of specimens from St. Anthony Park, Minn., furnished by the late Professor Otto Lugger presented some departures from the usual form. There was variation in the angularity of the vertex, the frontal margin of some examples being inordinately obtuse, resembling Tcttix liig- geri ; the median carina of the pronotum instead of the usual straight profile was undulating in its backwards course; the dorsum more decidedly rugose, while the posterior tarsal characters were but little changed.
The color is extremely variable in this species, and poly- ornate, light or dark, fuscous, sometimes presenting yellowish white lateral stripes, one on each side of the pronotal disc, which may be continued forward on each side of the vertex. Again, a light median longitudinal band may extend the entire length of the pronotum, of uneven width, and rich black pigmentation may be present on each side contrasting strongly with the light band. Occasionally a light spot appears on the pronotal disc.
The light band on the dorsum of pronotum is remarkably protective while these little locusts are in their natural habitat, simulating the dried grass-blades perfectly.
Variety 2. Pronotal process and wings more or less abbre- viated; superior lateral sinus of lateral lobes less deep. In this variety the posterior process extends scarcely beyond the apex of the posterior femora and hardly passing the wings, or
72 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
the process may be intermediate in length between this variety and the typical form with fully developed wings and pronotum, but the wings do not extend cjuite to the apex. The elytra are slightly shorter.
Length body, 5, 10.1-10.2 mm.; [ironot., 9.5-1 1.4 mm.; post, fem., 6.1-6.2 mm.; body $, 7 mm.; pronot., 8 mm.; post, fem., 5 mm.
Very rare. Specimens from Michigan and Wisconsin.
Variety 3. Body diminutive, otherwise the same. From Colorado (Baker) on Grizzly Creek. S. W. of North Park; also Larimer County, about 7,500 feet elevation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TETTIX GRANULATUS.
Scudder, Can. Nat., vii, 288 (1862); Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, 474 (1S62); Smith, Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., I., i;i (1S68); Packard, Guide Ins., 572 (1869); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus.. v., 812 (1871); Can. Ent., IV., 31 (1872); Smith, Rept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 382 (1872); Thom., Rep.U. S. Geol. Surv., V., 182 (1873) ; Scudd., Hitchc, Rept. Geol, N. H., I., 378 (1874): Riley, Rept. Ins. Mo., viii, 150, fig. 47 (1876); Prov,, Ent. Can., viii, 137 (1876); Taune, Ent. Can., ii. 46 (1877); Bess., Bienn. Rept. Iowa Agric. Coll., vii, 210 (1877); Brun., Can. Ent., ix, 145 (1877); Riley, Locust Flag. 230, fig. 42 (1877); Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., I., 256, fig, II (187S); Thom., Bull.U. S. Geo). S., iv, 484 (1878); Scudd., Rept. U. S. Ent, Comm, ii. App. 28 (1881); Brun,, U. S, Ent. Comm., iii, 61 (18S3); Riley, Stand. Nat. Hist., ii. 192, fig. 268 (1884); Brun., Bull. Wash. Coll., i, 139 (1885): Lintn., Rept. Ins. N. Y., ii, 197, fig. 59(1885); Caulf.,Can. Ent., xviii, 212 (1886)1 Can, Orth.. 14 (1887); BoL, Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XXXI., 265-266 (1887), separate, 91-92 (1SS7); Caulf., Rept. Ent. Soc, Ont., xviii, 71 (1S88); Fern., Ann, Rept, Mass. Agric. Coll.. XXV., fig. 18 (18S8); Fern., Orth. n. Eng., 46, fig. 18 (1888); Dav., Ent. Amer., V., 81 (1889); Fletch., Rept. Exp. Farms, Can., 1888, 63 (1889); Smith, Cat, Ins. N. J., 415 (1890); Town, Proc, Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, 44 (1891)-, McNeill, Psyche, vi, 77 (1891); Osh.. Proc. Iowa. Acad. Sc, I„ 117 (1S92); Brun., Publ. Neb. Acad. Sc, iii, 28 (1893); Cock., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX., 337 (1894): Morse. Psyche, vii. 54, 106, 154, 163, pi. 6. figs. 3,3a (1894); Blatchley, Can. Ent., X.XVI., 220-221 (1S94); Bent.. Bull. Am. M. Nat. Hist., vi, 309 (1894); Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXIIl.. 237, pl. 6, figs, 3. 3a, pi. 9, fig. 28 (1896): Blatchley, Orth. Ind., 22 (1897); Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. IV.. 238 (1897); Brun.. Ann. Kept. Neb. Bd. Agric, 1896. 138 (1897); Scudd., Appal., viii, 304 (1898); Scudd.. Alp. Orth. N. A., 6 (iSgS); Blatchley, Can. Ent., .XXX., 64 (1X98); Lugg., Orth. Minn., 107, 108, fig. 63 (1898); Walk., Can. Ent., xxx, 123 (1898); Tayl., Ott. Nat., xii. 59 (1S98); Hanc, Ent, News.. X., 279-280 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16, 92 (1900); Fogg, Proc. Manch. Inst. Art. Sc, I.. 45 (1900); Scudd.. Psyche, LX.. loo-ioi (1900); Smith, Ins. N. J., 159 (1900); Needham, Occ. Mem. Chic. Ent. Soc, I.. 24 (1900); Scudd., Index. N. Am. Orth., 318-319 (1901).
HABITS.
The author found Tettigids in the woods on the ground about prostrate tree-trunks, which were molding in decay and covered with greenish lichens and moss. The yellowish and brownish fallen leaves were everywhere scattered over the bed of the forest. Occasion- ally, when the wind was not blowing, the author was able to mark the presence of Tettigids by the sound made as they jumped upon the dried leaves, Tettix granulatus znA Tetti- g-iiisa p,in'!/>ennis pennalii v/ereespeciMy common here. The young of Chimaroccfliala viridifascmta (both varieties), about hall an inch long, also jumped about, sometimes being for the moment mistaken for Tettigids. Wilson's Island is surrounded by marshy land.— Wilson's Island, Lake Puckaway, Wis., Oct. i. 1901.
HANCOCK 73
At tlie edi^e of a pond overgrown with swamp grass the author found Tettix granitla- tus, Tcttix onintus and T. o. triangularis. In another locality at the muddy border of a small lake Teltix giblfosics ?ind Tetiix granulatus vjitre observed in considerable numbers along with half-grown pupa. In the woods where a little temporary rivulet had drained the rich soil, leaving the margins muddy, were Tettigidca p . pcnnata, Tcttix graiiulatus and Tettix gibbosus. The Tettigids seemed rather scattered in their distribution locally, and the discovery of these insects at this time in the spring is evidence of their hibernation through the winter. Only two other species of locusts were met with belonging to larger orthoptera. These were in the pupa 'stage, living amon^ the dried leaves in the woods. — Glen Ellyn, 111., .April 23, 1899.
Blatchley mentions that he has met with this species only in winter from beneath logs in Vigo County. Indiana. The same observer found it very common in the depths of a tamarack swamp in company with Tettigidea polymorpha. In writing of the habits of this species, Morse says it prefers sedi;y meadow-lands and swales on sandy soil, occasionally flooded by rains or freshets, and perpetually moist. Most of his specimens were taken on a boggy swamp which had been filled in with sand and on which water stood most of the time. Baker found the species hibernating under stones at Ft. Collins, Col., in March.
TETTIX LUGGER 1, H.ANC.
Plate IV., Figs. 6-6a.
Vertex viewed from above slightly advanced beyond the anterior border of the eyes; anterior border convex; median carina distinct, viewed in profile low nearly horizontal, ele- vated but little above the eyes; lateral margins of vertex very little sinuate. Frontal costa viewed in profile distinctlyadvanced beyond the eyes, not at all sinuate, scarcely convex between the antenns; frontal costa with the vertex together forming an obtuse conoid profile, apex not prominent. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly extenuate, passing beyond the apex of posterior femora; dorsum between the shoulders tecti- form; median carina of pronotum percurrent and distinct. Wings extended beyond the apex of pronotal process.
Length body 5, 15 mm.; pronot., 14.5 mm.; post, fern., 6 mm.
Locality, Minnesota (Lugger); Illinois (Bolter).
A slender form allied to T. granulatus, but differing prin- cipally in the character of the vertex and frontal costa. The head in this species is not unlike that of Tettix turki of Europe.
In a considerable series of specimens of Tcttix graitii/atiis from Minnesota, the vertex presents variable forms interme- diate between granulatus and liiggcri. The evolution of the angulate vertex was excellently shown to have arisen from a
74 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
less pronounced type. Tcttix liiggcri appears to have a com- paratively recent origin.
Tettix luggeri, Hancock, Lugg. Orth., Minn., lOg (1898); Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901).
TETTIX INXURVATUS, HAXC.
