. *■ t^^^H : i '111 II:- .> IP.A/LATMMIlLlLm. I.^'rJ.an. .Published /'v C-.Eenderseii. 2 (UJ3a-u,v LuJaate Ilill. M34 THE ^^ -^ ~^7^ jf ouui^atuvu tin* thr ' ^ ^^ — 'O; ^ v/ //?■///// ■///'// ■-'/•- ^'/'////////^///v ////////■/// // r -/yj- 13AliQj?=f Ct/TlZiiili. L^ri/i('c/i.y'(/fi^>./''^»>,^,>... 'Uoincf/ii. y/ft;/t..(-v/<'/t''i'ir;i7.C^/irii ///!(//■ A , ./t'^' >//(><■//. ^ w- rivni>littf^ fnnu thr latfc^t ifrrnxb C'^^tvou i -''■^ .'111(1. ^c^^"-— \- LOITlJOliT . /. , 7fr//Jr-/.jf>it . ?", f // - >v^///vy. _ 7tf/r/(///' . ///// "/' ,\M) SoJ.n BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. I8^ML. ¥1 C/-|5^' THE Animal kingdom, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ITS ORGANIZATION, SERVING AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE ;':-l'- NATURAL HISTORY OF aMmaLS, , e™ AND AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. BY BARON CUVIER, « Great Officer of the Legion of Honour, Counsellor of State, and Member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction; One of the Forty of the French Academy; Perpetual Secretary to the Academy of Sciences ; Member of the Academies and Roj'al Societies of London, Berlin, Petersburgh, Stockholm, Turin, Edinburgh, Copenliageu, Gottingen, Bavaria, Modena, the Netherlands, and Calcutta ; and of the Linnaean Society of London. WITH FIGURES DESIGNED AFTER NATURE : THE BY M. LATREILLE, ' ' )ur, Member of the Institute (Roj 11 of other learned Societies in Eui CTran^latcH from ttjertatc^t dTrcnd^ ©Irttfon. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Member of the Institute (Royal Academy of Sciences), and of the greater portion of other learned Societies in Europe and America. ADDITIONAL NOTES, AND ILLUSTRATED BY NEARLY 500 ADDITIONAL PLATES. IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. III. LONDON. G. HENDERSON, 2. OLD BAILEY. LUDGATE-HILL, AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1834. C. 2907T5 LONDON: PRINTED BY J. HENDERSON, 21, WATER-LANE, FI.KET STREET. PREFACE*. OVERWHELMED with scientific labours, and yielding, perhaps too easily, to the impulse of friendship and to my desire to serve him, M. Cuvier has confided to me that portion of this work which treats of Insects. These animals were the objects of his earliest zoological studies, and the cause of his connexion with one of the most celebrated pupils of Linnaeus, Fabricius, who in his writings gives him frequent assur- ance of his high esteem. It was even by various interesting obser- vations on several of these animals — Journal cfHist. Nat. — that M. Cuvier commenced his career in natural history. Entomology, in common with all the other branches of Zoology, has derived the greatest advantage from his anatomical researches, and the happy changes he has effected in the basis of our classification. The internal organization of Insects is now better known, and this study is no longer neglected as was previously the case. He has placed us on the way to the Natural System f, and greatly will the public regret that his * This preface is the same which stood at the commencement of the third volume of the first edition of this work. Having there confined myself to an exposition of the general principles, upon which my arrangement of the animals composing the Linnrean class of Insects was effected, and having in the present edition made no change in that respect, the same observations are still applicable. Considered, however, with regard to the details, or to the secondary and tertiary divisions, that is to say, Orders, Families, Genera and Subgenera, this edition will be found to pre- sent a remarkable difference. It was impossible to place it on a level with the actual state of the science, without modifying several parts of my former system, and without considerable additions, which, such has been the progress of Ento- mology, are so numerous, that even by filling two volumes instead of one, I have been barely enabled to give a very summary view of the multitude of generic divisions effectuated within the last ten years, and which are frequently founded on the most minute characters. This branch of Zoology has gained much from other and more positive sources, those of Anatomy. These observations I was the more impera- tively bound to notice, as they formed part of the plan of the illustrious author of the " llegne Animal," and as they serve to confirm the stability of the divisions I have established. By a perusal of the general remarks which precede them, the reader will be better able to appreciate the motives which have determined these changes, and to feel the importance of the addenda that enrich the entomological portion of this edition. A simple comparison between it and that of the former will show, at a glance, that it has been entirely remoulded, or that it is a new work which we now present to the world, rather than a new edition. t Tableau Element, de I'Hist. Nat. des Animaux, and the LC9. d'Anat. Compar. a2 iv PREFACE, numerous occupations did not allow him to superintend this portion of his treatise on animals. Perhaps the desire of associating my name Avith his in a work like this, which, by the multitude of researches on which it rests, and by their application, has become a precious literaiy monument of the age, has deceived me, and thrown me into an enterprize beyond my powers to accomplish. The responsibility is great, and I have im- posed upon myself a task, in Avhich the boldness of the plan is only equalled by the difficulty of its execution. To unite within a very limited space the most interesting facts in the history of Insects, to arrange them with precision and clearness in a natural series, to pour- tray with a bold pencil the physiognomy of these animals, trace their distinguishing characters with truth and brevity, in a way propor- tioned to the successive progress of the science and that of the pupil, to indicate useful or noxious species, and those whose mode of life interests our curiosity, to point out the best sources from which the knowledge of others may be obtained, to restore to Entomology the amiable simplicity which it possessed in the days of Linnaeus, GeoflFroy, and of the early writings of Fabricius, but still to present it as it now is, or with all tlie wealth of observation it has since acquired, yet without overloading it; in a word, to conform to the model before me, the work of M. Cuvier, is the end I have striven to attain. This savant, in his " Tableau Elementaire de I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux," did not restrict the extent given by Linnaeus to his class of Insects; he however made some necessary ameliorations, which have since served as the foundation of other systems. He dis- tinguishes Insects, in the first place, from other invertebrate animals, by much more rigorous characters than those previously employed — viz., a knotted medullary spinal marrow^ and articulated limbs. Linnreus terminates his class of Insects with those which are apterous, although most of them, such as the Crustacea and the Araneides, with respect to their organization, are the most perfect of their class, or are the most closely approximated to the Mollusca. His method, in this respect, is then exactly the inverse of the natural system, and, by transporting the Crustacea to the head of tlic class, and by placing almost all the Aptera of Linnaeus directly after them, Cuvier rectified the method in a point where the series was in direct opposition to the scale formed by Nature. In his Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee, the class of Insects, from which he now separates the Crustacea, is divided into nine orders, founded on the nature and functions of the organs of manducation, the presence or absence of wings, their number, consistence, and the manner in which they are reticulated. It is in fact a union of the system of Fabricius with that of Linnaeus perfected. The divisions made by our savant in his first order, that of the Gnathaptera, are nearly similar to those I had established in a Memoir presented to the Societe Philomatique, April, 1795, and in my Precis des Caraderes Generiques des Insectes*. M. de Lamarck, whose name is so dear to the friends of natural science, has ably profited by these various labours. His systematic arrangement of the Linnaean Aptera appears to us to be that which approaches nearest to the natural order, and, with some modifications of which we are about to speak, is the one we have followed, I divide the Insects of Linnaeus, with him, into three classes : the Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta; but in the essential characters which I assign to them, I abstract all the changes experienced by these animals, prior to their adult state. This consideration, although natural, and previously employed by De Geer in his arrangement of the Aptera, is not classical, inasmuch as it supposes the observation of the animal in its different ages; it is, besides, liable to many exceptions f . The situation and form of the branchiae, the manner in which the head is united to the thorax, and the organs of manducation, have furnished me the means of establishing seven orders in the class of the Crustacea, all of which appear to me to be natural. I terminate it, with M. de Lamarck, by the Branchiopoda, Avhich are a sort of Crustacea Arachnides. In the following class, that of the Arachnides, I only include the species which in the system of Lamarck compose the order of his Arachnides pa/pistes, or those which have no antennae. Beyond this, the organization of these animals, external as well as internal, furnishes us with a simple and rigorous rule that is susceptible of a general application. * I there divided the Aptera of Linnaeus into seven orders: 1. The Suctoria. 2. The Thysanoura. 3. The Parasita. 4. The Acephala (Arachnides pal- pistcs, Lam.) 5. The Entomostraca. 6. The Crustacea. 7. The Myria- PODA. •f- These considerations, however, have not been overlooked, and I have used them advantageously in grouping families, and arranging them in a natural order, as may be seen by a reference to the historical sketches which precede the exposition of those families. I have even been employed on a work respecting the metamorphosis of Insects in general, which has not yet been published (see article "/nsec/es," Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. Ed. 2u), but which I have long been maturing, and which I have communicated to my friends : I have made use of it in the course of my general remarks. vi PREFACE. Their organs of respiration are always internal, receiving air through concentrated stigmata, sometimes possessing functions ana- logous to those of lungs, and consisting at others of radiated tracheae, or such as ramify from their base ; the antennse are wanting, and they are usually furnished with eight feet. I divide this class into two orders : the Pulmonarice and the TrachearicB. Two parallel tracheae, extending longitudinally through the body, furnished at intervals with centres of branches corresponding to the stigmata, and two antennae, characterize the class of Insects. Its primary divisions are founded on the three following considerations : 1. Apterous Insects which either undergo no metamorphoses, or but imperfect ones; the three first orders. 2. Apterous Insects which experience complete transformations ; the fourth. 3. Insects having wings which they acquire by metamorphoses, either complete or incomplete; the last eight. I begin with the Arachnides antennistes of M. de Lamarck, which are comprised in this first division, and which form our three first orders. The second is composed of the fourth order, and contains but a single genus, that of Pulex: it would appear, in some respects, to be allied to the Diptera by means of the Hippoboscce ; other cha- racters, however, and the nature of its metamorphoses, remove this genus from that of the Hippoboscse. It is very difficult in some cases to distinguish these natural filiations, and when we are fortunate enough to discover them, we are frequently compelled to sacrifice them to the perspicuity and facility of the system. To the known order of winged Insects, I have added that of the Stresiptera of Kirby, but under a new denomination — viz., that of Rhipiptera, as the former appears to me to be founded on a false idea. Perhaps we should even suppress this order, according to the opinion of Lamarck, and unite it with that of the Diptera. For reasons elsewhere developed *, and which I could easily strengthen by additional proof, I attach more consequence to cha- racters drawn from the aerial locomotive organs of Insects, and to the general composition of their body, than to the modifications of the parts of the mouth, at least when their structure is essentially referable to the same type. Thus I do not commence by dividing these animals into Grinders and Suckers, but into those which have wings and wing-cases, and such as have four or two wings of the * Consid. Gener. sur I'ordre des Crust., des Arach., et des Insectes, p. 46. PREFACE. Vll same consistence. The form and uses of the organs of manducation are viewed in a secondary light. My scries of Orders relative to the winged Insects is, consequently, nearly similar to that of Linnaeus. Fabricius, Cuvier, Lamarck, Clairville and Dumeril, considering the difference of the functions of the parts of the mouth of primary consequence, have arranged those divisions otherwise. In accordance with the plan of M. Cuvier, I have reduced the num- ber of families which I established in my previous works, and have converted into subgenera the numerous divisions that have been made of the genera of Linnajus, notwithstanding their characters may otherwise be very distinct. Such also was the intention of Gmelin in his edition of the Syslema Natures. This method is simple, historical and convenient, as it enables the student to proportion his instruction to his age, his capa- city, or to the end he has in viev/. All my groups are founded on a comparative examination of all the parts of the animals I wish to describe, and on the observation of their habits. Most Naturalists stray from the natural system by being too exclusive in their considerations. To the facts collected by Reaumur, Rcesel, De Geer, Bonnet, the Hubers, &c., respecting the instinct of Insects, I have added several ascertained by myself, some of which were hitherto unknown. M. Cuvier has added to them an extract of his anatomical observations * ; he has even devoted himself to fresh researches, among which I will mention those whose object was the organization of the Limuli, a very singular genus of the Crustacea. Being necessarily restricted in the description of species, I have always selected for that purpose the most interesting and common ones, and particularly those mentioned by M. Cuvier in his Tableau Elementaire de I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux. LATREILLE. * Those added to the present edition are from Messrs, L^on Dufour, Marcel de Serres, Straus, Audouin and Milne Edwards. INDEX. SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED. SECOND GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINDGOM. ANIMALIA MOLLUSCA. General Characters of the Division, I. Division of MoUusca into Classes, 4. I. Cephalopoda. II. Pteropoda. III. Gasteropoda. CLASSES. IV. Acephala. V. Brachiopoda. VI. CiRRHOPODA. ORDERS, GENERA, AND OTHER DIVISIONS. CLASS I.— CEPHALOPODA. Sepia, 7 Octopus, 7 Polypus of Aristotle, 9 Eledon of Aristotle, 10 Argonauta, 10 Belleroijhon, 11 Loligo, 1 1 Loligopsis, 12 Loligo proper, 12 Onychotheuthis, 1 1 Sepiola, 12 Chondrosepia, 12 Sepia proper, 12 Nautilus, 13 Spirula, 13 Nautilus proper, 14 Lituus, 14 Belemnites, 15 Actinocamax, 15 VOL. III. Ammonites, 16 Ammonites proper, 16 Planites, .16 Ceratites, 16 Orbulites, 16 Scaphites, 16 Baculites, 16 Haniites, 16 Turrilites, 16 Camerines, 17 Siderolithes, 17 Helicostega, 18 Helicostoga nautiloidea, 18 Helicostega ammonoida, 18 Helicostega tvirbinoida, 18 Stycostega, 18 Enallostega, 19 Agathistega, 19 Entomostega, 19 CLASS II.— PTEROPODA, Clio, 20 Cymbulia, 20 Pneumodermon, 20 Limacina, 20 Hyalea, 20 Cleodora, 21 Clcodora proper, 22 Creseis, 22 Cuvieria, 22 Psyche, 22 Eurybia, 22 Pyrgo, 22 CLASS III.— GASTEROPODA. Order I.—PULMONEA, 27 PulmGnea Terrestria. Limax, 29 Limax proper, 29 Arion, 31 Lima, 32 Vaginulus, 32 Testacella, 33 Parmacella, 33 Helix, 33 Helix proper, 33 ^"itrina, 34 Bulimus, 34 Biilimus proper, 34 INDliX. Order I.— VULM ONI A— (cojitinued). Pupa, 35 Chondrus, 35 Succinea, 35 Clausilia, 36 Achatina, 36 Pulmonea Aquatica. Onchidium, 37 Planorbis, 37 Limnpeus, 38 Physa, 38 Scarabaeus, 38 Auricula, 39 Conovulus, 39 Order II.— NUDIBRANCHIATA, 39 Doris, 40 Onchidora, 40 Plocamoceros, 40 Polycera, 40 Tritonia, 41 Thethys, 41 -Scyllaea, 41 Glaucus, 42 Laniogerus, 42 Eolidia, 42 Cavolina, 42 Flabellina, 43 Tergipes, 43 Busiris, 43 Placobranchus, 43 Order III.— INFEROBRANCHIATA, 43 Phyllidia, 44 Diphyllidia, 44 Order IV.— TECTIBRANCHIATA, 44 Pleurobranchus, 44 Pleurobranchaea, 45 Aplysia, 45 Dolabella, 46 Notarchus, 46 Bursatella, 47 Akera, 47 Bullcea, 47 Bulla, 48 Akera proper, 48 Gastroptcron, 48 Gastroplax, 49 Order Yl.—VECTmiBR AlSiCEl^T ^—(co7^tinued J. Murex, 73 Murex proper, 73 Brontis, 73 Typhis, 73 Chicoracea, 73 Aquilla, 73 Lotorium, 73 Tritonium, 74 Trophona, 74 Ranella, 74 Apolles, 74 Fusus, 74 Fusus proper, 74 Lathira, 74 Pleurotoma, 74 Pyrula, 75 Fulgur, 75 Fasciolaria, 75 Turbinella, 75 Stroaibiis, 75 Strombus, 75 Pterocera, 76 Rostellaria, 76 Hippocrenes, 76 Order VII.— TUBULIBRANCHIATA, 76 Vermetus, 76 Magilus, 77 Siliquaria, 77 Order VIII.— SCUTIBRANCHIATA, 78 Halyotis, 78 Halyotis proper, 78 Pastollee, 78 Stromatia, 79 Fissurella, 79 Emarginula, 79 Parmophorus, 79 Order IX.— CYCLOBRANCHIATA, 80 Patella, 80 Chiton, 80 CLASS IV.— ACEPHALA. Order I.— ACEPHALA TESTACEA,82 Fam. 1. — ObTRACEA, 83 Ostraeita, 83 Order I.— ACEPHALA TESTACEA—(cofittnued). Rudista, 83 Radiolites, 83 Sphserulites, 84 Calceola, 84 Hippurites, 84 Batolithes, 84 Ostrea, 84 Ostrea proper, 84 Peloris, 84 Gryphtea, 85 Pectens, 85 Lima, 86 Pedum, 86 Hinnita, 86 Plagiostoma, 87 Pachytes, 87 Dianchora, 87 Podopsis, 87 Anomia, 87 Echion, 87 Placuna, 88 Spondylus, 88 Plicatula, 88 Malleus, 88 Vulsella, 89 Perna, 89 Crenatula, 89 Gervilia, 89 Inoceramus, 90 Castillus, 90 Pulvinites, 90 Etheria, 90 Avicula, 90 Pintadinff, 90 Margaritge, 90 Pinna, 91 Chimaera, 91 Area, 91 Area proper, 92 CucuUtea, 92 Pectunculus, 92 Aximea, 92 Nucula, 92 Trigonia, 93 Fain. 2. — Mytilacea, 93 Mytilus, 93 Mytilus proper, 93 Modiolus, 94 Lithodomus, 94 Xvi INDEX. Order I.— ACEPHALA TEST ACEA— (continued). Anodontca, 94 Iiidina, 95 Dipsada, 95 Unio, 95 Hyria, 95 Castalia, 95 Cardita, 96 Cypricardia, 96 Corallioijhagia, 90 Venericardia, 96 Paphia, 96 Fam. 3. — Chamacea, 97 Chama, 97 Tridacna, 97 Tridacna proper, 97 Hippopus, 98 Chama, 98 Diceras, 98 Isocardia, 98 Fam. 4. — Cardiacea, 99 Cardium, 99 Hemicardium, 99 Donax, 99 Cyclas, 100 Cyrena, 100 Cvprina, 100 Galathaea, 101 Corbis, 101 Tellina, 101 Loripes, 102 Lucina, 102 Ungulintea, 102 Venus, 102 Astartfe, 103 Crassinsea, 103 CythercT, 103 Capsa, 104 Petricola, 104 Corbula, 104 Mactra, 104 Mactra proper, 104 Lavignons, 105 Fam. 5. — Inclusa, 105 Mya, 105 Lutraria, 105 Mya proper, 106 Anatina, 106 Solemva, 106 Order I.— ACEPHALA TESTACEA—( conUmi^d). Cyrtodaria, 106 Panopca, 107 Pandora, 107 Bj'ssomia, 107 Hiatella, 107 Solen, 108 Solen proper, 108 Sanguinolaria, 108 Psammobia, 108 Psammotliea, 108 Pholas, 108 Teredo, 109 Fistulana, 109 Gastrochaena, 110 Teredina, 110 Clavagella, 110 Aspergillum, 110 Order II.— ACEPHALA NUDA, Hi Fam. I. — Segregat.a, ]11 Salpa, 111 Thaliae, 112 Salpa proper, 113 Ascidia, 113 Tlieyton of Aristotle, 113 Fam. 2. — Aggregata, 114 Botryllus, 114 Pyrosoma, 115 Polyclinum, 1 15 Escharae, 116 CLASS v.— BRANCHIOPODA. Ligula, 116 Terebratula, 1 17 Spirifer, 117 Thecidea, 117 Orbicula, 118 Discinae, 118 Crania, 118 CLASS VI.— CIRRHOPODA. Lepas, 119 Anatifa, 119 PoUicipes, 120 Cineras, 120 Otion, 120 Tetralasmis, 120 Ealanus, 120 X"^L Hi. XViii INDKX, Orukr II.— ACEPHALA N\JD^— (continued). Balanus proper, 120 Acastae, 121 Conia^, 121 Asoniae, 121 i*yrgom!C, 121 Octliosia.', 121 Creiisiae, 121 CoroMula', 121 Tubiciiu^llse, 1 21 Daidema, 122 THIRD GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINDGOM. ANIMALIA ARTICULATA. Distribution of tlio Articulata into four Classes, 124. CLASSES. I. Annelides, II. Cru.stacka. III. Arachnides. IV. Insecta. CLASS I.— ANNELIDES. Division of the Aniiclides into tluoe Orders, 127. Order I.— TUBICOLJE. 128 S(irpula, 128 Spirorbis, 129 Sabeila, 129 Tcrebella, 130 Phy/clia', l.'il Idalia-, 1.3 J Anipliitrite, l.'il Sypliostoiua, 132 Dentaliuui, 132 Order II.— DORSIBRANCIIIATA, 132 Arcnicola, 13.3 Aniphinonie, 13.3 Chloria. 131 ricione, 134 Eujjlirosino, 134 Hipponea, 134 Eunicf, 134 Marjdiisa', 135 Lysidic(!, 13.5 Agula, 1.35 Nereis, 135 Neiviplivli:!, 13f> Order IL— DORSIBR AIS! CHI AT A— (coiilinued). Phyllodoce, 136 Alciopa, 136 Spio, 136 Syllis. 136 Glycera, 137 Nephthys, 137 Luinbiinera, 137 Alicia, 137 Hesione, 137 Ophelina, 138 Cirrliatulas, 138 Palmyra, 138 Aphrodita, 138 Halithea, 133 Eumolpe, 139 Polynoe, 139 Sigaliones, 139 Acoetes, 139 Chaetopterus, 140 Order III.— ARBRANCHIAT^, 140 Fam. 1. — Abranchiat.e Setiger;e, HI Lumbricus, 141 Lumbricus proper, 141 Enteriones, 141 Hypogaeones, 142 Trophoniee, 142 Nais, 142 Clymena, 142 Fam. 2. — ABRANcaiAXiE asetiger^e, 143 Hirudo, 143 Sanguisuga, 143 Haemopsis, 144 Bdella, 144 Nephelis, 144 Trochetia, 144 Aulastoma, 144 Branchiobdella, 145 Hsemocharis, 145 Aibiona, 145 Branchellion, 145 Clespine, 146 Phylline, 146 Malacobdella, 146 Gordius, 146 ARTICULATA WITH ARTICULATED FEET. CLASS II.— CRUSTACEA. Diyision of Crustacea into Sections and Orders, 153. SECTIONS. ORDERS. rDecapoda. I Stomapoda. I. MALACOSTRACA. ■< Lfpmodipoda. I Amphipoda. i_Isopoda. II. ENTOMOSTRACA. i giaijchiopoda. [ rcecilopoda. SECTION I.— MALACOSTRACA. a. Eyes placed on a moveable and articxdated Pedicle. Order I.— DECAPODA, 156 Fam. 1. — Brachyura, 161 Cancer, 162 Pihnipedes, l^'S Matuta, 163 Palybius, 163 Orythyia, 164 Podopthalmvis, 164 Pcrtunus, 164 Platyonichus, 166 Arcuata, 166 Cancer proper, 1 66 Glorodius, 167 Carpilius, 167 Xantho, 167* Pirimela, ] 67 Atelecyclus, 168 Thia, 168 Mursia, 168 HepatuEi, 168 Quadrilatera, 16i» Eriphia, 169 Trapezia, J 70 Piiumnus, 170 *- Thelphusa, 170 Gonoplax, I7I Macropthalmus, 172 Gelasimus, 172 Ocypode, 173 Mictyris, 174 Pinnothei-es, 174 Uca, 175 * Those genera which we mention accessorily, either because they are but slightly or not at all known to u.«, or because we unite them with others, are printed ia italics. INDEX, Order L— DECAPODA— (continued). Cardisoma, 175 Gecarcinus, 175 PlaguBia, 176 Grapsus, 176 Orbiculata, 177 Corystes, 177 Leucosia, 178 Ixa, 178 Iphis, 178 Nursia, 178 Arcania, 178 Ilia, 178 Persephona, 178 Mijra, 178 Leucosia, 178 Phylira, 179 Ebalia, 179 Trigona, 179 Parthenope, 179 Lambrus, 180 Mithrax, 180 Acanthonyx, 180 Pisa, 181 Pericera, 181 ftiaia,-181 Micippe, 182 Stenocionops, 182 Camposcia, 182 Halimus, 182 Hyas, 183 Libinia, 183 Doclcea, 183 Efjeria, 183 Leptopus, 184 Hymenosoma, 184 Inachus, 184 Achaeus, 185 Stenoi'hynchus, 185 Leptopodia, 185 Pactolus, 185 Lithodcs, 185 Cryptopoda, 186 Calappa, 186 iEthra, 187 Notopoda, 187 Homola, 187 Dorippe, 187 Dromia, 188 Dynomene, 188 Ranina, 189 Obder J.— dec AVOD A— Cco7ili7iued). Fam. 2. — Macroura, 189 Astacus, 190 Anomala, 190 Albunea, 191 Hippa, 191 Remipes, 192 Birgus, 192 Pagiix'us, 193 Ccenohita, 194 Parjurw!, 194 Prophylax, 194 Lociistae, 194 Scyllarus, 195 Thenus, 195 Ibacus, 195 Palinurus, 196 Astacini, 196 Galathea, 197 Grimotea, 197 Munida, 198 Mglea, 198 Janira, 198 Porcellana, 198 Monolepis, 198 Megalopus, 199 Gebia, 199 Thalassina, 199 Callianassa, 200 Axius, 200 Eryon, 201 Astacus proper, 20 i Nephrops, 201 Carides, 202 Penaeus, 203 Stenopus, 204 , Atya, 204 Crangon, 204 Processa, 205 Hymenocera, 205 Gnathophyllum, 206 Pontonia, 206 Alpheus, 206 Hyppolite, 206 Autonomera, 206 Pandalus, 206 Paleemon, 207 Sysmata, 208 Athanas, 208 Pasipha>a, 208 Mysis, 208 INDEX. Order I.— DEC APOiy A— C continued). Cryptopus, 209 Mulcion, 209 Order II.— STOMAPODA, 209 Fam. 1. — Unipeltata, 212 Squilla, 212 Squilla pr()|3f>i", 213 Gonodactyliis, 213 Corouis, 214 Ericlithus, 214 Alima, 214 Fam. 2. — Bipeltata, 214 Phyllosoma, 215 b. Eyes sessile and immoveable. Order III.— AMPHIPODA, 217 Gammarus, 217 Phronima, 218 Hyperia, 218 Phrosine, 218 Dactylocera, 219 lone,' 219 Orchestia, 220 Taliprus, 220 Atylus, 220 Gammarus proper, 220 Melita, 221 Meera, 221 Amphithoe, 221 Pherusa, 221 Dexamine, 221 Lencothoe, 221 Cerapus, 222 Podocerus, 222 Jassa, 222 Corophium, 222 Pterygocera, 223 Apseudes, 223 Typhis, 223 Anceus, 224 Praniza, 224 Ergine, 224 Order IV.— L^MODIPODA, 224 Cyamus, 225 Leptomera, 225 Naupredia, 226 Caprella, 226 Cyamus proper, 226 xxiv i>'i'i''X- Order V.— ISOPODA, 226 Oniscus, 228 Bopvrus, 228 Serolis, 229 Cymothoa, 229 Ichthyophilus, 229 Nerocila, 229 Livoneca, 229 Canolira, 229 JEga, 230 Rocinela, 230 Conilira, 230 Synodus, 230 Nelocira, 230 Eurydice, 230 Limnoria, 231 Spheeromides, 231 Zuzara, 231 SpliBeroma, 232 N^sa, 232 Campecopea, 232 Cilicjea, 232 Cymodocea, 232 Dynamene, 232 Anthura, 232 Idoteides, 233 Idotea, 233 Stenosoma, 233 Arcturus, 233 Asellota, 233 Asellus. 233 Oniscoda, 234 J^ia, 234 Oniscides, 234 Tylos, 234 Ligia, 235 Philoscia, 235 Oniscus proper, 235 Porcellio, 236 Armadillo, 236 SECTION II.— ENTOMOSTRACA. Order I.— BRANCHIOPODA, 238 Monoculus, 239 Lophyropa, 239 Zoea, 240 Nebalia,241 Condyhira, 241 Cyclops, 242 Cythero, 245 XXV Order I.— BRANCHIOVOD A— rcontiniiedj. Cypris, 245 Sida, 247 Latona, 247 Polyphemus, 248 Daphnia, 248 liyticeus, 25o Phyllopa, 253 Limnadia, 254 Artemia, 255 Branchipus, 255 Eulimene, 257 Apus, 258 Order II.— PiECILOPODA, 261 Fam. 1. — Xypiiosura, 2G1 Limulus, 262 Tachypleus, 264 Fam. 2. — Siphonostoma, 264 Tribe l.—Caligides, 264 Argulus, 265 Caligus, 268 Caligus proper, 269 Pterygopoda, 269 Pandarus, 269 Dineraoura, 269 Anthosoma, 269 Cecrops, 270 Tribe 2.-~Lerneiformes, 270 Dichelestium, 270 Nicothoe, 271 TIULOBITES, 273. Agnostus, 274 Calymene, 274 Asaphus, 274 Ogygia, 274 Paradoxides, 274 CLASS II.— ARACHNIDES, Ordkr I.— PULMONARI^, 277 Fam. 4. — Araneides, 279 Mygale, 286 Mygale proper, 286 Cteniza, 289 Atvpus, 289 Eriodon, 290 XXVI INDEX. Order I.— PULMON ARlJE—fcontinuedJ, Dysdera, 291 Filistata, 291 Aranea, 291 Tubitelfe, 29 J Clotho,291 Drassus, 293 Segestria, 294 Clubiona, 295 Aranea proper, 295 Argyroneta proper, 295 Inequitelae, 295 Scytodes, 29G Theridion, 296 Episinus, 296 Pholcus, 296 Orbitelje, 297 Liiiyphia, 297 Uloborus, 298 Tetragnatha, 298 Epeira, 298 Laterigradse, 301 Micrommata, 301 Senelops, 302 Philodromus, 303 Thomisus, 304 Storena, 305 Citigradse, 305 Oxyopes, 305 Ctenus, 306 Dolomedes, 306 Lycosa, 306 Myrmecia, 307 Saltigradse, 308 Tessarops, 308 Palpiraanus, 309 Eresus, 309 Salticus, 309 Fam. 2.— Pedipalpi, 310 Tarantula, 310 Phrynus, 311 Thelyphonus, 3 1 1 Scorpio, 3 1 1 Order II.— TRACHEARIiE, 313 Fam. 1. — PsEUDO-scoKPiONES, 315 Galeodes, 315 Chelifer. 315 Fam. 2. — Pycnogonides, 317 Pycnogonum, 318 INDEX. xxvii Order ll—TRACREAmJE—rcontlnued . Phoxichilus, 318 Nj'^mphon, 318 Ammothea, 318 Fam. 1. — HoLETRA, 318 Tribe I. — Phalangita, 318 Phalangium, 319 Gonoleptes, 319 Siro, 320 Macrocheles, 320 Trogulus, 320 Tribe 2. — Acarides, 320 Acarus, 320 Trombidium, 321 Erythraeus, 321 Gamasus, 321 Cheyletus, 322 Oribata, 322 Uropoda, 322 Acarus proper, 322 Bdella, 322 Smaridia, 323 Ixodes, 323 Argas, 324 Eylais, 325 Hydrachna, 325 Limnochares, 325 Caris, 325 Leptus, 325 Aclysia, 325 Atoma, 326 Ocypete, 326 CLASS III— INSECTA. Order I.— iMYRIOPODA, 345 Fam. 1. — Chilognatha, 347 lulus, 349 Glomeris, 349 lulus broper, 949 Polydesmus, 350 PoUyxenus, 350 Fam. 2.--CH1L0P0DA, 350 Scolopendra, 351 Scutigera, 352 Lithobius, 352 Scolopendra proper, 352 Order II.— THYSANOURA, 353 Fam. J . — Lepismente, 353 Lepisma, 353 A'lachilis, 354 Lepisma proper, 354 Fam. 2. — PoDURELL;E, 355 Podura, 355 Podura proper, 355 Smynthurus, 355 Order III.— PARASITA, 356 Pediculus, 356 Pediculus proper, 356 Haematopinus, 357 Ricinus, 357 Trichodectes, 35 S Gyropus, 358 Liotheum, 358 Philoptcrvs, 358 Goniodes, 358 TrionguUn, 358 Order IV.— SUCTORIA, 359 Pulex, 360 Order V.— COLEOPTERA, 361 PENTAMERA, Fam. 1. — Carnivora, 363 Tribe 1. — CicindeletcB, 365 Cicindela, 365 Manticora, 365 Megacephala, 366 Oxycheila, 366 Euprosopus, 366 Cicindela proper, 366 Ctenostoma, 367 Therates, 368 Colliuris, 368 Tricondyla, 369 Tribe 2.—Carabici, 369 Carabus, 369 Truncatipennes, 369 Anthia, 370 Gi-aphipterns, 370 Aptinus, 370 Brachinus, 371 Corsyra, 372 Casiionia, 373 INDEX. Order V.— CO LEOPTERA— (continued). Leptx)trachelus, 373 Odacantha, 373 Zuphium, 373 Polistichus, 374 Helluo, 374 Drypta, 374 Trichognatha, 375 Galerita, 375 Cordistes, 375 Ctenodactyla, 376 Agra, 376' Cymindis, 376 Calleida, 376 Demetrias, 276 Dromias, 377 Lebia, 377 Plochionus, 377 Orthogonius, 377 Coptodera, 377 nipartiti, 378 Enceladus, 378 Siagona, 378 Carenum, 379 Pasimachus, 380 Acanthoscelis, 380 Scarites, 380 Oxygnathus, 381 Oxystomus, 382 Camptodontus, 382 Clivina, 382 Dischirius, 382 Mirio, 383 Ozfena, 383 Ditomus, 383 Aristus, 383 Apotomus, 383 Quadrimani, 384 Acinopus, 384 Daptus, 385 Harpalus, 385 Ophonus, 385 Stenolophus, 386 Acupalpus, 386 Simplicimani, 386 Zabrus, 387 Pogonus, 387 Tetragonoderus, 388 Feronia, 388 Amara, 388 Pcedlus, 389 XXX INDEX. Order V.