Plate III., Fig. 2.
Somewhat resembling graniilatus, but differing as follows: Average length of body shorter, more robust; head not quite so produced; vertex at the occijjut more covered; dorsum of pronotum between the shoulders wider, more distinctl}* tecti- form; dorsal front and lateral front margins of pronotum encroaching on the head; median carina of pronotum a little more elevated, compressed anteriorly, lateral and fronto- lateral carinae of pronotum little more compressed; scapular area higher, especially over the outer fourth of the elytra; face broader, ampliate; femora scarcely stouter.
Length body 5, 14-15 mm.; pronot., 13-13. 5 mm.; post, fern., 6.5-7 mm.; $, body 11-12 mm.; pronot., 10-10.5 mm.; post, fern., 5.3-6 mm.
In the male the wings extend slightly farther than the pronotal process from .5 to i mm.; in the female this condition varies, the wings extending slightly farther than the apex of pronotum or sometimes not so far.
Locality, Palouse, Washington (J. C. Warren), author's collection; New Mexico (Cockerell); Colorado (Caudell).
Found in openings among pines near the Palouse River, Washington, sometimes on moss or white clover (Warren).
Tettix incurvatus, Hancock, Am. Nat., xxix, 761, 762, fig. I (1895); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901).
TETTIX BRUNNERI, BOL.
Body broad, granulate, fusco-testaceus, above frequently with two black spots on the pronotum. Vertex about twice or a little more than twice the width of one of the eyes; median
HANCOCK 75
carina distinct, viewed in profile moderately elevated above the eyes and a little convex; the median carina not projecting; front border obtuse angulate, strongly advanced beyond the front margin of the eyes; between the eyes on either side of the median carina of vertex anteriorly a little longitudinally fossulate, rather flat posteriorly, lateral margins sinuate; the frontal carinae of vertex horizontal, viewed from above later- ally angularly curved and compressed at the antero-inner border of the eyes, here in front between the little lateral carinae the vertex broadened; crown of head at occiput cov- ered nearly to the eyes. Frontal costa viewed in profile moder- ately sinuate between the eyes, viewed in front sulcate, the rami subparallel, scarcely more divergent at the median ocellus. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly acute, sides nearly straight; apical process abbreviated, extended barely as far or considerably passing the posterior femora; dorsum between the shoulders broad, transversely sharply tectiform; humeral angles carinate, obtuse angulate; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated, percurrent viewed in profile near the antero-dorsal margin a little more compressed horizontal or a little concave posteriorly; lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate, the superior lateral sinus moderately shallow; the inferior sinus rather widely angulate, the median lobule between the two with obtuse angulate margin. Elytra elongate, apex rounded; wings equaling or slightly passing the pronotal process. Femoral margins entire; middle femora scarcely com- pressed; posterior femora moderately narrowed posteriorly towards the apex, the first article of the posterior tarsi strongly longer than the last two together, the pulvilli straight below, the first pulvilli quite small, the second about twice as long as the first, the third as long as the first two together.
Body, $, 5, 9-12 mm.; pronot, 10-12 mm.; post, fem., 5.5-6 mm. (Bolivar).
The female specimen in the author's collection, presented by Professor Ignacio Bolivar, has the following dimensions:
Body, 5, II mm.; pronot., 10. 5 mm.; post, fem., 6 mm.
Professor Morse gives the measurement of this species as follows:
•je TETTIGID.ii OF NORTH AMERICA
Total, /, 10.3 mm.; j. 11. 4-14. 5 mm.; pronot., f, 9.3 mm.; 5, 10. 5-12 mm.; post, fem., X, 5-6 mm.; $, 6-6.6 mm.; width of shoulders, t, 3 mm.; 5, 3.5 mm.; antennae, $, 3 mm.; 5, 2.5-3 mm.; pronot., passes posterior femora, .3-2.5 mm.
Locality, Hudson Bay (Bolivar); Oregon TScudd.), Morse; Laggan (Morse); Green River Wyo. (Morsej; Tennessee Pass, Colo. (Bruner), Morse.
Tettix brunneri, Bolivar, Essai XXXI., 92 (1887).
Tettix tentatus, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII., 200
(1899)-
Tettix granulatus, Hanc, Ent. News, 279 (Dec. 1899);
Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16, 92 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901 ).
This species comes near Tettix bipuiictalus of Europe, but the latter is much smaller, the median carina proportionately more cristate, approaching Nomotettix and the frontal costa of the face in bipiDictatns, viewed in profile, is not sinuate.
ORNATUS GROUP.
TETTIX ACADICUS, SCUDD.
Plate IV., Figs. 3-3a.
Body robust, light clay colored or fulvous, variously ornate, sometimes with a light spot on the disc or more often with two black spots on the pronotum. Vertex viewed from above more than twice the width of one of the eyes, strongly advanced beyond the anterior margin of the eyes, the front margin obtuse angulate, lateral margins sinuate, between the lateral margins and median carina longitudinally fossulate, deeper between the middle of the eyes, occiput covered nearly to the eyes; median carina of vertex distinct anteriorly, pro- jecting from the middle of the front margin, on either side slightly sulcate, mammiform eminence on each side posteri- orly; frontal carina of vertex laterally compresso-rounded into the sides; viewed in profile crown of head scarcely elevated above the eyes. Frontal costa viewed in profile strongly advanced beyond the eyes, distinctly sinuate between the
HANCOCK 77
eyes, viewed in front the rami moderately divergent, a little more separated at the median ocellus. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, the antero-dorsal margin scarcely angulate, posteri- orly acute, apical process abbreviated; dorsum between the shoulders broad, transversely sharply- tectiform, humeral angles strongly obtuse, carinate; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated, compressed between the shoulders, towards the front convex, posteriorly nearly straight or scarcely sub- sinuate concave; dorsum transversely between the carinae concave; lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate; the superior sinus shallow, the inferior sinus widely angulate, the median lobule between the two feebly developed; posterior inferior angle of lateral lobes obtuse, widely rounded below and somewhat laterally distended. El3tra elongate, towards the apex sub- acuminate; wings abbreviated, extended nearly to the apex of pronotum, but not so far as the end of ovipositor. Femoral margins entire or barely subsinuate at lower margins of first and second femora; posterior femora rather slender.
Body, J", 10 mm.; pronot., g mm.; post, fem., 5.5 mm.
Locality, near Lake of the Woods (Scudder), type speci- men; St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Nebraska (Bruner); Colorado (Cockerell); Canada (Scudder); New Mexico (Scudder).
Tettix acadicus, Scudd., Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 515 (1876); Bruner, Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc, IIL, 29 (1893); Cockerell, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XX., 337 (1894); Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXVIL, 209, 217(1896); Bruner, Ann. Rept. Nebr. b. ag., 1896, 138 (1897); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index. N. Am. Orth., 316
(1901).
The figure of Tettix ornatus, given by Lugger m his Orthoptera of Minnesota, page 109, appears to have been drawn from a specimen of Tettix acadicus. The writer infers this from the hair line, the robust character of the figure, and the abbreviated pronotum and wings. The figure here given is drawn from Mr. Scudder's type specimen.
78 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
TETTIX ORNATUS, HARRIS.
Plate III., Fig. 4.
Eggs Plate XL, Figs. 3-33.
Bod\- of moderate size, rather slender, granulate. Vertex viewed from above about equal in width to one of the eyes, a little advanced beyond their anterior margin; the front mar- gin of vertex convex, lateral margins a little sinuate, widened posteriorly, on either side of the median carina longitudinally a little fossulate, deeper between the middle of the eyes; median carina of vertex distinct anteriorly projecting as a small tooth at the middle of the front margin, either side very little sulcate, occiput naked behind the eyes; crown of head viewed in profile not at all elevated above the eyes. Frontal costa in profile moderately advanced beyond the eyes, be- tween the eyes lightly sinuate, between the antennae a little protuberant, at the junction with the median carina of the vertex angulate, the apex rounded, viewed in front the rami very little diverging, being a little wider at the median ocellus. Eyes rather small. Antennae moderately stout. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate, extended beyond the posterior femora, but not so far as the wings; dorsum between the shoulders tectiform, rather narrow, humeral angles widely obtuse angulate; median carina of pronotum distinct, percurrent nearly horizontal, in [jrofile behind the anterior margin scarcely compresso-elevated, between the shoulders very little elevated, posteriorly scarcely concave; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate; the superior lateral sinus quite deep, nearly as deep as the inferior sinus; the median lateral lobule obtuse angulate, the posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse at the apex, very little rounded below and scarcely distended laterally; scapular area narrow, widened a little posteriorly over the apical portion of the elytra. Elytra rather elongate, subacuminate towards the apex; wings' fully developed, extended a little beyond the pronotal process. Femoral margins entire or indistinctly sinu- ate at the lower margins of the first and second femora; mid-
HANCOCK
79
die femora moderately expanded, in the male about one-third as broad as long; the posterior femora rather slender, the first article of the posterior tarsi longer than the second and third together, the first pulvilli small, the second about twice as long as the first, the third as long as the first and second together, flat below.