— COLEOPTERA— rcow^inwerf;. Argtitor, 389 Omaseus, 389 Platysma, 389 Pterostichus, 389 Abax, 389 Steropus, 389 Percus, BS9 Molops, 390 Co/;Ao«?/5, 390 ■ ■ Cheporus, 390 Myas, 391 Trigonomota, 381 , Pseudo-morpha, 391 Cephalotes, 391 Stomis, 391 Catascopus, 391 Colpodes, 392 Pericalus, 392 Mormolyce, 392 Sphodrus, 392 Ctenipus, 393 Calathus, 393 Taphria, 393 Patellimani, 393 Dolichus,394 Platynus, 394 Agonum, 394 Anchomenus, 395 Callistus, 395 Oodes, 395 Chlaenius, 395 Epomis, 395 Dinodes, 395 Lissauchenus , 395 Rembus, 396 Dicselus, 396 Licinus, 396 Badister, 396 Pelecium, 397 Cynthia, 397 Panageeus, 397 Loricera, 398 Patrobus, 398 Grandipalpi, 398 Pamborus, 399 Cychrus, 399 Scaphinotus, 899 Sphseroderus, 399 Tefflus, 400 Procerus, 400 INDEX. Order V.— COLEOFTER A— fcontinuedj. Procrustes, 400 Carabus proper, 400 Plectes, 400 Cechenvs, 400 Calosoma, 402 Pogonophorus, 403 Nebria, 403 Alpfeus, 403 Oinopbron, 403 Elaphrus, 404 Blethisu, 404 Pelophilus, 404 Notiophilus, 405 Subulipalpi, 405 Bembidium, 405 Tachypus, 405 Lopha, 405 Notaphus, 40G Peryphus, 406 Leja, 406 Trecbus, 406 Blemus, 406 Tribe 3. — Hydrocanthari, 406 Dytiscus, 406 Dj'tiscus proper, 409 Colymbetes, 410 Hygrobia, 410 Hydroporus, 410 Noterus, 411 Haliplus, 411 Gyrinus, 411 Fam. 2. — Brachelytra, 413 Staphylinus, 413 Fissilabra, 414 Oxyporus, 414 Astrapseus, 415 Staphylinus proper, 415 Xantholinus , 415 Pinophilus, 416 Lathrobium, 416 Longipalpi, 416 Paederus, 416 Procirrus, 4 1 6 Stilicus, 416 Evsesthetus, 417 Stenus,417 Denticrura, 417 Oxytelus, 417 Osorius, 417 XXXU INDEX. Order Y.—C0LE0PTERA—( continued). Zyrophorus, 418 Prognatha, 418 Coprophilus, 418 Depressa, 418 Oinaliitm, 418 Lesteva, 4 1 8 Micropeplus, 418 Proteinus, 419 Aleochara, 419 Microcephala, 419 Lomechusa, 419 Tachinus, 419 Tachyporus, 420 Fmn. 3. — Serricornes, 420 SECTION I.— STERNOXI. Tribe 1. — Bupres tides, 421 Buprestis. 421 Bujirestis proper, 422 Trachi/s, 423 Aphanisticus, 423 Melasis, 423 Tribe 2.—Elateridcs, 424 Elater, 424 Galba, 425 Eucnemis, 425 Adelocera, 425 Lissomus, 426 Chelonarium, 426 Throscus, 426 Cerophytum, 427 Cryptostoma, 427 Nematodes, 427 Hemirhipus, 427 Stenicera, 427 Elater proper, 428 Campylus, 429 Phyllocerus, 429 SECTION II.— MALACODERMI. Tribe 1 . — Cerbrionites, 429 Cebrio. 429 Physodactylus, 430 Cebrio proper, 430 Anelastes, 430 Callirhips, 431 Sandalus, 431 Ord ER V.—COLEOPTERA—(co7itimiedJ. Rhipiceia, 431 Ptilodactyla, 432 Dascillus, 432 Elodes, 432 JScyrtes, 432 Nvctens, 432 Eiibiia, 433 Tribe 2. — Lampijrides, 433 Lampyris, 433 Lycus, 433 Dictyoptera, 43-1: Omalisus, 434 Amy deles, 'i^ii Phengodes, 43(i Lampvris proper, 436 Drilus, 437 Cockleoclonus, 437 Telephorus, 438 Silis, 439 Malthinus, 439 Tribe 'd.—Mdijrides, 439 Melyris, 439 Malachius, 439 Dasytes, 440 Zygia, 440 Melyris, 440 Pelocophonis, 441 Diglobicerus, 441 Tribe A.—Clerii, 441 Clerus, 441 Cylidrus, 441 Tillus, 442 Prioeera, 442 Axina, 442 Eurypus, 442 Tlianasimus, 443 Opilo, 443 Clerus proper, 443 Necrobia, 443 Enoplium, 444 Tribe 5.- P/«/.tore^ 444 Ptinus, 445 Ptinus j)ropcr, 445 Gibbium, 445 Ptilinus,446 • Xyletinus, 446 Dorcatoma, 44H Anobium, 416 VOL. 111. XXxiv INDEX. Order v.— COLEOPTERA— fcoTj/tVmeci). SECTION III. Tribe 1 ,—Xylotrogi, 447 Lymexylon, 447 Atractocerus, 447 Hylecsetus, 448 Lymexylon proper, 44^ Cupes, 448 Rhysodes, 448 Fam. 4. — Clavicornes, 449 SECTION I. Tribe 1. — Palpatores, 450 Mastigiis, 450 Mastigus, 450 Scydmsenus, 450 Tiibe 2. — Histeroides, 451 Hister, 451 Hololepta, 45 1 Hister proper, 452 Platysoma, 452 Dendropliihif!, 452 Abraus, 452 Onthophilus, 452 Tribe 3.—Silphales, 453 Silpha, 453 Sphserites, 453 Necrophorus, 454 Necrodes, 455 Silpha proper, 455 Thanatophilus, 466 Oiceptoma, 456 Phosphuga, 456 Necrophilus, 456 Argyrtes, 457 Tribe 4. — Scaphidites, 457 Scaphidium, 457 Scaphidium proper, 457 Choleva, 458 Tribe 5. — Nilidularice, 458 Nitidula, 458 Colobicus, 458 Thymalus, 459 Ips, 449 Nitidula ])roper, 459 Cercus, 460 Byturus, 4*i0 tLxxy Order V.—COLEOPTER A— (continued). Tribe Q.-^Engidites, 460 Dacne, 460 Daciie proper, 460 Cryptopliagus, 461 Tribe 7- — Der me stint, Am Dermestes, 461 Aspidiphorus, 461 Dermestes proper, 462 Megatoma, 462 Limnichus, 462 Attageniis, 463 Trogoderma, 463 Anthrenus, 463 Globicornis, 463 Tiibe S.—Byrrkii, 464 Byrrhus, 464 Nosodendron, 464 Byrrhus proper, 464 Trinodes, 464 SECTION II. Tribe 1. — Acanfhopoda, 465 Heterocerus, 466 Tribe 2. — Macrodacfy/a, 466 Dryops, 466 Potamophilus, 466 Dryops proper, 467 Elmis, 467 Macronychus, 467 Georissus, 467 Fam. 5. — Palpicornes, 467 Tribe \.—Hydrophilii,468 Hydrophiius, 468 Elophorus, 468 Hydrochus, 468 Ochthebius, 469 Hydraena, 469 Spercheus, 469 Globaria, 469 Hydrophiius proper, 470 Limnebius, 471 Hydrobius, 471 Berosus, 472 Tribe 2.—Spheeridiota, 472 Sphtieridiuni, 472 Cercydion, 472 SECOND GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.^ ANIMALIA MOLLUSCA.* The Mollusca have neither an articulated skeleton nor a vertebral canal. Their nervous system is not united into a spinal marrow, but merely into a certain number of medullary masses distributed in differ- * N.B. Linnaeus united all inverteljrate animals without articulated limbs in a single class, under tlie name of Vermes, dividing them into five orders : the Intes- TiNA, embracing some of my AnncHdes and Intestina ; the Mollusca, comprehend- ing my Naked Mollusca, my Echinodermata, and part of my Intestina and Zoophytes ; the Testacea, comprising my MoWmsc« and Annelides with shells; the Lythophyta, or Stony Corals ; and the Zoophytes, embracing the remainder of the Polypi, some of the Intestina and the Infusoria. No regard whatever was paid to nature in this arrangement, and Bi-ugi^re, Encycl. Method., endeavoured to rectify it. He there established six oi-ders of worms, viz. the Infuriosa ; the Intestina, including the Annelides ; the Mol- lusca, uniting several of my Zoophytes to my true Mollusca ; the Echinodermata, which only comprised Echinus and Asterias ; the Testacea, nearly the same as those of Linnaeus ; and the Zoophytes, under which name he included the Corals only. This arrangement was merely superior to that of Linnseus in the more com- plete approximation of the Annelides, and by the distinction it effected of a part of the Echinodermata. I proposed a new arrangement of all the invertebrate animals, founded on their internal structure, in a paper read before the Societe d'Histoire Naturellc on the 10th of May 1795, of which my subsequent labours on this part of natural history are the development. ^S^ (n) It is proper to inform our readers that in placing this Division of the Animal Kingdom after the Fishes, we have made a correction of the confused arrangement which exists in the volumes of the French Original, and by which the Mollusca and the Zoophytes were placed in juxta position, whilst the Insects fol- lowed the latter. Cuvier was under the necessity of yielding to the circumstances ■which imposed upon him the inconvenient plan pursued by liim in these volumes ; and they arose from his wish to devote the whole of the last two volumes of the original to the labours of M. Latreille, who has supplied the description of the Insects. In his preface to the third volume the author explains his motives, and as they have been above substantially stated, we will merely add the remainder of the remarks contained in this preface. He states the reasons which delayed the publica- VOL, in. B 2 MOLLUSCA. ent points of the body, the chief of which, termed the brain, is situated transversely on the oesophagus, and envelopes it with a ner- vous collar. Their organs ^f motion and of the sensations have not the same uniformity as to number and position, as in the Vertebrata, and the irregularity is still more striking in the viscera, particvilarly as respects the position of the heart and respiratory organs, and even as regards the structure of the latter ; for some of them respire elastic air, and others salt or fresh water. Their external organs, however, and those of locomotion, are generally arranged symme- trically on the two sides of an axis. The circulation of the Mollusca is always double ; that is, their pulmonaiy circulation describes a distinct and perfect circle. This function is also always aided by at least one fleshy ventricle, situated between the veins of the lungs and the arteries of the body, and not as in fishes between the veins of the body and the arteries of the lungs. It is then an aortic ventricle. The family of Cephalopoda alone are provided besides with a pulmonary ventricle, which is even divided into two. The aortic ventricle is also divided in some genera, as in Area and Lingula; at- others, as in other bivalves, its auricle only is divided. When there is more than one ventricle they are not joined in a single mass, as in the warm-blooded animals, but are frequently placed at a considerable distance from each other, and in this case the animal may be said to have several hearts. The blood of the Mollusca is white or bluish, and it appears to con- tain a smaller proportionate qiiantity of fibrine than that of the Vertebrata. There are reasons for believing that their viens fulfil the functions of absorbent vessels. Their muscles are attached to various points of their skin, forming tissues there, which are more or less complex and dense. Their motions consist of various contractions varying in their direction, which produce inflexions and prolongations together with relaxations tion of the third volume for a long time after the appearance of the fourth ; among the most prominent of which were the number of changes in the genera, and in the distribution of species, he was compelled to make by recent discoveries. He also acknowledges his obligations to the works of the late lamanted M. de Lamarck, and those of MM. de Blainville, Savigny, Ferussac, Des Heyes, D'Orbigny, Rudolph), Bremser, Otto, Leuckart, Charaisso, Eisenhardt, Rang, Sowerby, Charles Desmou- lins, Quoy and Gaymard, Dclle Chiaje, Defrance, Desloiichamp, Audouin, Milne Edwards, Duges, Moquin Tandon, Morren, Ranzani, and other savans whom he names in different places. He concludes by regretting that he had not received in time certain very recent works, which would have supplied him with valuable materials, particularly the Syst. Acaleph., Berlin, 1829, 4to, of M. Esch- holtz, and the article Zoophytes of the Diet, des Sc. Nat., of M. de Blainville, which was not then published. Eng. Ed, MOLLUSCA. 3 of their different parts, by means of which they creep, swim, and seize upon various objects, just as the form of these parts may permit; but as the limbs are not supported by articulated and solid levers, they cannot perform very rapid advances in progression. The irritability of most of them is extremely great, and remains for a long time after they are divided. Their skin is naked, very sensible, and usually covered with a humour that oozes from its pores ; no particular organ of smell has ever been detected in them, although they enjoy that sense ; it may possibly reside in the entire skin, for it greatly resembles a pituitary membrane. All the Cephala, Brachiopoda, Cirrhopoda, and part of the Gasteropoda and Ptero- poda, are deprived' of eyes; the Cephalopoda on the contrary have them at least as complicated as those of the Avarm-blooded animals. They are the only ones in which the organ of hearing has been discovered, and whose brain is enclosed with a particular cartila- ginous box. Nearly all the MoUusca have a development of the skin which covers their body, and which bears more or less resemblance to a mantle; it is often however narrowed into a simple disk, or is formed into a pipe, or hallowed into a sac, or lastly is extended and divided in the form of fins. The Naked MoUusca are those. in which the mantle is simply membranous or fleshy ; most frequently however one or several laminse, of a substance more or less hard, is formed in its thickness, deposited in layers, and increasing in extent as well as in thickness, because the recent layers always overlap the old ones. When this substance remains concealed in the thickness of the mantle, it is still customary to style the animals Naked MoUusca. Most generally, however, it becomes so much developed, that the contracted animal finds shelter beneath it ; it is then termed a shell, and the animal is said to be testaceous ; the epidermis which covers it is thin, and sometimes desiccated ;* it is called drapmar- in(a). The variety in the form, colour, surface, substance and brilliancy * Until my labours on the subject were made public, the Tesfacea constituted a particular order; but there are so many insensible transitions from the Naked MoUusca to the Testacea, and their natural divisions form such groups with each other, that this distinction can no longer exist. Besides this, there are several of the Testacea which are not MoUusca. (f^ (aj This name is given to a woolly texture which covers the outside of several univalve shells. Eng. Ed. b2 4 MOLLUSCA. of shells, is infinite ; most of them are calcareous ; some are simply horny, but they always consist of matters deposited in layers, or exuded from the skin under the epidermis, like the mucous covering, nails, hairs, horns, scales, and even teeth. The tissue of shells differs according as this transudation is deposited either in parallel laminae or in crowded vertical filaments. All the modes of mastication and deglutition are illustrated in the MoUusca; here the stomachs are simple, there they are com- plicated, and frequently provided with a peculiar armature; their intestines are variously prolonged. They most generally have salivary glands, and always a large liver, but neither pancreas nor mesenterv : several have secretions wliich are peculiar to them. They also present examples of all the varieties of the process of generation. Several of them possess the faculty of self-impregna- tion ; others, although hermaphrodites, require a reciprocal coitus, while in many the sexes are separated. The first are viviparous, and the others oviparous ; the eggs of the latter are sometimes en- veloped Avith a harder or softer shell, and sometimes Avith a simple viscosity. These varieties of the digestive and generative processes are found in the same order, and sometimes in the same family. The Mollusca in general appear to be animals that are but slightly developed, possessed of but little industiy, and which are only pre- served by their fecundity and their tenacity of life. Division of the Mollusca into Six Classes.^ The general form of the body of the Mollusca, being in propor- tion to the complication of their internal organization, indicates their natural division. f The body of some resembles a sac open in front, containing the branchiae, whence issues a well developed head crowned with long' and strong fleshy productions, by means of which they crawl, and seize various objects. These we term the Cephalopoda. That of others is closed; the appendages of the head are either wanting or are extremely reduced; the principal organs of locomotion are two wings or membranous fins, situated on the sides of the neck, * M. de Blainvilk lias sixbstitiited the name of Malacozoaires for that of Mol lusca, separating from them the Chitons and Cirrliipodu, -which he calls Malenio- zoasrcs. f The whole of this arrangement of the Mollusca, and most of the secondary stilidivisions, belong exclusively to me. CEfHALOPODA. • 5 and which frequently support the branchial tissue. They constitute the Pteropoda. Others again crawl by means of a fleshy disk on their belly, some- times, though rarely, compressed into a fin, and have almost always a distinct head before. We call these the Gasteropoda. A fourth class is composed of those in which, the mouth remains hidden in the bottom of the mantle, which also encloses the branchiae and viscera, and is open either throughout its length, at both ends, or at one extremity only. Such are our Acephala. A fifth comprises those, which, also inclosed in a mantle and with- out an apparent head, have fleshy or membranous arms, furnished with cilia of the same natui'e. We term these Brachiopoda. Finally, there arc some, which, although similar to the other Mollusca in the mantle, branchiae, &c., differ from them in numerous horny and articulated limbs, and in a nervous system more nearly allied to that of the Articulata. They will constitute our last class, or that of the Cirrhopoda. CLASS I. CEPHALOPODA.* Their mantle unites under the body, forming a muscular sac which envelopes all the viscera. In several, its sides are extended into fleshy fins. The head projects from the opening of the sac; it is rounded, furnished with two large eyes, and crowned with longer or shorter conical and fleshy arms or feet, capable of being flexed in every direction, and extremely vigorous, the surface of which is armed with svickers or cupf^^a) Avhich enable them to adhere with great tenacity to every body they embrace. These feet are their instru- ments of prehension, natation, and walking. They swim with the head backwards, and crawl in all directions with the head beneath and the body above. A fleshy funnel placed at the opening of the sac, before the neck, afi'ords a passage to the excretions. The Cephalopoda have two branchise within the sac, one on each * M. de Blainville has changed this name to that of Cephalophora. M. de Lamarck at first united my Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda under the common name of Ccphala, but having subsequently increased the number of classes, he resumed that of Cephalopoda. 'Xl^ C^' ites . . I Sixth Family. — Les Nautilac^es Ammonites. . . Orbulites . . . Ammonoceras. Turrilites , . . Baculites . . . L > Seventh Family. — ^^Les Amnion^es J Second Division. — CephalopoiJes-monoihalamcs,- Genus Argonauta { Shell semidiscoid; mul- tilocular, with sim- ple septa ; the spire eccentric, r Shell globose, multilo- I cular, with simple I septa, spheroidal or .^ oval ; the whorls of the spire enveloping, or the chambers uni- ted in a tunic. Shell discoid, multilo- cular with simple septa, spire central, chambers lengthened and discoid, extend- IngYrom the centre to the circumference'. r Shell discoid, spire cen- trical, cells short, and in a spiral line not extending from the centre to the cir- cumference. The greater number are fossil species. The septa, as in the pre- ceding genera, sim- ple, neither notched nor undulated on the internal partition of the testaceous exte- rior. " Shell multiloctdar ; sep- ta sinuous, lobed, and cut in their con- tour, uniting toge- ther against the in- ternal partition of the shell, and arti- culated in sinuous sutures divided and dentated. Most of these are known only in a fossil state. Navigators. Shell unilocular, alto- gether external, and enveloping the ani- mal. 10 MOLLUSCA. rough skin, arms six times the length of its body, and irnished with one hundred and twenty pairs of cups, infests the coasts of Europe in summer, and destroys immense numbers of fishes and ci'ustacea. The seas, of hot climates produce another, Sepia rugosa, Bosc. ; Seb., Ill, ii. 2, 3, whose body is rougher; arms some- what longer than the body, furnished with ninety pairs of cups. It is from this species tliat some authors suppose the Indian Ink is procured. Others again, Eledon, Aristotle, Have but a single row of cups along each foot. One of them, the Pou/pe vmsque. Lam., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. 4to, pi. ii; Rondelet, 515*, is found in the Mediter- ranean, which is remarkable for its musky odour. Argonauta, Lin. These are Octopi with two rows of cups, the pair of feet which are nearest to the back being dilated at the extremity into a Third Division. — Cephalopudcs-sepiares. — Pulpy Animals. rNo shell either exter- ' nal or internal ; a so- lid body, free, cres- ted, or horned, and contained in the in- terior of most of these animals. Some crawl at the bottosi of the sea, others have the faculty of swimming on its surface. Genus Octopus .... Loligopsis .... Loligo .. .... Sepia . . . . Fifth Order. — Les Hiteropodes. Body free, elongated, swimming horizontally ; head distinct ; two eyes ; the arms not in the form of a crown on the summit of the head ; no foot beneath the belly or under the throat for the purpose of crawling ; one or more fins, not disposed in pairs, or any regular order of distribution. These animals, though allied to the Cfephalopodes, may be considered as the first vestiges of a series of marine animals, intermediate between them and the fishes, they probably are very nume- rous and much diversified, but have at present escaped observation, or their exami- nation has been neglected. --Shell free, elongated; animal swimming horizontally ; head distinct ; two eyes ; < no arms surmount- ing the head in the form of a crown ; no foot or fins regular- ly destributed. Genus Carinaria .... Pterotrachea .... Phylliroe , !a . . . V * Add the Poulpe cirrheaux, Lam., loc. cit., pi. i, f, 2, and, in general, several new species of the whole genus Sepia, which will shortly be published by M. de F^russac. CEPHALOPODA. 11 broad membrane. The two cartilaginous granules of the common Octopus are wanted, but these moHusca are always found in a very thin shell, symmetrically fluted and spirally convoluted, the last whorl of which is so large, that it bears some resemblance to a galley of which the spine is the poop. The animal makes a consequent use 'of it, and in calm weather whole fleets of them may be observed navi- gating the surface of the ocean, employing six of their tentacula as oars, and elevating the two membi'anous ones by way of a sail. If the sea becomes rough, or they perceive any danger, the Argonaut withdraws all its arms, concentrates itself in its shell, and descends to the bottom. The body of the animal does not penetrate to the bottom of the spires of the shell, and it appears that it does not adhere to it, at least, there is no muscular attachment, a circumstance which has induced soine authors to believe, that its residence there is that of a parasite*, like the Pagurus Bernhardus, for instance. As it is always found in the saine shell, however, and as no other animal is ever seen theref , although it is very common and so formed as to show itself frequently on the surface, and as the germ of it is visible even in the ovum of the Argonaut^, this opinion must be considered as highly problematical, to say nothing more of it. The ancients were well acquainted with this singular animal and its manoeuvres. It is their Nautilus and their Pompilus, Pliny, IX, c. xxix. Several species are known, closely resembling each other both in the animal and the shell, which were united by Linnaeus under the name of Argonauta argo, or the Paper Nautilus^. Bellerophon, Montf. Certain fossil shells, so called, the animal of which is supposed to have been analogous to the Argonauts. They are spirally and sym- metrically convoluted, without seyta, but thick, and not fluted ; the last whorl proportionably shorter |[. LoLiGO, Lam. The Calmars have an ensiform lamina of horn in the back in lieu of a shell ; the sac has two fins, and besides the eight feet promis- , cuously loaded with litle cups on short pedicles, the head is furnished with two much longer arms, provided Avith cups near the end only, which is widened. The animal uses these latter to keep itself im- movable, as if at anchor. The receptacle of the colouring matter is * It is upon this hypothesis that M. Rafin and othei-s have formed the animal into the genus Ocythoe. t All that has been stated to the contrary, even in modern times, is founded upon report and conjecture. X Poll, test. Neapol., Ill, p. 10. See, also, Ferussac, Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., II, p. 160, and Ranzani, Mem. di Stor. Nat. dec, I, p. 85. § Arg. argo, Favanne, VII, A, 2, A, 3 ; — Arg. haustrum, Delw., ib., A, 5 ; — A. tuberciilatu, Shaw, Nat. Misc., 995 : — A. riuciculu, Solander, Fav., VII, A, 7 ; — A. Mans, Sol., Fav., VII., A, 6 ; — A. Cranchii, Leach, Phil. Trans.. 1817. II Bellorophon vasulites, Montf., Conch. Syst., I. p. 51. See, also, Defrance, Ann. des Sc. Nat., I, p. 264. 12 5IOLLUSCA. lodged in the liver, and the glands of the oviducts arc very large. The coalescing eggs are deposited in narrow garlands, and in two rows. They are now sulxlivided according to the number and armature of the feet and the form of the fins. LoLiGOPSis, Lam. Or the Calmarets, should have but eight feet as in Octopus ; they are only known, however, by drawings of but little authority*. In the true Loligo the long arms are furnished with cups like the other tentacula, and the fins are placed near the point of the sac. Three species are found in the European seas. L. vulgaris ; Sepia loligo, h. ; Rondel., 506; Salv. 169. The common Calmar. Fins forming a rhomb at the bottom of the sac. L. sagittata, Lam. ; Seb., Ill, iv. The great Calmar. Fins forming a triangle at the bottom of the sac ; arms shorter than the body, and loaded Avith cups for about half their length. L. Media; Sep. media, L. ; Rondel, .508. The little Calmar. Fins forming an ellipsis at the bottom of the sac, which tei'mi- nate in a sharp pointf . Onykia, Lesueur. — Onychotheuthis, LicJdenst. Have the long arms furnished Avith cups terminating in hooks ; in other respects the form is the same|. Sepiola, Cuv. Have the rounded fins attached to the sides of the sac and not to its point. One species, S. vulgaris ; S. sepiola. It. ; Rondel.. 519, inhabits European seas. The sac is short and obtuse, and the fins small and cir- cular. It seldom exceeds three inches in length, and its horny lamina is as slender and sharp as a stilet. Chondrosepia, Leukard. — Sepiotheutes, Blainv. The whole margin of the sac, on each side, bordered with the fins, as in Sepda ; but the shell horny, as in Loligo§. * See, however, Leachia cijclura, Lesueur, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil,, II, p. 89, and Krusenstern, Atlas, pi. Ixxxviii. -f- Add, Lol. Barframii, Leseuer, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., II, vii, 1, 2; — Lol. Bart- linijii, Id., XCV; — Lol. iUecehrosa, Id., pi. F, No. 6; — L. pelagica, Bosc, Vers., I, 1, 2 ; — L. PeaUi, Lesueur, I, c, viii, 1, 2; — L. Pavo. "id., XCVI ; — L. hreiipinna, Id., lb., Ill, X. X On. cariboea, Lesueur, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil,, II, ix, 1,2 ; — On. amjulaia, Id., lb., I, 3 ; — On. uncinata, Q,uoy and Gaym., Voy. Freycin., Zool., pi, vii, f, 66 ; — On. Bergii, Licht., Isis, ISlS, pi. xix ; — On. Fahricii, lb.. Id.; — On. Banksii, Leach, App. Tuckey, pi. xviii, f. 2, copied Journ. de Phys., tome LXXXYI, Juue, f. 4 ; — On. Smithii, Leach, lb. f. 3, Journ. de Phys., lb., 5. ^ Chondrosepi loUgiformis, Leukard, App. Rnppel., pi, vi, f. 1. CEPHALOPODA. 13 Sepia, Lam, The Sepise, properly so called, have the two long arms of a LoHgo. and a fleshy fin extending along the whole length of each side of the sac. The shell is oval, thick, convex, and composed of numerous and parallel calcareous laminae, united by thousands of little hollow columns, running perpendicularly from one to the other. This structure rendering it friable, causes it to be employed, under the name of cuttle-bone,' for polishing various kinds of work ; it is also given to small birds in aviaries, for the purpose of whetting their bills. The ink-pouch of the Sapise is detached from the liver and situated more deeply in the abdomen. The glands of the oviducts are enor- mous. The eggs are produced attached to each other in branching clusters resembling those of grapes, and are commonly termed sea- grapes. The species most commonly found in the seas of Europe, Sepia officinalis, L. ; Rondel., 498, Seb., III., iii, attains the length of a foot and more. Its skin is smooth, whitish, and dotted with red. The Indian Ocean produces another, Sepia tuberculata. Lam. Soc. d'Hist. Nat., 4to. pi. i, f. 1*. Nautilus, Lin. In this genus Linnaeus united all spiral, symmetrical and chambered shells, that is to say, such as are divided by septa into several cavities ; their inhabitants he supposed to be Cephalopoda. One of them, in fact, belongs to a Cephalopode that strongly resembles a Sepia, but it has shorter arms — it forms the genus, Spirula, Lam. In the hind part of the body, which is that of a Sepia, is an inte- rior sliell, which, although very different from the bone of that animal as to figure, differs but little in its formation. A correct idea of the latter may l)e obtained by imagining the successive laminse, instead of remaining parallel and approximated, to be concave towards the body, more distant, increasing biit little in breadth, and forming an angle l)etween them, thus producing an elongated cone, spirally convoluted in one plane and divided transversely into chambers. Such is the shell of the Spirula, which has additional characters consisting of a single hollow column that occupies the internal side of each chamber, continuing its tube with those of the other chambers to the very * Small bodies, armed with a spine are frequently found among Fossils — they are the extremities of the bones of the Scpise. They constitute the genus Beloptera Deshayes. See my note on this subject, Ann. des Sc. Nat. II, xx, 1, 2. There are some other — but petrified — Fossils, which appear