Length body, 5, 12-12.5 mrn.; pronot., 10. 3-10. 8 mm.; post, fern., 5.5-6 mm.; body ,^, 10. 2-10. 5 mm.; jjronot., 9 mm. ; post, fern., 4.3-4.4 mm.
Distribution, temperate and boreal regions.
Locality, Chicago, Keniiworth, Bloomington, Riverside, Grossdale, VVinnetka, in Illinois (Hancock); northern Illinois (Brues); Atherton, Mo. (Adams); What Cheer, la. (Han- cock); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Ames, la. (Ball); Garden City, Kan. (Kahl); Lawrence, Kan. (Kahl); Kansas (Westcott); Colorado (Baker); Wellesley, Mass. (Morse); Brattleboro, Vt. (Morse); Montello, Wis., L. Puckaway (Hancock).
From the preceding localities 33 j's and 21 $'1, repre- sented in the author's collection. Also recorded from N. Y., Me., N. H., Vt., Conn., Mo., Ind., Nova Scotia, S. C, Can., Nebr., Brit. Am., N. Mex., Tex., Quebec, Staten Is., N. J., Ky., Miss.
HABITS.
At the edjje of the woods, a few hundred feet from a marsh, a ^'reat many Tettix were found among the wooded debris, such as dried leaves, twigs, and moss. The moss in these situations formed a compact carpet covering the ground, and upon this floor I found most of the Tettigids. Beyond the woods, in a damp, abandoned field which had formerly been ploughed where the rich soil had become covered with weeds and moss, Tettix ornatits were found scattered about in numbers.— Near Montello, Wis., September 30, iQoi.
On the sun-exposed cement walks facing open lots near Lake Michigan nearly full- grown pupa and mature Tettix ornatns and triangttlarjs were found by the score. At tliis time of year (Augusti a large percentage of Tettix have made their last molt, and the author found many in which the body was still soft and yielding. The colors at this stage and time are fresh and strongly marked; the varieties being almost limitless.— .At Kenii- worth, 111., August 7th.
On sandy soil where the light vegetable mold was sprinkled with fine gravel I found eight specimens of Tettix ornatits. These specimens vary in the following particulars:
1. Dorsum of the pronotum with pale white marginal lines, one on each side; obscure triangular black spots on the disk,
2. Color gray, speckled, and with triangular black spots on the dorsum.
3. Dorsum of the pronotum with clear white marginal lines, one on each side; with black triangular spots. This example is clearly "bilineate." such as described by Harris.
4. Dorsum fuscous, femora with a transverse obscure yellowish bar.
8o TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA
5. Dorsum with a median percurrent band extending forward, including tiie head, colored a conspicuous yellowish white, and a similar colored band transversely arranged on the femora: no black spots present.
6. 7. and 8. Pronotum reddish yellow conspersed with darker fuscous; no triangular black spots visible.— Near the shore of Lake Michigan, Cheltenham (Chicago), October 25. 1896.
Near the Lake Shore at Cheltenham the author visited a point where in the preceding fall some Tettix were found. May i8th, after searching carefully, only six Tetlix ornatus were taken, one triangularis and one Tettigidea. h. fresh growth of green clover with areas of lichens, mosses, and grasses, with various weeds, covered the ground, yet the ground was so light that there was a sprinkling of gravel showing. The power of flight was well developed in ornaius, and the color markings were as follows:
1. Grayish fuscous, a yellowish white narrow band running the entire length of the pro- notum through the middle, and including the head, widening and including the apical pro- cess behind. Femora externally lichen marked, obscure gray. Black spots on the prono- tum not distinct.
2. Pronotum with distinct white line on each side of the disc, with two triangular velvet black spots distinctly marked: posteriorly, the pronotum reddish gray. Femora with trans- verse light band on upper margin.
3. 5. body grayish.
4. Body grayish marmorate. lichen colored: with indistinct dark spots on the pronotum.
5. Similar to preceding.
6. Body conspersed with dark fuscous. This is triangularis.
7. Young pupa, brightly marked like No. 4 described above. --Cheltenham (Chicago) May 18. 1897.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TETTIX ORNATUS.
Tettix ornatus, Harris (Tettrix), Hitch,, Rept. Geol. Mass., 577 (1835); Cat. Ins. Mass., 57 (183s); Ins. Inj. Veg., ist ed., 150 (1841); 2d ed., 162 (1852); Fitch, Am. Journ. Ag. Sc, VI., 146(1847); Harr., 3d ed. Ind. Inj. Veg., 186(1862); Scudd., Bost. J. N. Hist., VII.. 574 (1862); Smith, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. Hist., I., 151 (1868); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus.. 813 (1871): Can. Ent., XXXI. (1872); Smith, Rept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 382 (1S72); Glov.. 111. N. A. Ent. Erth., 5, fig. 1-2, |>l. 12, fig. 19 (1872): Thorn., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V., 183 (1873); Scudd., Hitch. Rept. Geol. N. H., I., 379 (1874); Thorn., Ball. III. Mus. Nat. Hist., I., 69 (1876): Prov. Nat. Can., VIII., 137 (1876); Faune, Ent. Can., ii, 46 (1877); Bess.. Bienn. Rept. Iowa Agric. Coll., vii, 210 (1877); Brun., Can, Ent., ix, 145 (1877); Thorn., Rept. Ent. 111., IX., 96 (1880); Brun., Reiit, U. S. Ent. Comm., iii, 61 (1S83); Ril., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, 192 (1884): Lintn., Rept, Ins. N. Y., ii, 197 (1885); Caulf., Can. Rec. Sc. ii, 401 (18S7): Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI., 264-26; (1887); Caulf., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., xviii., 71 (i88S); Fern., Ann. Rept. Mass. Agric. Coll.. XXV., 130-131 (1888): Dav., Ent. Anier.. V., 81 (i88o): Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J.. 415 (1890); Blatch., Can. Ent., xxiii, 100 (1891); McNeill, Psyche, vi, 77 (1891); Osb., Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. I., pi. 2, 117 (1892): Brun.. Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc. lii, 28 (1S92): Cock., Trans. Ann. Ent. Soc, XX.. 337(1894); Morse. Psyche, vii. 54, 106. 152-154. pi. 6, figs. 2-2a-c (1892) Garni.. Orth. Ky., 9 (1892): Bent., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vi, 310 (1S94); Ashin., Ins. Life, vii, 20 (1S94); Hanc, Trans. .\n\. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 237, pi. 6, figs, i-ia, 2-2a. pi. 8, fig. 20. pi. 9, fig. 29 (1896): Ball., Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc, IV., 238 (1897); Brun., Ann. Rept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 183 (1897); Blatch., Orth. Ind., 22 (1897); Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898): Scudd., Appal., viii, 304 (1898): Lugg., Orth. Minn., 108-109, fig. 64 (1898); Walk., Can. Ent., XXX., 122-123 (1898); Blatch., Gleanings, 236. fig. 62 (1S99); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900): Fogg., Proc. Mauch. Inst. Arts Sc, I., 45 (1900); Scudd., Psyche, IX,, loi (1900): Smith, Ins. N. J., 159 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 320 (1901).
TETTIX TRIANGULARIS, SCUDD.
Body diminutive in stature, granulate, brachypterous; similar to the preceding T. ornatus, but distinguished by the more or less abbreviated ]ironotal process and wings. This
HANCOCK 8 1
short-wing form and orjiatus interbreed as shown in experi- ments of the author. It is more common than ornatus in certain localities in Illinois and Wisconsin, where the numerical relation between the two forms reaches about fifteen to one.
Distribution, same as preceding, existing together in the same localities. Morse unites the two forms ornatus and triangularis, giving the following measurements:
Total length, ^, 8.3-12.5 mm.; pronot., 7.5-10.8 mm.; pronot., passing post, fem., 0-3.4 mm.; wings rel. to pro- not., — .5- -|- I mm.; total length, 5, g-13.5 mm. ; pronot., 8-12 mm.; pronot., rel. to post, fem., 0-3.5 nim-; wings rel. to pronot., — .5- +1.5 mm.
The author collected a number of Tettix ornatus, form triangularis, at Kenilworth, 111. They were very common on the cement sidewalks bordering a tield near the lake shore (L. Michigan). This locality was visited several times during the summer, but now nearly all the specimens are mature, and only rarely an nnuiature siiecimen is observed. It will be observed that Tettix tnangnlaris lives in helds which are sandy but covered lightly by vegetable mold, while Tettix gibbosus (the short-wing form being the commonest) lives in boggy woods much more secluded than triangularis. — September q, 1S9Q.