to be closely allied to the above bones. They are the Ryncholitiies of M. Faure Biguet. See Gail- lardot, Ann. des Sc. Nat., II, 485, and pi. .vxii, and of Orbigny, lb., pi. vi. 1 4 MOLLTISCA. extremity of the shell — this column is termed the siphon. The turns of the spire do not come into contact. But a single species, Nautilus spirula, L. ; List., 550, 2, is known. The Nautilus, properly so called. Has a shell which differs from the Spirula in the sudden crossing of the laminge, and in the last turns of the spire, which not only touch the preceding ones but envelope them. The siphon occupies the centre of each septum. N.pompilius, L. ; List. 5.51, the most common .species ; it is very large, formed internally of a beautiful mother-of-pearl, and covered externally witli a white crust varied with fawn-coloured bands or streaks (a). The animal, according to Rumphius, is partly contained within the last cell, has the sac, eyes, parrot-beak, and funnel of the other Cephalopoda ; but its mouth, instead of having their large feet and arms, is surrounded by several circles of numerous small tentacula without cups. A ligament arising from the back traverses the whole siphon and fastens it there*. It is also probable that the epidermis is extended over the outside of the shell, though we may presume it is very thin over the parts that are coloured. Individuals are sometim.es found, — Naut. pompilius, /3, Gmel.; List., 552 ; Ammoiiie, Montf., 74, in which the last whorl does not envelope and conceal the others, but where all of them, though in contact, are exposed, a circumstance which approxi- mates them to the Ammonites ; they so closely resemble the common species, hoAvever, in all the rest of the shell, that it is scarcely possible to believe them to be any thing more than a variety of it. Fossil Nautili are found of a large or moderate size, and much more various, as to form, than those now taken in the oceanf. Chambered shells are also found among fossils, furnished with simple septa and a siphon, the body of whicli, at first arcuated, or even spirally convoluted, remains straight in the more recent parts ; they are the Lituus of Breyn, in which the whorls are sometimes contiguous;]:, and sometimes distinct — the Hortoles of Montfort. * The figure of Rumphius is absolutely unintelligible, and it is somewhat asto- nishing, that, of the many naturalists who have visited the Indian Ocean, not one has ever examined or collected this curious animal, which belongs to so common a shell. f Large species, with a sinple siphon: the Angulite, Mont., f. 1, 6; — the Aganide, Id., 50 ; — the Canteope, Id., 46. 1 Nautilus lituus, Gm. ; — Naitt. semilituus, Plane, I, x. ^^^ (a) See a very beautiful ilhistration of a specimen of Nautilus, by Richard Owen, Esq, — ^Eng. Ed. CEPHALOPODA, 15 In others, the Orthoceratites*, it is altogether srtraight. It is not improbable that the animals belonging to these shells, resem- bled that of Nautilus or of the Spirula. The Belemnites Probably belong also to this family, but it is impossible to ascertain the fact, as they are only found among fossils ; every thing, hoAvever, proves them to have been internal shells ; tliin and double, that is, composed of two cones united at the liase, the inner one much shorter than the other, and divided into chambers by parallel septa, which are concave on the side next to the base. A siphon extends from the summit of the external cone to that of the internal one, and continues thence, sometimes along the margin of the septa and sometimes througli their centre. The interval betAveen the tAvo testaceous cones is filled Avith a solid substance, in some composed of radiating fibres, and in others, of self-inA'olving conical layers, the base of each being . on the margin of one of the septa of the inner cone. Sometimes Ave only find this solid portion, and at another Ave also find the nuclei of the chambers of the inner cone, or Avhat are termed the honeycomb cells. Most commonly these nuclei and the chambers themselves have left no other traces than some projecting circles on the inside of the internal cone. In other specimens again Ave find more or feAver of the nuclei, and still in piles, but detached from the double conical sheath that enveloped them. Of all fossils the Belemnites are the most abundant, particularly in chalk and compact limestone. f M. de Blainville divides them according to the greater or less depth to Avhich the internal cone or chambered portion penetrates, or as the edges of the external cone haA^e a small fissure or not. or as the exter- nal surface is marked on one side by a longitudinal furroAV, or by two or more fiirroAvs toAvards the summit, or finally as that surface is smooth and AA'ithout furroAvs. Bodies A'ery similar to Belemnites, but Avithout a caA'ity and Avith a rather prominent base, form the genus actinocamax of Miller. (a) It * Breyn. de Polythal., pi. iii, iv, v, and vi. ; and Walch, Petrif. of Knorr., Supp. IV, h, iv, d, iv. See also Sage, Journ. de Phys. an. IX, pi. 1, under the name of Belemnite. ■f- The best works on this singular genus of Fossils, are the Memoires sur les Belemnites consideries soologiqnement el geoloyiqiiement , by M. de Blainville, Paris, {^^ (a) Mr. Miller gives the following description of the genus Actinocamax which he has established and separated from the Belemnites. Gen. Char. A club-shaped Spathose concretion, consisting of two nearly equal, longitudinal adhering portions. Apex pointed : base a convex, but obtuse cone. The whole formedof a series of enveloping fibrous laminae. Specific character. Act. verus. A club-shaped Spathose semi-transparent horn coloured concretion ; base convex, obtuse, conical ; apex submamillar. Sides de- pressed towards the lower end, showing two longitudinal, towards the apex branch- ing, impressions of blood vessels. The species was found in the Chalk Strata in Kent, Wiltshire, and Sussex, in the strata which contain marine animals, so that Mr. Miller does not hesitate to consider it as an inhabitant of the sea. — Exg. Ed. 16 MOLLUSCA. is also upon conjectures of a similar nature that reposes the classifi- cation of the Ammonites, Brug. Or the Cornua-Ammoni, or horns of Ammon*, for they no longer exist except among fossils. They are distinguished from the Nautili, by their septa, which, instead of being plane or simply concave, are angular and sometimes undulated, but most frequently slashed on the edge like the leaf of an acanthus. The smallness of their last cell seems to indicate that like the spirula theyAvere internal shells. They are very abundant in the strata of secondary mountains, where they are found varying from the size of a lentil to that of a coach Avheel. Their subdivisions are based upon the variation of their volutes and siphons. The name of Ammonites Lam., (Simplegades, Montf., 82) is parti- cularly restricted to those species in which all the whorls are visible, and their siphon near the marginf. The)'- have lately been divided into the Ammonites planites, of Haan, where the edge of the septa is foliaceovis, and into the ceratites of Haan, where it is simply angular and undulated. Those in which the last whorl envelopes all the others form the Orbitulites, Lam., or the Globites, and Goniatites of Haan, or the Pela- guses, Montf., 62, in all of which the siphon is situated as in the pre- ceding ones. The Scaphites Sowerb., are those in Avhich the whorls are conti- guous and in the same plane, the last one excepted, which is detached and reflexed on itself.^ Some, Baculites, Lam., are entirely straight without any spiral por- tion whatever. Some of them are round,§ and others compressed. || The last some- times haA^e a lateral siphon. The first cells of some of tliem — the Hamites Sowerb., are arcuated. Finally, those Avhich vary most from the usual form of this family are the Tiirrilites, Montf., 118, Avhere the Avhorls, so far from running 4to, 1827 ; and that of M. J. S. Miller on the same subject in the Geol. Trans., second series, vol. II, part I, London, 1826. See also Sage, Journ. de Phys. an. IX, and Raspail, Journ. des. Sc. d'Observ., second No. To this genus we refer the Pae^ii'e Montf., 318; — the Thalamule, 322; — the Achelo'ite, 358; — the Cefocine, 370 ; — the Acame, 374; — the Belemnife, 382 ; — the Hibolite, 386 ; — the Prorodrague, 390 ; — the Pirgopole, 394, which are the cases of diiferent species. As to the Amimone, Id., 326 ; — the Callirhoe, 362 ; — the Chrisaore, 378, they appear to be mere nuclei or piles of alveoli detached from their cases. * So called from the resemblance of their volutes to those of a ram's horn. -f- The various species of Ammonites have long been collected and described, but with less care than those of other shells. We may commence studying them in the article Ammonite, Ency. Method. Vers. I, 28, and in that of M. de Roissy, in Sonini's Buftbn, Mollusca, V. 16. See also the Monograph of Haan, entitled *' Monoyraphioe Ammoniteoi-iun et Goniateormn Specimeti," Leid. 1325. X Sc. obliquus, Sowerb. ; Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, part II, pi. ii, f. 13. § Baculites vertebrulis, Montf. 342 ; Fauj., Mont, de St. Pierre, pi. xxi. II 'Die Timnite, Montf., 346; Walch., Petrif., Supp., pi. xii, constitutes the genus Khabdites of Haan, who refers the Icthyosarcolites of Desmar to it. CEPHALOPODA. 17 in the same plane, suddenly descend, givini^ to the shell that form of an obelisk which is called t arreted.* It is also thought, and from similar considerations, that we should refer to the Cejihalopoda, and consider as internal shells the Camerines, Brug. — Nummulites, Lam. Commonly called Nummulites, Numesmalites, lenticular stones, &c. which also are only found among- fossils, and present, externally, a lenticular figure without any apparent opening, and a spiral cavity internally, divided by septa into numerous small chambers, Imt with- out a siphon. It is one of the most universally diffused of all fossils, forming, by itself alone, entire chains of calcareous hills and immense bodies of building stonef . The most common, and those which attain the greatest size, form a complete disk, and liavo only a single range of chambers in each wliorlj-. Some very small species are also found in certain seas||. The margin of other small species, (the siderolithes,, Lam.,) both fossil and living, ere bristled with points which give them a stellated appearance^. The labours and researches, fruits of an infinite patience, of Bian- chi (or Janus Plancus), Soldani, Fichtel, and Moll, Ale, and D'Or- bigny, have ascertained an astonishing number of these chambered sliells without a siphon, like the Nvunmulites, that are extremely small and frequently microscopical, both in the sea, among the sand, fiicus, &c. and in a fossil state in tlie sand formations of various countries. They vary in a remarkable degree as to their general form, the number and relative position of the chambers, &c. In one or two species, the only ones whose animals have been observed, there appears to be a small oblong body crowned by numerous and red tentacida, which, added to the septa of the shell, have caused them to be placed immediately after the CephaloiDoda, like the genera just mentioned, an arrangement, however, which requires to be confirmed bv more numerous observations before we can consider it as conclusive. Such of these species as were known in the time of Linngeus and (hnelin were placed by those naturalists among the Nautili. * Montf. Jovirn. de Phys., an. VII. pi. i, f. 1. There are some doubts as to the position of the siplion. Perhaps, as M. Adouin observes, what has been taken for it, is tlie columellar conrolntion. X The stone termed pierre dc Luon is wliolly formed of 'Nummixlites. The pyramids of Egypt are placed upon rocks of this description, which also furnished the materials of the superstructure. See the Memoir of Fortis on the DiscoUfes in his work on Italy, and that of M. Hericart de Thtiri/, as well as Lam., Anim. sans Verteh., YIII, and M. D'Orbigny, Tab. Method, des Cephalopodes. X Nautilus mammilla, Ficht., and Moll., VI, a, b, c, d ; — Nauf. lenficularis, VI, e, f, g, h, VII, a — h. To this genus also we refer the Licophre and Egeonk, Montf., 158, Ififi, and his Rotalite, 162, which differs from the Rotaliks of Lamarck. II Nuutihts radiatus, Ficht. and Moll., VII., a, b, c, d ; — A'«!(/. Venusus, lb., e, § Siderol. calcifrapo'ide, Lam. Fan., jNIont. de St. Pierre, pi. .\xxiv. VOL. III. C 18 • MOLLUSCA. M. D'Orbigny, who has exceeded every other person in attention to this subject, forms them into an order which he calls Foraminifera, on account of the only communication between the cells being by means of holes, and divides them into families according to the man- ner in which the cells are disposed. When the cells are simple and spirally arranged, they constitute his Helicostegua, which are again subdivided. If the whorls are en- veloped, as is particularly the case in the Nummulites, they become his Helicostegua. nautiloida*. If the whorls do not envelope each other, they are the Helicostegua ammonoida.] If the whorls are elevated as in most Univalves, they are the Helicostegua turbinoida.'l Simple cells may also be strung upon a single, straight or slightly curved axis, constituting the family of the Stycostegua.^ * These infinitely small beings having but little to do with our plan, we will merely cite the names of the genera with a few examples. The NuminuUtes them- selves are compressed in this first division under the name of Nummu lines, — Nautilus pompildides, Fieht., and Moll., N. incrassatus, Id. The Syderoli:n>a, the same as Sydei-olites, Lam. Cristellaria, — NautilKS cassis, Naut. galea, Id., &c. RoBULiNA, Nautilus calcar, Naut. vertex. Id. Spirolina, — Spirolinites cylindracea, Lam. Anim., sans verteb. PEJfEROPLA, — Nautilus planatiis, Ficht. and Moll., &c. Dentritina, polystomella, Anomalina, Vertebralina, Cassidulina. Y M. D'Orbigny divides them into four genera : Soldania, Operculina, Planorbulina, Planulina. ;j; These form ten genera : Truncatulina, Gyroidina, Globigerina, Calcarina, where is placed, among others, the Naiitihis Spengleri, Fich. and Moll. XIY, d., I, and XV. Rotalia, Rosalina, Valvulina, Bulimina, • Uvigerina, Clavulina. § The Stycostegua are divided by M. D'Orbigny into eight genera: the NoDO- SARiA, which he subdivides into the tnie Nodosaria, such as the Nautilus radicu- lus, L. ; — Naut. jugosus, Montag., Test. Brit., XIV. f. 4 ; and into Dentalina, such as the Natifilus rectus, Montag., I, rit., XIX, f. 4, 7 (the genus Reophaga, Montf. I, 330) ; into Orthoerina, such as the Nadosaria rlarulus, Lam., Encycl., pi. 466, f. 3 ; and into Mucronina. Frondicuaria, where comes ReniiHno complunahi, Blainv., Malac. Lingulina, Rimulina, CEPHALOPODA. 19 Or they may be arranged in two alternate series, when they be- come the Enallostegua*. Or a few of them may be collected and united as in a pellet, form- ing the Agathistegua.] Finally in the Ento'mostegua\ the cells are not simple as in the other families, but are subdivided by transverse septa in svich a Avay that a section of the shell exhibit a sort of trellis. Vaginulina, to ■which belongs the Nautilus legumen, Gra. Plane, I, f. 7 ; EacycL, pi, 465, f. 3. Margixulina, where we find the Nautilus rajjhunus, Gin. Soldau., II, xciv. Planularia, such as the Nautilus crepidnlus, Fich., and Moll., XIX, g, h, i. Pavonina. * M. D'Orbigny has seven genera of Enallostegse : BiGENERINA, Textularia, vulvulixa, DiMORPHINA, POLYMORPHINA, ViRGULlNA, Spheroidina. t The Acjatkistegua or Milliola of authors, which compose immense banks of calcareous stone, in the arrangement of M. D'Orbigny, only form six genera : BiLOCUI.INA, Spiroloculina, Triloculina, Articulixa, Q'JINQUEtOCULlNA, Adelosina, M. de Blainville assures us that he has ascertained, from observation, that their animal has no tentacxila : should this be the- case, they are at once greatly removed from the Cephalopoda. X The Entomostegua resemble, externally, several of the Helicosiegva. M. D'Orb. divides them into five genera : Amphistegyna, Heterostegyna, Orbiculina, Alveolina, Fabularia. Those who are desirous of penetrating more deeply into the study of this curious portion of Conchyliology, on which our limits forbid us to expatiate, but which may be useful in the investigatioa of fossil strata, will find an excellent guide in the Table Method, des Cephalopodes, inserted by M. D'Orbigny the Ann, des Sc. Nat., 1826, tome VII, p. 95 and 245, and may profit by the large models constructed by this able observer. c 2 20 MOLLUSCA, CLASS II. PTEROPODA*. The Pteropoda, like the Cephalopoda, swim in the ocean, but they can neither fix themselves at all, nor crawl, because they have no feet. Their organs of locomotion consist of fins placedlike wings on the two sides of the mouth. But few and small species are knoAvn, all of tliem heranaphrodites. CliOj Lin. — Clione^ Pall. Have the body oblong, membranous, without a mantle ; head formed of two rounded lobes, whence originate small tentacula ; two small deshy lips, and a little tongue in front of the moiith ; the fins covered with"a vascular net-work which acts as branchiKe,the anus and genital orifice under the right one. Some authors consider them as possess- ing eyes. The external envelope is far from being filled with the viscera ; the stomach is wide, the intestine short, and the liver voluminous. Clio borealis, L. This species, which is the most celebrated, is found in astonishing numbers in the arctic seas, furnishing, by its abundance, food for the whales, although each individual is hardly an inch longf. Brugiere has observed a larger and not less abundant species in the Indian Ocean ; it is distinguished by its rose colour, emar ginated tail, and the division of the body, by grooves, into six lobes, Encycl. Meth., PI. of the Mollusc, pi. Ixxv, f. ], 2. We must place also here the Cymrulia, oi Peron. Which have a cartilaginous or gelatinous envelope resembling a galley, or rather a sabot or clog, bristling with small points dis- posed in longitudinal rows. Tlie animal has two large wings composed of a vascular tissue, which are its branchite and fins ; between them, on the open side, is a third and smaller lobe with * M. de Blainville unites my Pteropoda and my Gasteropoda in a single class, vhich he calls Paracephalophoha, of -which my Pteropoda form a particular order, nnder the name of Aporobranchiata. This order is divided into two families ; the Tkecosoma, which are furnished with a shell, and the Gymiwscinu which are not. t The Clio horealis of Pallas (Spicil, X, pi. 1 , f . IS, 19), the Clio relnsa of Fahri- cius (Faun. Groen., L., 334), and the Clio lumacinu of Pliips (Ellis, Zooph., pi. 15, f. 9, 1, 10), of W'hich Gmelin makes as many different species, appear to he this sanse animal. PTEROPODA. 21 three points. The mouth with two small tentacula is situated be- tween the wings towards the closed side of the shell and above two sinall eyes, and the genital aperture, whence issues a small penis in the shape of a little proboscis. It is so diaphanous, that the heart, brain, and viscera can be distinguished through the envelopes*. Pneumodermon, Cuv. The Pnevunoderma begin to be a little further removed, from the Clios. Their body is oval, without a mantle and without a shell ; the branchiffi are attached to the siu'face, and composed of little laminae, arranged in two or three lines so disposed as to form an H on the part opposite to the head The fins are small ; the mouth which is furnished with two small lips and two bundles of numerous tentacula, each terminated by a sucker, has a little lobe or fleshy tantaculum beneathf. Pneumodermon Peronii, Cuv. Ann. du Mus., IV, pi. 59 ; and Peron, lb., XV, pi. 2. Not more than an inch long. The species known was captured in the Ocean by Peron. LiMACINA, Cuv. The Limacinpe, according to the description of Fabricius, should have been closely related to the Pneumoderma ; but their body terminates in a spirally convoluted tail, and is lodged in a very thin shell formed by one whorl and a half, unbilicated on one side, and flattened on the other. The animal uses its shell as a boat, and its wings as oars, whenever it wishes to navigate the surface of the deep. The species known Clio helicina, Phips and Gmel. -Argonaiita arctica, Fab., Faun. Groenl., 387, is almost as common on the Arctic seas as the Clio borealis, and is considered as forming one of the chief sovirces of food for the Whalet. Hyalea, Lam,^ — Cavolixa, Abildg. Have two large wings ; no tentacula ; a mantle cleft on the sides, lodging the branchise in the bottom of its fissures, and invested by a shell also cleft laterally, the ventral face of which is arched, and the dorsal flat and longer than the other ; the transverse line which unites them behind, is furnished with three sharp dentations. When alive, the animal thrusts several appendages, that arc more or less * See Peron, Ann. Mus., X^', pi. iii, f. 10 — U. N. B. in the fig. of CymbuUa, given by Blainville, Malac, XLVI, the position of the animal in the shell is directly the reverse of the true cue. Our description is founded upon the recent and re- peated observations o€ M. Laurillard. t M. de Blaiaville once thought that the fins supported the branchial tissue, and that what I have considered as branchisc is another kind of fin. In this case the analogy -with the Clios would have been greater ; but since then, (Malacol., p. 483) that gentleman has adopted my views. t I am not sure that the animal drawn by Pcoresby, of which dc Blainville (Malac, pi. xlviii. bis, f. 5) makes his genus Spir.\tella, is, as he thinks, the same cis those of Phips and Fabricius. 22 MOLLUSCA. long, through the lateral fissures of its shell ; they are productions of the mantle. The species most known Anomia tridentata, Forskahl. ; Cavo- lina natans, Abilgaard ; H. cornea, Lam. ; Cuv., Ann. du Mas., IV. pi. 59; and Peron, lb., XV, pi. 3, f. 13. has a small, yellowish, semi-diaphanous shell, found in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean*. Cleodora, Peron. The Cleodorse, for which Brown originally created the genus Clio, appear to resemble the Hyaleae in the simplicity of their Avings, and in the absence of tentacula between them ; it is also probable that their branchite are concealed in the mantle ; their conical or pyramidal shell, however, is not cleft on the sides. M. Ray distinguishes Cleodora, properly so called, with a pyramidal shell, Creseis, with a conical and elongated shellf, CuviERA, Avith a cylindrical shell. Psyche, with a globular shell, and EuRYBiA, with a hemispherical shell. (1) It is thought that Ave may approximate to the Hyaleae Pyrgo, A very small fossil shell discovered by M. Defrance ; very thin, glo- bular, and divided by a very narroAV tranverse cleft, except before, where it becomes a little Avidened(aJ. * Add : Hyal. lanceolata, Lesueur, Bullet., des Sc. June 1813, pi. v, f. 3; — Hyal. inflexa, lb., f. 4. N. B. The Glaums, Carinaire, and Firolc, referred by Peron to the family of the Pteropoda, belong to the Gasteropoda ; the Philliroc of the same author also probably belongs to it. — His Callian'ire is a Zoophyte. -f- It is probably near the Creseis, and perhaps even in the same subgenus, accord- ing to Messrs Rang and Audouin, that A\e must place the genus Triptera of Messrs Q,uoy and Gaymard, which is referred by M. de Blainville to the family of the Akerae. X See the Mem., of M. Rang, Ann. des Sc. Nat., Novemb., 1827, and March 1828. N.B. Several Pteropoda have been discovered in a fossil state. M. Rang has found, near Bourdeaux, Hi/ale(r, Cmierice, and Cleodora. See Ann. des Sc. Nat. August 1826. The Vaginella of Daudin is a Cresis according to M. Rang; it has, in fact, all the characters of the latter. 5:3° (a) The Pteropodes constitute the first order of Lamarck's tAvelfth class, and his division of this order into genera, is precisely the same as that given in the pre- sent work, Avith the exception of the fossil genus added by Cuvier under the name of Pyrgo. The general description of the order by Lamarck is as follows :-r- These Mollusca have no feet to crawl with, or arms to assist their motion or seize their prey ; they have two opposite and simularly constructed fins adapted to swim- ming ; their bodies are free and floating. The Pteropodes are swimming Mollusca, without the means of affixing themselves to other bodies, floating on the surface of the sea and changing their position by means of their two fins or oars, which resem- ble tAvo wings placed on each side of the mouth in some and in others on each side of the neck. He adds that in the Ayalda the head is so much concealed at the base or point at Avhich the fins are united that it appears obsolete, exhibiting consequently an alliance between these animals and the Conchiferpe (the eleventh class of Mollus- cous animals in his system). In the Cymbulia a little lobe which stands forward on the posterior part, between the two true Avings, has been erroneously regarded as a third fin.— Eng. Ed. GASTEROPODA. 23 CLASS III. GASTEROPODA. The Gasteropoda constitute a very numerous class of the Mollusca, an idea of which is afforded by the Slug. They generally crawl upon a fleshy disk, situated under the abdo- men, which sometimes however, assumes the shajae of a furrow, or that of a vertical lamina. The back is furnished with a mantle which is more or less extended, takes various forms, and in the greater number of genera, j^roduces a shell. Their head placed anteriorly, is more or less visible, as it is the more or less involved under the mantle ; its tentacula are veiy small, they are situated above the mouth but do not surround it, varying in number from two to six ; sometimes they are wanted ; their function is that of touch, or at most that of smell. The eyes are very small in some species, ad- hering to the head, in others to the base, side, or point of the tenta- cu^lum ; sometimes they are wanted. The position, structure, and nature of their respiratory organs vary, and affoi*d the means of dividing them into several families ; they never, however, have more than a single aortic heart, that is to say, one placed between the pul- monary vein and the aorta. The position of the apertures, through which the genital organs, and that of the anus pi'oject, varies ; they are almost always, how- ever, on the right side of the body. Several are entirely naked; others have merely a concealed shell, but most of them are furnished with one that is large enough to re- ceive and shelter them. The shell is formed in the thickness of the mantle. Some of them are symmetrical and consist of a single piece ; others are non-sym- metrical, which, in those species Avhere they are very concave, and where they continue to grow for a long time, become necessarily obliquely spiral. If we figure to ourselves an oblique cone, in which other cones, always wider in one direction than in the others, ai*e successively placed, it will be easily seen that the convolution of the whole takes place on the side Avhich enlarges the least. This part, on which the cone is rolled, is termed the columella ; it is sometimes solid, and sometimes hollow. When hollow, its aper- ture is called the umbilicus. 24 WOLLUSCA. The whorls of the shell may either remain in one plane, or incline towards the base of the columella. In this last case, the preceding whorls rise above each other, furm- inff the spire, which is so much the more acute, as the whorls de- scend more rapidly, and the less they increase in width. These shells Avith a salient spine, are said to be turbinated. When, on the contrary, the whorls remain nearly in the same place, and do not envelope each other, the spine is flat, or even con- cave. These shells are said to be discoidal. When the top of each Avhorl envelopes the preceding ones, the spire is hidden. The part through which the animal appears to come ovit is named the aperture. When the whorls remain nearly in the same plane, while the animal craAvls, it has its shell placed vertically, the colimiella crosswise on the hind part of its back, and its head passes under the edge of the opening opposite to tlie columella. When the spire is salient, it inclines from the right side in almost every species ; in a very few only does it project from the left Avhen they are in motion ; these are said to be reversed. It is observed that the heart is always on the side opposite to that to Avhich the spire is directed. Thus it is usually on the left, and in the reversed on the right. This relation is exactly inverted Avith re- spect of the organs of generation. The organs of respiration, which are always situated in the last whorl of the shell, receive the ambient element from vmder its edge, sometimes because the mantle is entirely detached from the body along this edge, and sometimes because it is perforated there by a liole. It sometimes happens that the margin of the mantle is prolonged in the form of a canal, in order to allow the animal to seek the am- bient element without exposing its head and foot beyond its shell. In such a case as this, tlie shell has also in its margin, near the extremity of the columella, opjjosite that to which the spire inclines, a fissure or canal, for the purpose of lodging that of the mantle. The canal, consequently, in ordinary species, is on the left ; and in the reversed, on the right. The animal, however, being very flexible, can vary the direction of the shell, and most commonly when there is a fissure oFcanal, it directs the latter forwards, which throws the spine behind, the colu- mella to the left, and the opposite margin to the right. It is the contrary in the reversed, for which reason their shell is said to be contorted to the left. GASTEROPODA. 