Tettix ornatus triangiiiaris, Morse. Psyche, vii, 107 (1^94); Blatch., Can. Ent., iii, 64 (1S98).
Tettix triangularis, Sc\xAA..^ost. Journ. Nat. Hist vii, 475 (1.S62) ; Smith, Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., I., 151 I186S); Walk., Cal. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., V., 814 (1S71); Smith, Kept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 1872, 3S3 (1872); Thum., Kept. U. S. Geol, Surv. Terr., 18^ (1873); Scudd., Hitchc, Kept. Geol. N. H., I., 370 (1S74); Vxo\'. Nat. Can., viii, 137 (1876); Brun., Can. Ent., ix. 145 (1877); Lintn.. Kept., In.s. N. Y., ii, 197 (1885): Caulf., Can. Ent. xviii, 212 (18S6); Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, 265 (1887); Caulf., Kept. Ent. Soc. Ont., .wiii, 71 (1888); Fern., Ann. Rep. Mass. Agric. Coll., XXV., 130-131 (1888); Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J.. 415 (1S90); Mowns., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, 44 (1891); McNeill, Psyche, vi, 77 (1891) ; Dav., Proc. Nat. Sc. Assn., Staten IsK, Feb. 14 (:8qi): Brun., Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc, iii, 28 (1893); Morse, Psyche, vii, 54 (1S94); Bent., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vi, 310 (1894): Brun., Ann. Kept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 13S (1897): Lugg., Orth. Minn., 109 (1898); Smith, Ins.N. J., 159 (1900); Scudd., Inde.x N. .\m. Orth., 320-321-322 (19011.
TETTIX HANCtJCKI, MORSE.
Plate IV., Fig. 4, and appendages. Plate XL, Figs. 5-53.
Bod}' rather robust, granulate-rugose. Vertex viewed from above about twice the width of one of the eyes, distinctly advanced beyond their anterior margin; the front margin of vertex scarcely obtuse, angulate, or convex; lateral margins sinuate, on either side of median carina shallowly longitudi- nally fossulate, deeper between the middle of the eyes; median carina of vertex strongly distinct anteriorly, projecting as a
82 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
small tooth from the middle of the front margin, on either side at the junction with the frontal costa a little sulcate, occi- put naked behind the eyes; crown of head viewed in profile appreciably elevated above the eyes. Frontal costa in profile strongly advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes moder- ately but sharply sinuate, between the antennae protuberant, nearly as far as the vertex above, at the apical junction with the median carina of the vertex angulate, rounded at the apex, viewed in front furcate, the rami quite widely separated, dis- tinctly diverging to the median ocellus. Eyes very small. Antennae moderately short, the articles rather elongate. Pro- notum anteriorly truncate, the antero-dorsal margin sometimes scarcely angulate, posteriorly extenuate acute, passing beyond the posterior femora, but not so far as the wings; dorsum between the shoulders broadly tectiform, humeral angles strongly distinct, carinate, angulate; median carina of pro- notum distinctly elevated, percurrent, anteriorly between and in front of the shoulders longitudinally conipresso-arcuate, posteriorly scarcely concave; posterior marginal carinae dis- tinct, between the carinae rugose; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, the superior sinus moderately deep, the inferior sinus strongly angulate incised, the median lobule between the two obtuse angulate; the posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse, inferior margin below rounded, laterally somewhat expanded. Elytra strongly elongate sub- acuminate towards the apex; wings fully explicate passing the pronotal apex; margins of first femora entire; the second femoral margins dilate, below subsinuate, in the male strongly expanded, being nearly or quite one-half as broad as long, the first half being distinctly ampliate viewed in either direc- tion; posterior femora of moderate size, the first article of posterior tarsi longer than the second and third together, the pulvilli flat below, the first pulvilli small, acute, the second little longer than the first, the third nearly as long as the first and second together.
Locality, Douglas Co., Kansas, 900 feet (Kahl); Athcrton, Mo. (Adams); Vigo Co., Ind. (Blatchley); Sidney, Man. (Walker); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Ames, la.
Tettigidaeof North America
Plate
J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.
SYNNatflG PM0TO-6n*VU(te CO
HANCOCK 83
(Ball); also recorded from Montreal, Prince Arthur, Sudbury, Toronto, De Grassi, Pt. Ont., N. Red River, Englewood, S. D., Lincoln, Nebr., and Moline, 111.
A series of forty specimens from the points mentioned is in the author's collection.
Of this species Morse writes: "Allied to T. oriiatus, from which it differs in its more robust form with wider and gener- ally more ]3rojecting vertex, slightly more prominent mid- carina, in the generally more abruptly forked and wider facial costa, and notably in the enlarged middle femora; the expanded portion of the latter in the male is nearly or quite one-half as broad as long (in ornatus seldom more than one-third), in the female the difference is less noticeable. The humeral angles of the pronotum are more pronounced and the mid-carina is a little more elevated in its anterior portion. Dimorphism in wing and pronotum length occurs, the specimens (and sexes) before me (iq $$, 27 $5) being about equally divided between the two forms, with a few of intermediate character. For the short-winged form (Plate IV., Figs, i-ia.) the trinominal T. h. abhrcviatns may be used."
Measurements: Total, /, 8.3-12.4 mm.; 5, 9-13 mm.: pronot., ,^, 8.2-1 1 mm.; 5, 8-12 mm.; post, fem., $, 5-5-5 mm.; 5, 5.5-6 mm. Width of shoulders, $, 2.6-5 mm-; 5, 2.8-3.5 mm.; antennae, 3-3.5 mm.
In long-winged examples the pronotum and wings pass the posterior femora from three to four millimeters.
Tettix hancocki, Morse, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VII., 200, 201 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901).
TETTIX CRASSUS, MORSE.
A variable and ver)' perplexing form of the ornatus group, closely related to, and seemingly intermediate between, typical ornatus, hancocki, and acadicus. It is distinguished from ornatus by the more robust form with wider shoulders, wider and more projecting vertex, and less prominent eyes; it lacks the enlarged middle femora of liancocki, which it otherwise
84 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
resembles closely; the form of the body is shorter and more depressed, the humeral angles more jjronounced, the vertex less projecting, and the tegminal sinus less frequently shallow than in typical acadicus (Morse).
Locality, Colorado, Denver, Poudre River.
Tettix crassus, Morse, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VII., 201 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901).
Types of this species were examined by the author.
ARENOSUS GROUP.
In the form gibbosus is centered a most curious evolution of structures which have involved the arenosiis group in obscu- rity. These changes consist of certain modifications of the pronotum, presenting a more or less abbreviation of that struc- ture, with the wings coincident with general broadening, more flattening, or even depressed, condition of the dorsum between the shoulders and posteriorly between the carinas. Anteriorly before the shoulders there appears more decided constriction, elevating this part of the dorsum into a gibbose eminence; the median carina of the pronotum being low, indistinct, and often formed into slight undulations posteriorly behind the gibbose elevation; this latter condition more particularly characterizes the variety fiuctuosus. Correlative with these modifications is the more projecting character of the frontal facial costa and its more or less distinctly sinuate profile. Leaving these types of variation, it is found on the other hand there is a disposition to greater simplification of structural changes in another direction, especially as regards the pro- notal structures, causing the forms to approach in certain respects the ornatits group. There is less tendency to the gibbose type, with the substituting of a simple and more even elevation of the dorsum between and before the shoul- ders. A series of several hundred specimens arranged before the author suggests these remarks, showing these variations in different stages, which, if taken singly, are not sufficiently differentiated to allow of taxonomic expression. It is in these
HANCOCK 85
forms an inviting field is o])en for the study of more definite quantitative variation. Summing up the tendency of evolu- tion from the material on hand, it appears that when we pass from the south to the north, the long, extenuate form given to the body is gradually through adaptive changes given way to slightly more robustness of stature and abbreviation. Examples remain of both types in the north, but the ancestral forms with long wings seem numerically to be much less represented and to tend to extinction.
TETTIX ARENOSUS, BURM.
Plate IV., Figs. s-gb. Plate III., Fig. 3.