25 The aperture of the shell, and consequently the last whorl, are more or less large, in proportion to the other -whorls, as the head or foot of the animal, which is constantly protruding from and retracting within them, is more or less voluminous compared to the mass of the viscera which remain fixed in the shell. This aperture is wider or narrower in proportion to the greater or less degree of thickness of these same parts. The aperture of some shells is narroAV and long — this is because the foot is thin, and be- comes double by being folded in order to enter. Most of the aquatic Gasteropoda, with a spiral shell, have an oper- culum, a jjart sometimes horny, sometimes calcareous, attached to the posterior part of the foot, which closes the shell when its occupant is withdrawn into it and folded wp. In othei's of the Gasteropoda the sexes arc separate ; others which are hermaphrodite, and some of which possess the faculty of self- impregnation, while others require a reciprocal coitus. Their organs of digestion vary as much as those of respiration. This class is so numerous that we have been compelled to divide it into a certain number of orders, which we have founded upon the position and form of the branchiae. The PuLMONEA Respire the natural air in a cavity, the narrow orifice of which they open and shut at pleasure. Some of them have no shell, others have one which is even very often completely turbinated, but the oper- culum is always wanted. The NuDIBRANCHIATA Have no shell, and arc furnished with naked branchite, of various forms, on some part of their back. The Inferobranchiata, Similar in other respects to the Nudibranchiata, have their branchicB in the margin of their mantle. The TeCTIBRANCHIATx\ Have branchias on the back and side, covered by the lamina of tlic mantle, Avhich almost always contains a shell more or less developed, or sometimes only enveloped in a recurved margin of the foot. These four orders are hermaphrodites, requiring a reciprocal coitus. The 2s mollusc a. Heteropoda Have their branchiae on the back, where they form a transverse range of small panaches, protected, as well as part of the viscera, in some species, by a symmetrical shell. They are particularly distin- guished, however, by the foot, which is compressed into a thin vertical fin, on whose margin is frequently observed a small cup (yentouse), the only vestige of the horizontal foot of the rest of the class. In the Pectinibranchiata The sexes are separated ; the respiratory organs almost always con- sist of branchiae, composed of lamellee, united in the form of combs, and are concealed in a dorsal cavity, widely open above the head. Nearly all of them had a turbinated shell, a mouth sometimes entire, sometimes fissured, and at other times furnished with a siphon, but most generally susceptible of being more or less perfectly closed by an operculum attached to the foot of the animal behind*. The TuBULIBRANCHIATA(a) Have a shell resembling a more or less irregularly pointed tube, which attaches itself to various bodies. Their branchiae consist of a single range along the left side of the roof of the branchial cavity. The SCUTIBRANCHIATA Have branchiae similar to those of Pectinibranchiata ; but the sexes are vmited, so that fecundation takes place Avithout a mutual copula- tion, as in the Acephala. Their shell is very open, and in several forms a non-turbinated shield ; the operculum is always wanting. The Cyclobranchiata, Hermaphrodites, like the Scutibranchiata, have a shell composed of one or several pieces, but never turbinated nor with an operculum ; * N.B. Sometimes, as in Vermetus, &c., tlie foot is recurved in such a manner that the opercuhim is before. f^l^ (a) In the original this order does not occur, but we find further on, that when the author comes to talce each of tliese orders into detailed consideration, as it will be seen he does iij the following pages, the necessity occurred to him of sepa- rating from the Pectinibrauchia an additional order, to which he gave the name of of Tubulibranchia. We have therefore deemed it necessary to insert this order with its characters precisely in the order and relation assigned to it by the author. — Eng. Ed. GASTEROPODA PTJLMONEA. 27 their branchiae are attached under the margin of their mantle, as in the Inferobranchiata(a), ORDER I. PULMONEA* The Pulmonia are distinguished from the other Mollusca by respiring elastic air through a hole opening under the margin of the mantle, and which they dilate and contract at will ; and accordingly haA'e no * M. de Blainville prefers tlie term Pidmonobranchiata. (E^ Cci) The Gasteropodes form, in Lamarck's classification, the Second Order of his TWELFTH CLASS. Mollusca. Order II. — Les Gasteropodes. Animals with the body straight, never in a spiral form, nor enveloped in a shell capable of containing the whole of it ; they have beneath the belly a foot or muscular disk, united nearly to the whole lengtli of the body, and serving them to crawl with. Some are naked, others are screened by a dorsal shell, not sheathed in the body ; and others again, have a shell more or less concealed in their mantle. First Section. — Les Hydrobranchice. Animals only breathing water. rThe respiratory organs, in what- 1 Genus Glancus . , Eolis Tritonia . . Scylla;a . . Tethys .. Doris ^ Phyllidia . Chitonellus Chiton . . . Patella . . . Pleurobranchus Umbrella. . . . Parmophora . Emarginula . , Fissurella . . . , Pileopsis . . . . Calyptraea , . . . Crepidula . . . . Ancylus 1 Acera . , Bullcca Bulla . . :;;;} First Family. Les Tritoniens. Second Family. Les Phyllidiens. Third Family. Les Semiphyllidiens. Fourth Family. Les Calyptraciens. Fifth Family. Bull^ens. I ever part they are situated, I are always elevated, either ;' in filets, laminae, tufts, or \ like a comb ; they are placed I above the mantle, either on the back or on the sides, and L not in any particular cavity, r Respiratory organs placed be- neath the border or edge of the mantle, and disposed in a longitudinal series round the body, or on one side, not being placed in any particular L cavity. r Gills as above, but placed on } the right side of the body L only. r Respiratory organs placed in a ■ cavity appropriated to them I on the back of the animal, I near the neck, projecting \ either within the cavity or I above it. Shell always exter- nal and covering the animal, L which is without tcntacula;. ■Gills placed in a particular ca- vity near the posterior part of the back, and covered by the mantle or by an opercu. lary shield. — No tentaculse. 28 MOLLUSGA. branchiae, but a mere net-work of pulmonary vessels which creep over the parietes of the respiratory cavity and chiefly on its ceiling. Some of them are terrestrial; others are aquatic, but are com- pelled to visit the surface from time to time for the purpose of open- Genus Aplysia . .... Dolabella Genus Onchiiiium Parmacella Limax . . Testacellus Vitrina . . Second Secfion.- Seventh Family. Les Limacieiis. {Respiratory organs situated as in the Bulleens, and also covered by a sliield ; but this family possesses tentaculae. Les Pneumohranchuc. rBranchife, or respiratory organs ' rampant, in the form of vas- cular net, on the thickness of a particular cavity, the aper- ture of which the animal con- tracts or dilates at will. L They only breathe fresh air. Third Order. — Les Trachelipodes . The bodies of the animals spirally contorted at their posterior part, which is sepa- rated from the foot, and always enveloped in a shell ; the foot free, flattened, attached to the lower base of the neck or at the anterior part of the body, and useful to assist the animal in crawling : a spiral shell covering the body. First Section. — Les PhylipTiages. Animals feeding on vegetable substances. ^Trachelipodes without a pro- jecting syphon, breathing generally by a hole. The greater number feed on vege- table substances, and are furnished with jaws : aper- ture of the shells entire, not having at the base any dorsal notch, or canal ; they only breathe air. Shell spirivalve, smooth or with striae, the right margin often reflected outwardly ; smooth and not distinctly nacreous. This family is terrestrial ; they have cylindrical tentaculae, with eyes at their summits with or without an opercu- lum. They all live out of the water. Genus Helix . . . . Carocolla Anostoma Helicina . . Pupa . . . . Clausilia. . Bulimus . . Achatina. . Succinea. . Auricula . . . Cyclostoma. With four tenta- \ culae. With two tenta- CulcC. Planorbis Physa . . . , Lyranaea . , Second Family. Les Lymneens. pAmphibious Trachelipodes, w ith two tentaculae without eyes at their summit ; generally no operculum, their tentacula; flattened ; they inhabit fresh J water, and rise to breathe the ' air on its surface. — Shell spi- rivalve, most frequently smooth on its external sur- face, and having the right margin of its aperture always sharp, and not reflected. GASTEREOPODA PULMONEA. 29 ing the orifice of their pectoral cavity in order to respire. They are all hermaphrodite. The PULMONEA TERRESTRIA Have generally four tentacula, ; in two or three only, of a very small size, the lower pair are not to be seen. Those which possess no apparent shell, form in the Linnaean sys- tem the genus LiMAX, Lin. Whicli we divide as follows : hiMAx,proper/i/ so called, Lam. Have the body elongated, and the mantie.a dense fleshy disk which is confined to the forepart of the back, merely covering the pulmonary Genus Melania "| .... Melanopsis.. , . r . , .. Pirena -" . , . , Valvata ..'.... "i . . . Paludina > . , . , AmpuUaria. ... J Vavicella Neritina. Nerita . Natica , Janthina Sigai-etus , , S'tomatella . . Stoinatia ,. Haliotis Toniatella . . Pyramidella Third Family. Les Melaniens. Fourtli Family. Les P^ristomiens Fifth Family. Les N^ritac^s. Sixth Family. Les Janthines. Seventh Family. Les Maevnstomes, Eighth Family. Les Plicuct's. L rFluviatile Trachelipodes vith I two tentaeulre and an oper- I culum, and only breatliing ' vatev. The shells have the I margin of the aperture dis- united, the right side always sharp : with an epidermis. Animal the same as the preced- ing family ; shell conoid or suhdiscoid; the margins of the aperture united. rOperculated Trachelipodes, and breathing water only ; some inhabit fresh water, others are marine. Shells semi- globular or a flattened oval, without a columella, and the left margin of the aperture forming a cover half over the aperture of the shell, like the deck of aboat. "Shell marine, its aperture not at all closed, floating on the surface of the water; breath- ing water only. The animal has a bladder attached to its foot, by which, when it is inflated, the shell is sus- pended. ■ Shell not floating, aperture very much widened, margin dis- united, no columella or oper- culum. The animal breath- ing water only. • Aperture of the shell not widen- ed, and plaits on the colu- mella : the animal breathing water only. 30 MOLLUSCA. cavity ; in several species it contains a small, flat, and oblong shell, or at least a calcareous concretion in place of it. The respiratory Genus Vermetus . .... Scalaria . . . .... Delphinula . Solarium. . . Rotella Trochus . . Monadonta Turbo . . . Planaxis . . Phasianella Turritella. . Ninth Familj'. Les Scalariens. Tenth Family. Les Turbinact's J .Shell having no plaits on the columella, the edges of the aperture united circularly. Animal a vermicular Tra- ch^lipode, and breathing wa- ter only, r Shell turretted or conoid, aper- I ture round or oblong, not 1 widened, having the edges ■^ disunited : they appear fur- 1 nished with an operculum. The animal breathes only L water. Second Section, — Les Zoophacjes. Animals feeding on animal substances only. "Trachelipodos with Genus Cerithium . Pleuromata Turbinella Cancellaria Fasciolaria Fusus .... Pyrula .... Strathiolaria Ranella , . . . Murex Triton > First Division. — ' Species without any permanent varix or thick- ened lip on the right margin. ^^<; Second Division. — All the species having perma- nent varices, or a thickened lip on the right side. ^ Rostellaria Pterocera. . Strombus. . Second Family. Les Allies. project- ing or salient syphon, breath- ing water only, conveyed to the branchiae or gills by that syphon ; they feed upon ani- mal substances only, are marine, withoiit jaws, and provided with a retractile proboscis. Shell spirivalve, inclosing the animal; the apertiire either canal iculated or notched at the base ; the right lip not changing its form by age, the canal more or less long ; all having oper- cula. In the first division of this family, the additional growth is but slightly marked, in the second, it is distin- guished by thickened bands or varices, which remain on the external w-horls, except in the genus Struthiolaria, which has onlv a thickened lip. Shell having a canal more or less long at the base of the aperture, the right side of which changes its form with age, and becomes wing- shaped ; a sinus at the lower part of the lip. These shells present the remarkable fact of being totally dilferent in form in an adult state, from that in the young ; a fact only observable in the G. Cy- pra;a besides this family. The operculum of the ani- mals of this family is liorny, long, and straight. GASTEROPODA PULMONEA. 