Body moderatel)' slender, rugose-granulate. Verte.x viewed from above about twice the width of one of the eyes, depressed anteriorly, advanced scarcely beyond the anterior margin of the eyes, the front margin subtruncate or scarcely convex, rounding laterally into the sides, lateral margins subparallel, on either side of the median carina longitudinally fossulate, scarcely deeper between the middle of the eyes; median carina of vertex indistinct, barely projecting as a minute tooth at the middle of the front border, occiput behind the eyes naked, crown of head in profile not quite so elevated as the eyes. Frontal costa in profile advanced beyond the eyes equal to about one-sixth the diameter of one of them, lightly sinuate between the lower portion of the eyes, very little protuberant between the antennje, at the junction with the median carina of the vertex projecting as a small, angulate prominence before the eyes with apex a little rounded, viewed in front the frontal costa narrowly furcate, the rami parallel, very closely approxi- mate. Eyes moderately large, in dorsal view especially promi- nent. Antennae appreciably slender, articles strongly elongate. Pronotum anteriorly strictly truncate, in front of the shoulders rather strongly constricted, posteriorly long extenuate acute, process strongly passing the posterior femora, but not extended so far as the wings; dorsum between the shoulders trans- versely flattened, scarcely convex, rather narrow, between the
86 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
carinjE posteriorly distinctly flattened, humeral angles moder- ately prominent; median carina of pronotum indistinct, appear- ing as a thin line, in profile not at all elevated or barely irregu- larly undulate, anteriorly before the shoulders a little elevated over the dorsal constriction, posteriorly scarcely concave; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the superior lateral sinus distinct, the inferior sinus moderately deep and angularly incised, the median lobule between the two obtuse; posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes rounded below, the inferior margin scarcely distended later- ally; scapular area narrow, little widened posteriorly. Elytra moderately elongate, apex subrounded; wings fully devel- oped, passing the pronotal process from one-third to three- fourths of a millimeter. Femoral margins frequently dentate, the anterior femora sometimes indistinctly sinuate or lobed at the outer third below; margins of middle femora a little com- pressed, below at the first fourth and outer third a little lobate; posterior femora moderately slender, first article of posterior tarsi a little longer than the second and third together, the first and second pulvilli together a little longer than the third, the apices of the first and second subspiculate, the third pulvilli nearly flat below.
Length body, 5, 14 mm.; pronot., 12. 3-12. 6 mm.; post, fern., 5.3-5.7 mm.; ^ body, 1 1. 1-12. i mm.; pronot., 9.8-10.8 mm.; post, fern., 4.3-4.8 mm.
The pronotum passes the post, femora in the female from three to five millimeters; in the male from three to four milli- meters.
Bolivar gives the following dimensions: Length body (J, 5, 6.5-10 mm.; pronot., 10-12 mm.; post, fem., 4.5-6.5 mm.
Locality, southern United States. Opelousas, La. (G. R. Pilate); Paige, Tex. (Fickiessen); also recorded from S. C, Fla., Ga., 111., Nebr., hid.. Miss.. Iowa.
Tettix arenosus, Burm. (Tettrix) Handb. Ent., ii, 639 (1838); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., Brit. Mus., v, 813 (1871); Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX., 90 (1877); Scudd., Ent. Notes, VI., 31 (1878); Brun., Kept. U. S. Ent. Comm., iii, 61 (1883); Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 269
HANCOCK 87
(1887); McNeil, Psyche, VI., 77(1891); Brun., Publ., Nebr. Acad. Sc, iii, 28 (,1893); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXVI., 219, 220 (1894); Ashmead, Ins. Life, VIII., 26 (1894); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Ainer. Orth., 317 (1901).
TETTIX OBSCURUS, HANC.
Plate v., Figs. i-2a. Figure on title page.
Allied to arcnosus, body more robust. Vertex viewed from above fully twice the width of one of the eyes, little depressed anteriorly, advanced a little beyond the anterior margin of the eyes, the front margin subtruncate or scarcel}' convex, later- ally angularly curved into sides, lateral margins subparallel, on either side of median carina longitudinal!)- shallowly fossu- late; median carina of vertex barel}' distinct anteriorly, pro- jecting very little or scarcely at all from the middle of the anterior border, occiput behind the eyes naked, crown of head in profile nearly or about level with the superior margin of the eyes. Frontal costa in profile advanced beyond the eyes equal to about one-fourth the diameter of one of them, distinctly sinuate between the lower portion of the eyes, between the antennae convexly protuberant; at the junction of the frontal costa with the median carina of vertex projecting before the eyes in the form of a small angulate eminence, the apex obtuse; viewed in front the frontal costa moderately fur- cate, the rami very gradually diverging or subparallel towards the median ocellus. Eyes a little prominent, of medium size. Antennre slender. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, strongly con- stricted before the shoulders, posteriorly long subulate acute, process passing the posterior femora, not extended so far as the wings; dorsum between the shoulders moderately broad, transversely flattened, subconvex, humeral angles strongly prominent, posteriorly between the carinae distinctly flattened; median carina of pronotum not distinct, in profile nearly hori- zontal, interrupted and frequently presenting very small undu- lations, anteriorly a little higher over the constricted portion
88 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA
of the pronotum, posteriorly scarcely broadly concave; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the superior lateral sinus distinct, the inferior sinus moderately deep, obtuse angulate incised, the posterior inferior angle of lateral lobes rounded, laterally distinctly dilate; scapular area of moderate height. Elytra distinctly elongate, apex subrounded; wings fully developed, passing the pronotal process from one- third to one millimeter. Inferior margin of anterior femora often dentate-sinuate or may be sublobate at the outer third; margins of middle femora distinctly compressed, dentate-sinu- ate, below frequently sinuate-sublobate; posterior femora moderately large, the f^rst and second pulvilli subspiculate, together about as long or a little longer than the third.
Length body, $, I3-I3-9 mm- pronot., 11.5-13 mm.; post, fem., 5.5 mm.; $, body, 11-11.7 mm.; pronot., 9.9-1 1 mm.; post, fem., 4- 5-5-2 mm.
Tettix obscurus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 239, pi. 7, Figs. 9, 9a, 10, loa, pi. 9; figs. 23, 25 (1896); Lugger, Orth. Minn., 109 (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 320 (1901).
Tettix inflatus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 238, pi. 7, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 26 (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901)-
Tettix angustus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 238, pi. 6, figs. 4, 4a; pi. 9. fig- 24(1896); Scudd.. Cat. Orth. U. S., 16(1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901.)
Allied to arenostis, from which it may be distinguished by the slightly larger form, with vertex less depressed anteriorly, the frontal costa in profile more projecting beyond the eyes, the distance being equal to about one-fourth the diameter of one of them— in ^aremmis it is nearer one-sixth— the sinuation more distinct between the lower portion of the eyes; viewed in front the facial costa is more appreciably furcate; the eyes not so prominent; the pronotum, while subulate, not so long extenuate posteriorly; the elytra more elongate.
Locality, Atherton, Mo. (Adams); Kansas City, Mo. (Adams); Ames, Iowa (Ball); Vigo Co., Ind. (Blatchley); Montello, Wis., L. Puckaway (Hancock); Riverside, 111.
HANCOCK S9
(Hancock); Cassopolis, Mich. (Hancock): St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Pulaski Co., 111. (Gaulti; Douglas Co., Kan- sas (Kahl); Lawrence, Kansas (Kahl); Richmond, 111. (Han- cock); Winnetka, 111. (Hancockj; DeGrassi Pt., Ont. (Walker); Bloomington, 111. (C. C. Adams and M. J. Elrod).
Tettix angustus, Hanc, is a variety- which merges into arowsus on the one side and obscnrus on the other. It was described from Illinois.
TETTIX GIBBOSUS, H.\NC.
Plate v., Figs. 3-5a. Plate III., Fig. 6.
Allied io obscnrus ; exceedingly variable; body moderately robust, somewhat flattened, rugose, granulate; vertex similar excepting that the median carina viewed from above projects a little more from the middle of the front border and more appreciably sulcate on either side. In profile the facial costa is advanced before the eyes and strongly sinuate opposite the lower portion of the eyes, between the antennae distinctly protuberant, viewed in front the rami quite widely separated. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, strongly constricted before the shoulders, in profile forming a small arcuate-gibbose eleva- tion; the dorsum immediately behind the gibbosity between the shoulder more or less distinctly depresso-sinuate, posteri- orly the dorsum between the carinae flattened, rugose, the median carina indistinctly sinuate, nearly horizonal; dorsum between the shoulders quite broad, humeral angles distinct, carinate, projecting laterally over the elytra, posteriorly the horizontal process more or less abbreviated, the extreme apex more often straight but sometimes curved downwards, fre- quently passing the wings or not extended quite as far; scapular area quite high posteriorly.
Length body, 5, 11 mm.; pronot., 10 mm.; post, fem., 5.1-5.8 mm.; ^, body 7.5-10 mm.; pronot., 7-10 mm.; post, fem., 5-5.5 mm.
Locality, Riverside, Winnetka, Richmond, in Illinois (Hancock); Pulaski Co., 111. (Gault); Ames, la. (Ball); Vigo
90 TETTIGID.^. OF NORTH AMERICA
Co., Ind. (Blatchley); Montello, L. Puckaway, Wis. (Han- cock); Lawrence, Kan. (Kahl); Atherton, Mo., and Kansas City. Mo. (Adams); St. Anthony Park, Minn. fLugger); Toronto, Can. (Walker).
Tettix gibbosus, Hanc, Trans. Am. P>nt. Soc, xxiii,
239, 240, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5a (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318 (1901).
Tettix fluctuosus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii.,
240, pi. 7, figs. 6, 6a (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318 (1901).
Tettix decoratus, Hanc, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 240, 241, pi. 7, figs. 7, 7a; pi. 9, fig. 31 (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318 (1901).
Tettix fluctuosus, Hanc, and Tettix dtcoratus, Hanc, (Plate v., Figs. 6, 6a) are varieties of gibbosus, and are not sufficiently constant to give them specific rank,
HABITS.
Heavy rain August 23d drenched the country (3,65 inches was the fall in Chicago). The rain had the effect of driving the Tettigids away from the immediate margin of the river to open woods just beyond, to the east of this point at Riverside. The author on hands and knees searched the grounds. One male Tettigidea p. pennata and two long- winged Tettix coming under the form oi ftitctiiosits var.. the other (?(5j£-z^r/cj- were found. Males of gibbosus in large series were taken. The variety of coloring, as usual, was most interesting. One specimen of Tetdx nearly full grown had the upper surface of dorsum and lobes grayish white. It was found on the ground among dried bleached vegetation of the same general color; the legs were reddish. Another specimen Tettix gibbosus, marked very much like the preceding, was brighter. Two specimens nearly full grown were gray on the dorsum, and with obscure black spots and an oblique pure white spot on each side.— Riverside, III., August 25, 1S95.
The rank growth of grass and wild rice with other vegetation at the margin of the river seems to drive the Tettigids into the timbered soil back from the river to a distance of one hundred feet or more. This does not apply to Paraiettix, but especially to Tettix. At the roots of large oak trees where the soil was interspersed with fine gravel, a number of Tettix gibbosus v/eie found. — Riverside, 111.. August iS, i8g6.
At Winnetka, 111., the author caught over a hundred Tettix in an effort to discover the variations possible in a given species. Some streets running north and south were little used, and on the east side the ground between the sidewalk and street was the strip furnish- ing the material above mentioned. I discovered that the Tettigids could easily be fright- ened from the ground onto the walks, where they were slightly more conspicuous, and more easily caught. Most of them were taken in this way. The sidewalks skirt the dense woods here, which in the spring are swampy. Recent drainage (within four years) has caused many of the wet places to disappear, destroying at the same time many haunts of animal life. Among the Tettigidse I found Tettix gibbosus, a woods-loving species, most common. The soil is light clay covered with weeds, mosses, lichens, and the other usual flora common to damiJ situations. The genus Tettigidea was also re|)re5ented. One of the interesting points brought out was the variety of coloring presented by Tettix gibbosus, which is herewith appended:
HANCOCK 91
1. Individuals with white banner spot on disc of pronotum. Body gray. Scarcely per- ceptible traces of black spots, two behind and two in front of the white pronotal marking on the disc.
2. There were some otherwise gray, with the exception of the outer half, or third, of the posterior femora yellow, the pronotum having faint dark spots behind the disc, the pronotal process yellow.
3. Rarely one with body grayish and at the middle of the outer side of the posterior femora with a longitudinal line of white not extending so far as the knee.
4. Rarely one with body blackish, above clearly speckled with white; the femora also marked above in the same way.
5. Similar to the above e.xcepting on each side the lower margin of the pronotal lobes edged with yellow. (One specimen in 100.)
6. Body gray with four black spots, two in front almost obsolete and two behind the dorsal disc, conspicuous, triangular in form. (Common.)
7. Body similar to the preceding except that there are no black spots in front of the disc, and having a white spot (sometimes raised into a little eminence) scarcely in front of the black spots, posteriorly on the disc of the pronotum.
g In a damp woods near Diamond Lake, Cassopolis, Michigan, where the fallen trees had rotted away, leaving the richest of black muck, I found a number of Tettix. all adult. There were long and short-winged forms of Tettix obscurus and gil'bosus.—]vinti 9, 1900.
TETTIX BLATCHLEYI, SP. N.
Allieci to gibhosiis; body rugose-granulose or subtubercu- lose. Vertex nearly twice the width of one of the eyes, h'ghtly depressed, median carina feebly developed anteriorly, little projecting, on either side little longitudinally fossulate, the front border slightly convex or subtruncate, barely advanced beyond or about as far as the eyes. Frontal costa in profile distinctly advanced beyond the eyes, strongly sinuate, oppo- site the eyes angularly excavate, between the antenn.'e dis- tinctly protuberant, viewed in front rather narrowly sulcate, subparallel or hardly diverging. Antennse slender. Eyes in dorsal view elyjitic, the breadth contained one and two-thirds in the length. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subu- late, passing the posterior femora; dorsum rugose, before the shoulders strongly constricted, behind the shoulders distinctly compresso-narrowed, humeral angles distinct, laterally little produced, between the shoulders moderately broad, depressed, posteriorly depressed; median carina indistinct, barely ele- vated, in front of the shoulders lightly gibbose, posteriorly little interrupted rugose; lateral carina before the shoulders compressed, behind the shoulders sinuate-compressed, posteri- orly on the process distinct; scapular area narrowed anteriorly, distinctly higher posteriori}^; the posterior elytral sinus of lateral lobes moderately deep, the inferior sinus deeply angu-
92 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
hilly iiici-scd; posterior angle obtuse rounded below, inferior margin dilated. Elytra oval, punctate; wings not quite reaching or little passing the pronotal process. Anterior femora nearly entire, carinate above, below bearing trace of lobe at the outer third part; middle femora dentate, lightly sinuate, below at the outer third part sometimes bearing a minute lo'.e; pos- terior femora with the external pagina strongly rugose, pos- sessing oblique ridges, tibi.x' annulate with fuscous, first article of posterior tarsi longer than the third, the first pulvilli small, acute, the second and third longer and equal in length, the tibije lightly armed with spines.
Length body, 5, 10. 3-1 1.5 mm.; pronot., 9.5-10.7 mm.; post, fern., 5-5.3 mm.
Locality, Ormond, Florida, April 9, 1899 (Blatchleyj; Hancock, two females.
Belonging to the arcnosiis series, distinguished by the slightly more rugose pronotum, more decidedly compressed lateral carinse, and'the compresso-narrowing behind the shoul- ders of the dorsum.
GEN. NEOTETTIX, hanx.
Body small, granulate, rugose-scabrous. Vertex wider than one of the eyes, the front margin convex or rounded; median carina prominent anteriorly, on either side between the eyes scarcely fossulate; viewed in profile the vertex rounded, a little advanced before the eyes. Frontal costa convex, viewed in front strongly furcate. Antenn.ne rather stout, short, composed of twelve or, rarely, thirteen articles. Pronotum anteriorly truncate or antero-dorsal margin scarcely angulate, advanced over the head to the eyes, humeral angles strongly obtuse, between the shoulders tectiform or convexo-tectiform; median carina of pronotum distinct, elevated between the shoulders; the posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobe obtuse; the inferior lateral sinus quite deeply and angularly incised, superior sinus shallow, median lobule between the two convex. Femoral margins entire; the posterior femora ampliate, the first article of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the second
HANCOCK 93
and third together, the pulvilli acute but more or less flat below.
Neotettix, Hancock, Ent. News, IX.. 138 (1898).
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
1. Frontal carinje of vertex laterally scarcely com-
pressed; width of vertex nearly twice that of one of the eyes, front border convex; body granulate.
bolivari, Hanc.
2. Vertex equal to about one and two-thirds the width
of one of the eyes, front border rounded, frontal carina; laterally scarcely at all compressed; body smaller, granulate-rugose. rotundifrons, Hanc.
2. 2. Vertex but little broader than one of the eyes,
front border scarcely rounded; body arenose.
fcutoratus (Scudd.j, Hanc.
3. Body strongl_y rugose, scabrous; dorsum transversely
convex between the shoulders. boltcri, Hanc.
NEOTETTIX BdLIVARI, HANC.
Plate VI., Figs. 4-4b. Appendages Plate XL, F"igs. i-ib.
Body granulate; color variable, very frequently light fuscous, sometimes marked with two black spots on the pro- notum or a light spot between the shoulders. Crown widened posteriorly, mammillate; vertex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, median carina prominent anteriorlv, viewed in profile elevated a little above the eyes, the vertex viewed from above scarcely fossulate anteriorly between the eyes on each side of the median carina; the anterior border of the vertex convex, composed of very small concave carinae, later- ally scarcely compressed and rounded into the sides. Frontal costa viewed in profile produced a little bej-ond the eyes and imperceptibly joining the median carina of the vertex, form- ing a rounded contour. P^yes subglobose. Antenna; short, appreciably stout. Pronotum anteriorh' truncate, the antero-
94 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA
dorsal margin frequently subangulate, posteriorly the apical process presenting a subacute apex, nearly or quite reaching the end of the posterior knee, the sides substraight; posterior lateral carinae scarcely prominent; dorsum between the shoul- ders rather narrow, strongly tectiform, humeral angles widely rounded; median carina of pronotum percurrent, strongly elevated, longitudinally convex towards the front; posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse, rounded below; the inferior lateral sinus quite deep, the superior shallow, the median lobule between the two widely convex. Elytra elon- gate subacuminate; wings abbreviated, not reaching quite so far as the apical process. First and second femoral carinse entire, the middle femora moderately large; the posterior femora ampliate, tibial carina; multispinose; first article of the posterior tarsi longer than the last two united, the apices of pulvilli acute but somewhat straight below, the first and second pulvilli short.
Length body, $, 8-8.5 mm.; pronot., 7-8 mm.; post, fem., 5 mm.; $, 9.10 mm.; pronot., 7.5-8.5 mm.; post, fern., 5.5-6 mm.
Described from a series of twenty specimens in the author's collection.
Locality, Opelousas, La., Tifton, Ga. (Pilate); Auburn, Ala. (Baker); North Carolina (Bolivar).
Tettix femoratus, Scudd., Bolivar Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXL, 264 (1887); Neotettix bolivari, Hancock, Ent. News, IX., 139, 140, pi. 8, figs. 2, 2a-d (1898); Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S., 15 (1900) south U. S.; Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).
NEOTETTIX ROTUNDIFRON'S, HANC.
Plate VI., Fig. 5.
Body small, granulate, rugose. Vertex viewed from above equal to about one and two-thirds the width of one of the eyes, the front border rounded, advanced about as far as the anterior margin of the eyes, frontal carinae laterally, between the anterior portion of the eyes, scarcely at all compressed;
HANCOCK 95
crown manimillate, scarce!)' widened jjosteriorly between the eyes; median carina of the vertex distinct anteriorly, viewed in profile elevated a little above the eyes, convex; viewed from above on either side of the median carina anteriorly feebly fossulate. Frontal costa in profile a little advanced in front of the eyes, joining with the median carina of vertex to form an obtuse-rounded profile, viewed in front strongly fur- cate, the rami diverging, widest between the antennae. Pro- notum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly the process terminating acutely, reaching to or slightly over-reaching apex of posterior femora; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated, towards the front slightly arcuate longitudinally; dorsum transversely tectiform, rather narrow between the shoulders; humeral angles strongly obtuse, lateral carina; indistinct. Wings abbreviated, not quite reaching to, or passing a little be3'ond the apex of posterior pronotal process; elytra small, rounded apically. Femoral margins entire, posterior femora strongly ampliate; first and second pulvilli of posterior tarsi acute, the third pulvilli flat below.
Length body, 9 mm.; pronot., 7.5-S mm.; [)Ost. fem., 5.5 m m .
Locality, Jacksonville, Florida (Holter).
Described from two female examples. Li one specimen the body is reticulated with fuscous, contrasting with yellowish white; dimorphism occurs in the wing lengths. This species is slightly smaller than bolivari, and the vertex as viewed from above is not so broad.
One specimen in Bolter collection. University of Illinois; one in author's collection.
Neotettix rotundifrons, Hancock, Ent. News, L\., 139, pi. S, figs. 3, 3a-d (1S9S); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).
NEOTETTIX FEMOR.-XTUS, (SCUDD.) HANC.
Vertex little broader than one of the eyes, barely project- ing in advance of them; the front scarcely rounded; pronotum reaching to the tip of the abdomen not including the oviposi-
96 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
tor; median carina very prominent, slightly arched; surface arenose; elytra small, well rounded, with shallow punctures; wings not longer than the elytra; hind femora very broad and stout.
Length body, 9.5 mm.; pronot., 8 mm.; post, fem., 5.2 mm. ; elytra 1.6 mm.
Locality, Maryland.
Tettix femoratus Scudd., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, ii, 305.
Tettix femoratus Scudd., Thomas, Syn. ^Acrid. of N. Am. in Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 185 (1873).
Neoteitix femoratus Hancock, Ent. News, IX., 139, 140, 141 (1898), Maryland; Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S., 16(1900), South and West St.
The type specimen, now lost, was formerly in the collec- tion of the American Entomological Society, and the species has not since been recovered, so the author has been informed by Dr. Scudder.
NEOTETTIX BOLTERI, HANX.
Plate VL, Figs. 6-6b.
Body small, rather robust; strongly rugose scabrous. Ver- tex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, the front border very slightly convex, advanced about as far as the anterior border of the eyes; median carina small, obliterated on the crown behind the middle of the eyes, viewed in profile a little produced in front of the eyes, subrotundate; crown mammilate, in profile a little convexo-elevated above the eyes. Frontal costa distinctly furcate. Pronotum anteriorl)- truncate, posteri- orly obtuse, not extended backwards so far as the apex of the posterior femora; median carina of ])ronotum distinct, arcuate longitudinally, higher between the shoulders; dorsum trans- versely convex, between the shoulders strongly rugose, with conspicuous excrescences showing in transverse section or viewed in front, antehumeral carina; ai)pearing very slightly, anterior lateral carina; in front, short, slightly compressed. Elytra elongate, apex subacutely rounded; wings undeveloped. Middle femora with a row of minute swellings between the
HANCOCK 97
middle carinse, margins entire: posterior femora broad cris- tate, external pagina provided with strongly diagonal rugose ridges between the middle carinse; between the superior mar- gin and the carinae a curved row of subrounded rugose excres- cences.
Length of body, 5 9 mm.; pronot., -.8 mm.; post, fem., 5.5 mm.
Locality, Jacksonville, Florida (Bolter).
Described from one specimen now in the University of Illinois collection.
Neotettix bolteri Hancock, Ent. News, IX., 139, 140, pi. 8, figs. I, la-e (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd.. Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).
MICRONOTU.S GEN. NOV.
Body small, brachypterous. Antennre slender, extremely filamentous-elongate, consisting of twelve or, rarely, thirteen articles. Eyes small; behind the eyes a very small portion of occiput e.xposed. Verte.x in dorsal view wider than one of the eyes, a little advanced beyond them; median carina anteriorly distinct; on either side between the eyes the vertex longitudi- nally shallowly subfossulate. Frontal costa in profile projecting beyond the e3'es, scarcely sinuato-convex; viewed in front the branches distinctly separated, moderately diverging. Dorsum of pronotiun subtectiform; humeral angles prominent; median and lateral carin;"e of pronotum distinct; the posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse, the inferior lateral sinus strongly angulate incised, the superior lateral sinus quite deep, giving prominence to the median lobule. Elytra oval or elypti- cal; wings abbreviated. Margins of middle femora (female) more or less sinuate; posterior femora rather stout; first article of posterior tarsi distincth- longer than the second and third together.
This genus is closely allied to Tcttix, from which it is distinguished by the less smaller and more decidedl\- filamen- tous character of the antennal articles. From Neotettix it is distinguished by the less rounded vertex (viewed in pro-
98 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA
file) and narrower furcation of the frontal costa. The L(enus JMcrotclti.w with which it also might possibly be con- founded, has the eyes larger, the vertex narrower, and the humeral angles of the pronotum reduced in size.
MICRONOTUS QUADRIUN'DULATUS, REDT.
Body small, granulo-scabrous. Antennnj slender, extremely filamentous, consisting of twelve articles, from the fifth to the ninth strongly elongate, the last three articles shorter, a little coiipressed; eyes small. Vertex in dorsal view wider than one of the eyes, in the middle carinate, on either side between the eyes somewhat fossulate; the median carina of vertex project- ing very little from the convexo-truncate front border; the anterior carin;t of verte.x a little convexo-elevated laterally. Frontal costa in profile a little advanced beyond the eyes, in the female equal to about one-fourth the diameter of one of the eyes, in the male less, scarcely sinuate between the eyes, moderately convexo-protuberant between the antennas viewed in front the rami distinctly separated and slightly diverging. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly cuneate, apical pro- cess nearly or about reaching the apex of posterior femora, the sides substraight; dorsum between the shoulders moder- ately broad; median carina of pronotum subcompressed anteriorly before the shoulders, in profile more or less quadri- midulate in the female, humeral angles obtuse, distinctly cari- nate, posterior lateral carin;E distinct. Elytra oval or scarcely elyptical; wings somewhat rudimentary, abbreviated in the female, still shorter in the male. Margins of anterior femora entire; inferior margin of second femora distinctly undulate in the female, or compresso-ampliate in the male; posterior femora stout; first article of jjosterior tarsi longer than the two following articles united, the first and second pulvilli acute, together about as long as the third.
Length body, ,1 4-5 mm.; pronot. 4-5 mm.; post. fem. 3.6 mm.; 5, 6.4 mm; pronot. 6 mm.; post fem., 4 mm.
Locality, Haiti (Crew); St. Vincent; Grenada.
Described from specimens in the author's collection.
HANCOCK 99
Tettix quadriundulatus, ]3runer, v., Wattenwyl and J. Redtenbacher, Orth., Isl. St. Vincent, Froc. Zool. Soc. (1892), fig. 10, pi. 16.
Neotettix quadriundulatus Redt., Hancock, Can. Ent., xxxii, 25 (1900), Haiti.
Neotetti.x quadriundulatus Hanc, Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 20S (1S91).
In 1892 Redtenbacher described the above species as Tettix qiiadrijiiidiilatus, his specimens coming from the Island of St. Vincent. Hancock (1900) mentioned the species as oc- curring on the Island of Haiti, at the same time placing the species in the genus Neotettix. A more recent critical study of specimens having the slender, fragile antenna; still intact, shows that this species cannot be ascribed to any existing genus, hence the new genus created to receive it.
APOTETTIX GEN. NOV.
Body rather small, rugose-scabrous, minutely tuberculose. Head somewhat crowded into the pronotum; antenna; stout, consisting of thirteen articles; ej'es small, globose. Vertex much wider than one of the eyes or nearly twice the width, the front border not, or a little, advanced before the eyes, con- ve.xo-truncate; middle of vertex carinate rather conspicuously forwards, a little projecting anteriorly, disappearing backwards between the middle of the eyes; the front border is formed of little concave carinee, which take their origin on either side of the mid-carina of the vertex and are elevated and flexed backwards at the inner side of the anterior half of the eves; between the anterior half of the eyes, on either side of the mid-carina fossulate, posteriorly the crown becomes ajijire- ciably wider between the eyes. Facial costa viewed in front rather widely sulcate, or moderately narrow, subparallel, in profile advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes more or less slightly concave, between the antenna; convex. Antennjc inserted a little before and scarcely below the anterior inferior border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate, passing the knee of the hind femora or abbreviated
loo TF.TTIGin.H OF XORTH AMERICA
with nearly straight sides and acute at the apex; dorsum between the shoulders convex or obtusely tectiforni; median carina of pronotuni elevated, more or less abruptly interrui)ted between the shoulders, distinct posteriorly. Margins of anterior femora entire; middle femoral margins more or less undulate; posterior femora stout, tibi.e multispinose; first article of posterior tarsi longer than the third, the pulvilli to some extent flat below.
This genus is closelv related to ParaUtlix on the one side and Tcttix on the other. The short-wing forms miglit easily be mistaken for Ncotcttix.
DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.
I. Eyes unusually small; vertex equal to twice the width of one of the eyes in the female; pronotum convex on the shoulders in both sections, subulate; median carina distinct behind the shoulders, but not ele- vated, couvcxus, Morse.
I. A. Median carina of pronotum elevated throughout, subcristiform anteriorly; apical process and wings abbreviated. form c. tcctiis. Morse.
I.I. Eyes larger; vertex advanced not quite so far as the eyes; pronotum between the shoulders broader; posterior femora stouter; body less scabrous.
currciphalus sp. n.
1. I. A. Apical process of [ironotuni and wings abbrevi-
ated, form i\ brcvipcuiiis new.
2. Fronto-lateral carin.x- of vertex subrectangular, vertex
of female ecjual to about once and a half the breadth of one of the eyes; pronotal process and wings fully developed; dorsum minutely tuberculose.
riiiiosus, Scudd,
Tettigidae of North America
Plate'
J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.
SY'lMflEWB »MOT0-nRiV'JSE CO
HANCOCK loi
APOTETTIX CONVEXUS, MORSE.
Plate VII., Figs. 2-2a.
Antennae stout. Eyes small, globose. Vertex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, truncato-convex, a little advanced; niid-carina small, little produced. Facial costa rather widely sulcata, sides subparallel, in profile advanced before the eyes, smoothly convex opposite the points of insertion of the anten- nae, slightly concave above them. Pronotum truncate anteri- orly, subulate behind, granose-scabrous, convex on the shoulders in both sections; the mid-carina elevated and sub- compressed anteriorly, slightly depressed and scarcely distinct on the shoulders, distinct but not elevated behind them. Wings caudate, passing the hind process. Elytra oblong, rounded or subacuminate at the tip. Femora rather slender; mid-femora with both margins gently sinuate; pulvilli of hind tarsi flat or rounded below, the second and third etjual.
Total length, ,^, 11.7 mm., 5^, 12.5 mm.; pronotum, $, 10.3 mm., .^;', 10- 10. 7 mm. ; post, fem., ^f , 4.6 mm., 2. 5--5-4i' antenniie, ,^, , 2. mm.
Locality, Ayotia, Mexico (Barrett) Hancock; Jalapa, Mex- ico (Barrett) Hancock; Mexico Cit)' (Bruner, F. D. Godman).
A pair in Professor Bruner's collection and a female obtained by Mr. Godman. This is a peculiar species, bearing considerable resemblance to Pai-atcttix rugosiis, but distin- guished from it by the wider and somewhat advanced vertex, the smaller ej'es, stouter antennrc, less robust form, and une.x- panded middle femora of the male. (Morse.)
Tettix convexus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., ii, 10 (igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901).
APOTETTIX TECTUS, MORSE.
Antennae stout, joints very short and broad. Vertex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, a little advanced, truncato- convex, the mid-carina prominent. Eyes small, globose. Facial costa rather narrowly sulcate, moderately protuberant, in profile convex opposite the jioints of insertion of the anten-
102 TF/rriGlD.E OF NORTH AMERICA
n;L-, shallowlv excavate oj;posite the eyes. Pronotuni obtusely tcctiforni, anterior margin truncate, apex cuneate, not passing the hind femora; mid-carina elevated, subcristate anteriorly and sinuate on the shoulders, undulate behind them. Anterior femora with the margins entire or slightly undulate. Middle femora stout, the margins slightly sinuate, with three small lobes above and two below. Posterior femora robust; |jos- terior tarsi with the pulvilli flat or rounded below.
Total length, ,/, 7.5-8 mm., 5, 8.3 mm.; pronotum, ,?, 6.7-7.4 mm.j post, fern., J, 4.5 mm., 5, 4.8 mm.; antennae, $, 2.5 mm.
Locality. Ayotla. Mexico (Barrett) Hancock; Mexico City (Bruner, H. II. Smith 1.
Two males obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith and a female in Professor l^runer's collection.
This species bears a striking resemblance in profile to Para- tcttix sinuatns. Morse describes a female which had a mal- formation of the pronotum in the shape of a convex elevation running transversely across the middle of the hind process.
Tettix (?) tectus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 11 (igoo): Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth.. 321 (igoi).
APOTETTIX EURYCEPH.ALUS, SP. N.
Plate VII., Figs. 4-4a.
Body moderately small, rugose-granulate, grayish fuscous. Verte.x about one and two-thirds as wide as one of the eves, advanced barely beyond their anterior border, viewed in pro- file rounded or rounded-subangulate, advanced a little beyond the eyes; median carina of vertex conspicuous, in [profile arched a little higher than the eyes. Frontal costa very little depressed before the eyes, between the antenn.Te convex, viewed in front the rami rather moderately and gradually divergent. Eyes distinctly globose, rather small. Antennre short and stout. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate, median carina distinct, elevated before the shoulders, between the shoulders de[jressed; dorsum rugose-granulate, between the shoulders transversely scarce! v convex, strongly
HANCOCK 103
rugose; dorsal front margin of pronotum strongly encroached upon the head to the eyes, humeral angles distinctly carinate, appreciably angulate, posterior lateral carins; prominent; pos- terior inferior angles of the lateral lobes obtusely angulate, the inferior sinus quite deep, the superior sinus shallow. Elytra quite large, punctate, elli|jtical, obtuse at the apex. Wings fully explicate. Anterior and middle femora entire; posterior femora quite stout; first article of posterior tarsi equal in length to the second and third combined, the first and second pulvilli acute, the third straight below.
Length of body, /, ij.; mm.; jjronot., 11 mm.; post, fern., 5.5 mm.
Locality, Paige, Texas (Fickiessen 1.
Distinguished from couvcxus in having stouter posterior femora, greater breadth across the shoulders, more pronounced angulato-carinate humeral angles, as well as less scabrous con- dition of the pronotum.
APOTETTIX BREVIPENNIS, FORM NEW.
Body compact, brachypterous, fusco-variegated. Vertex nearly twice the breadth of one of the eyes, the subtruncate anterior border advanced about as far as the anterior margin of the eyes; mid-carina distinct between the anterior half of the eyes, and here on each side the vertex is concaved. Viewed