31 orifice is on the right side of this species of shield, and the anus on the margin of that orifice. The four tentacula are protruded and t-e- tracted, evolving themselves like the inverted fingers of a glove, and the head itself can be partly withdrawn vmder the disk of the mantle. The genital organs open under the upper right tentaculum. The mouth has only an upper jaw, resembling a dentated cresent, which enables these animals to gnaw fruits and herbs, which they do with so much voracity as to effect considerable injuiy. The stomach is elongated, simple and membranous. M. de Ferussac distinguishes Arion, Fer.y In which the respiratory orifice is towards the anterior part of the shield, which merely contains a fcAv calcareous granules. Such is Limax Rufus, L. (the RedLimax;) Ferussac, Moll. Terr, et Fluv., pi. i. and iii. It is everywhere to be met with in wet weather, and is sometimes entirely black, lb. II, i, 2. A decoc- Genus Cassidaria .... Cassis Riciaula Purpura Moneceros . . . Coacholepas. . . Harpa Dolium Buccinum Eburna Terebra a.... \^' 1 A ascending canal' ecurved back- ards. Columbella Mitra . . , . Voluta . . . • Marginella Volvaria .. > An oblique notch inclining to tbe back. \l J " Shells having a short canal at the base of the opening as- ceading towards the back, or a notch in the form of a semi- canal, inclined backward. The animals of all this family produce coloring matter, but particularly the G. Purpura, from which was extracted the celebrated dye of the Romans ; it is contained in a peculiar reservoir near the animal's neck. All of them appear to possess an oper- culum. Fourth Family. Les Columellaires r L Ovula .... Cypriea . . Terebellum Ancilla., . . Oliva , . . Conus . . . . Fifth Family. Les Enronh'es. No canal at the base of the aperture, but a subdorsal notch more or less distinct, and having plaits on the columella of the shell. — The Columbelhe have a small operculum attached to the foot of tlie animal. Shell without a canal, but hav- ing the base of the aperture eifuseor notched; the whorls of its spire large, compressed, rolled i-ound each other, so thiit the last nearly conceals all the others, rendering the spiral cavity large and nar- row, and indicating that the body of the animal must be flattened. The two first ge- nera of this family have the right lip recurved inwardly ; no operculum. 32 MOLLUSCA. tion of this species is sometimes used in France for pulmonary disorders*. Lima, Feruss. The respiratory opening towards the posterior jpart of their shell, and frequently much larger. Such is L. antifjuorum, Feruss., pi. iv and viii, A, f. 1 ; L. maximus, L. ; L. sylvaticus, Drap., Moll., IX, x. Frequently spotted or streaked witli grey ; found in caves and dark forests. L. agresiis, L. ; Feruss., pi. v, f. 5 — 10. Small, without spots ; and one of the most abundant and destructive animals. f « Vaginulus, Feruss. Have a dense mantle Avithout shell, stretching over the whole length of the body; four tentacula, the lower ones slightly forked : the anus at the extreme posterior extremity, between the point of the mantle and that of the foot, the same orifice leading to the pulmonary cavity situated along the right flank ; orifice of the male organ of generation under the right inferior tentaculum, and that of the female under the middle of the right side. These organs, as well as those of digestion, are very similar to the same parts in the Slug. These Mollusca are found in both Indies, and closely resem- ble the common Limaces|. Testacella, Lam. Have the respiratory orific and the anus at the posterior extremity; the mantle very small, and placed on the same extremity ; it con- tains a small oval shell, with an exremely wide aperture and a very small spine, which is not one tenth of the length of the body ; other- wise these animals resemble the Limaces. Test, haliotoidea, Drap. ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, xxvi, 6, II. A common species is found in the southern departments of France; * Add : the L. albus, MiUl., Feruss., pi. i, f. 3 ; — L. hortensis, Id., pi. ii, f. 4 — 6. f Add : L. ulpiniis, Feruss., pi. v. a; — L. gugcttes, Drap., pi. ix, f. 1 and 2, &.c. N.B. The Plectophora, Feruss., ^vould be Limaces, having a sort of small conical shell on tlic end of their tail, and far from the shield ; they are only known, however, liy drawings of very equivocal authority, Favanne, Zoomorphose, pi. Ixxvi, copied Femiss., pi. vi, f. .5, (i, 7. M. de Blainville (Malac, p. -Ki4) now doubts the reality of his genus Limacella, and rejects his genus Vkronicella, Diet, des Sc. Nat. The Phylomichus and EuMELES, Raf., are too imperfectly indicated to be admitted into a work like this. X Vaginulus Tcmnaisii, Feruss., pi. viii, A, f. 7 ; and viii, B, 2 3 ; — V. altus, Id., pi. viii, A, f. 8, and viii, B, f. 6 ; — V. Langsdoj-fii, Id., pi. viii, B, f. 3 and 4 ; — V. Itfvigatus, Id., pi. viii, B, f. 5, 7 ; — Onclddinm occidenlale, Guilding, Lin. Trans. XIV, ix. The gemis Meghimatium of Van HasseL, Bullet. Univers., 1824, Zool. tome III, p. 82, should apparently be added to it. N.B. The genus Vaginula diflfers from Onchidium, with which M. de Blain- ville has united it, Malac, p. 465, detaching from it, at the sume time, the true Onehidiuras to form his genus Pkronia. His anatomy of the Vaginula in the Moll. Terr, et Fluv. of M. de Ferussac, pi. viii, C, is very good. CASTKROPODA PULMoNEA. 33 it lives under ground, and feeds chiefly on Lumbrici. M. de Fe- russac has observed, that when accidentally placed in too dry a situation, the mantle experiences a singular development, and furnishes it with a sort of shelter. Parmacella, Cuv. Have a membranous mantle with loose margins placed on the mid- dle of the back, and containing in its posterior portion an oblong, flat shell, the hind part of which exhibits a slight rudiment of a spine ; the respiratory orifice and the anus, under the right side of the mid- dle of the mantle. Farm. Olivieri, Cuv. Ann. du Mus., V, xxix, 12 — 15. The first species known ; from Mesopotamia. Farm. palNolum,Feruss., pi. vii, A. Inhabits Brazil. Some others are found in India. In the terrestrial Piilmonea with complete and apparent shells, the edges of the aperture in the adult are usually tumid. Helix, Lin. To this genus Linnseus referred all those species in which the aper- ture of the shell, somewhat incroached upon by the projection of the penultimate whorl, assumes a crescent-like figure. AVlien tliis crescent of the aperture is as wide as it is high, or wider, it becomes the Helix, Brug. and Lam. Some of them have a globular shell. Of this number is the Helix pomatia, L., common in the gar- dens and vineyards of France, with a reddish shell marked witli paler bands, an animal which in some places is considered a deli- cious srticle of food. The Hel. nemoralis, L., is another; whose shell is variously and vividly coloured ; in wet seasons it is very injurious to espaliers*. There are but few persons who have not heard of the curious facts respecting the reproduction of their amjautated partsf. In others the shell is depressed, that is, the spire is flattened^;. * Add the Hel. ghiuca, — H. citrina ; — H. rapa ; — H. castanca ; — H. yJuhidus; — H. lactea; — //. arbustorum ; — H.fuJca; — H. epistylium ; — H. cincta; — H. liguta ; — H. aspersa; — H. exicnsa; — H. nemorensis ; — H. fntticum; — H. lucena ; — H. vittata ; — H. rosacea; — H. if alia; — H. liisitanica: — H. aculeata ; — H. tuyturum ; — H. cretacea ; H. fuscescens ; — H. tcrresfris ; — H. nicea ; — H. hortensis; — H. hicorum; — H. gi-isea ; H. hamastcma; — H.puUa; — H, venusta; — H. pitta, Gmel, &c. f See Spallauzani, Schoeffer, Bonnet, &c. X Hel. lapicida; — H. cicatricosa ; — H. agophtalmus ; — H.oculus capri; — H. albella ; — H. maculata; — H. algira; — H. lavipes; — H. vermiculata ; — H. exilis ; — H. cara- colla ; — H. coniu militare; — H. pellis serpentis; — H. Gualteriana ; — //. ocnlis conimtt- rds ; — //. marginella ; — H. maculosa; — H. ncecia; — H. corrvgafa; — //. ericetontm; — H. nitens ; — H. costata; — H. pulchella ; — H. cellaria; — H.obvoluta; — H- strciyosula ; — H.radiata ; — H. crystallina ; — //. miguliiui ; — II. vnJvuhis ;~-II. iuvolvuJi'S ; — //. budia ; — H. conm cenulorivm, &c. VOL. III. 1) 34 MOLLUSCA. Some of these have ribs projecting internally*, and there are others in which the last whorl is suddenly recurved, (in the adult,) assuming an irregular and plaited formf. ViTRiNA, Drap. — Helico-Limax, Feruss. The Vitrinffi are Helices with a very thin flattened shell, without an umbilicus ; the aperture large, but its margin not tumid ; the body too large to be completely drawn into the shell ; the mantle has a double border^, the upper one, which is divided into several lobes, extends considt^rably beyond the shell, and being reflected over it, polishes it by friction. The known European species inhabit wet places, and are very small§. Hot climates produce larger ones. There are some species of Helix, in which the body can hardly enter the shell, although not furnished with this double border, which should be approximated to them ||. When the crescent of the aperture is higher than it is wide, a disposition which always obtains when the spire is oblong or elon- gated, it constitutes the BuLiMus Terrestris, Brut). Which requires a still further subdivision : BuLiMus, Lam. Margin of the aperture tumid in the adult, but without denta tions. Hot climates produce large and beautiful species, some of which are remarkable for the volume of their ova, the shell of which is of a stony hardness ; and others for their left shell. Several moderate-sized or small species are found in France, one of which, the Helix decollata, Gm.; Chemn., cxxvi, 1254, 1257, has the singular habit of successively fracturing the whorls of the summit of the spire. This is the example referred to, as a proof that the muscles of the animal can be detached from * Hel. sinuata ; — //. lucerna; — H. lychnuchus ; — H. cepu; — H. isognomostoma ; — H. sinuosa ; — H. punctata, &c. f Ilel. ringens, Chemn., IX, cix, 919, 920, the AxosTOMAof Lam., or ToMO- GERES, Montf. ; an analogous fossil shell is the Strophostoma, Deshayes. See, also, pi. V, vi, vii, viii, of Draparn., with the accompanying descriptions ; the works of Sturm and Pfeiffer on the German species, but particularly see the splendid folio of M. de F^russac on the " Mollusques terreitres et fluviatiles." + Termed by M. de F^russac " toie curiasse ct tin coUrlier." § Hel. pellucida, Miill. and Geoff.; Vitrina pellucida, Drap., VIII, 34 — 37': — the iJe/tcan'on, Quoy and Gayra., Zool. de Freycin., pi. Ixvii, 1 ; Feruss., pi. ix, f. 1—4. 11 Hel. rufa and hreripes, Ft'niss., Drap., VIII, 20 — 33. GASTEROPODA PULMONEA. 35 the shell ; for at a particular epoch, of all the whorls of the spin> originally possessed by this Bulimus, not a single one remains*. PuPA^ Lam. Have the summit of the shell very obtuse ; the last whorl, in the adult, becoming again narrower than the others, giving it the form of an ellipsoid, or sometimes almost that of a cylinder; the surrounding margin of the apertute tumid and emarginated on the side next to the spire by the preceding whorl. Small species, inhabiting Avet places, amcmg mosses, &c. Sometimes there is no dentation f . More commonly there is one in that portion of the aperture which is closed by the penultimate whorl |. It is frequently observed inside o'f the external edge||. Chondrus, Cuv. Have the aperture, as in the last mentioned Pupiratory orifice are under the posterior edge of the mantle, where, a little more deeply, we also find the pulmonary cavity. Close to them, on the right, opens the female organ of gene- ration ; that of the male, on the contrary, is under the right great tentaculum, the two openings being vinited by a furrow, which extends along the under part of the whole of the right margin of the mantle. These animals, destitute of jaws, have a muscular gizzard, followed by two membranous stomaclis. Several of them inhabit the sea- shore, but in places where the ebb leaves them uncovered, so that they can readily breathe the natural airf. Tlie acquatic Pulmonea, with complete shells, were also placed by Linnseus in his genera Helix, Bulla and Valuta, from which it has been found necessary to separate them. In the first were comprised the two following genera, where we find the internal edge of the aperture crescent-shaped, as in Helix. Planorbis, Bn!g.+ The Planorbes had already been distinguished from the Helices by Brugieres, and even previously by Guettard, on account of the slight * Onchidium, a name given to this genus, because tlie first species (Ohc/i/cZwot ti/phce,B\ich3ia., Lin. Soc. Lond., V, 132) was tuberculous; I now know one that is smooth, the Onchidium hevijuluiii, Cuv., and four or five that are tuberculous: Onch. Peronii, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, 6; — Onch. Sloanii, Cuv., Sloaue, Jam., pi. 273, 1 and 2 ; — Onch. verructthituin, Descr. de TEg., Moll. Gaster., pi. ii. f. :; ; — Onch. ceUicum, Cuv., a small species from the coast of Brittany. N. B. M. de Blainville has changed the name of Onchidium into that of Peronia, and applied the former to the Vaginulas. These Peroniffi he places among his Cyclobranchiata, but I can see no real diiference between their respiratory organ and that of the other Pulnioneie. t See Chamisso, Nov. Act. Mat. Cuv., XI, part I, p. 348, and Van Hassel, Bullet. Univers., 1824. Sept., Zool., 83. X He!, vorlex ; — //. cornea; — H . spirorhis ; — H. poJijgijra ;—H. coutnrta; — H. initida ; — H. alba ; — / /. .okii, Iii., clxiv, 1551; — Tr. c(datus, Id., clxii. 15;if) — 37; — Tr. imbricutus, lb., 1532 — 33: — Tr. tuher, Id., clxv, 1573 — 74; — Tr. sinensis, l\}., 1564 — 65; — Turbo pagodas, Iii., clxiii, 15H — 42; — Ti'.rbo tectum-persicum, lb., 1543 — i4. 54 MOLLUSCA. Several are flattened, with a trenchant edge, which has caused them to be compared to the rowel of a spur — Calcar, Montf.*_ Some again are slightly depressed, orbicular and shining, with a semi-round aperture, the columella convex and callous — Rotella, Lam.f The columella of others is distinguished near the base by a little prominence, or vestige of a tooth, similar to that of the Monodontes, from which these Trochi only differ in the angle of their ai)erture, and the projection of their margin. The aperture is usually about as high as it is wide — Cantharis, ]N'Iontf.| In some of them, on the contrary, the aperture is much Avider than it is high, and their convex base approximates them to the Calyi^- tracea — hifundibiihim, Montf. § In others again, Avhere the aperture is also much wider than it is high, the columella forms a spiral canal ||. Those wliich have a turreted shell approach Cerithium — Telesco- pium, Montf.^ Among the umbilicati'd Trochi, there are some in Avhich there is no projection in the columella ; most of them are flattened, and have the external angle trenchant. Of this number is Tr. agghdinans, L. ; Chemn., V,clxxii, 1688, 9. Remarkable for the habit of glueing to its shell, and even incorporating with it, as fast as it increases in size, various foreign bodies, such as little pebbles, fragments of other shells, &c. ; it frequently covers its umbilicus with a testaceous plate**. The margin of others, however, is rounded, such as Tr. cinerarius, L.; Chemn., V. clxxi, 1686. - A small species, and the most common on the coast of France ; greenish, ob- liquely streaked with violet. Some umbilicated Trochi have a prominence near the bottom of the columella f f . And, finally, there are others in which it is longitudinally cre- nate ++ The * Turbo calcar, L., Chemn., V. clxiv, 1552; — T. sfcllaris, Id., 1553; T. aculeatus, Id., 1554 — 57; — T. imperialis, Id., 1714. t Tr. vestiariits, L., Chemn., V. clxvi, 1601. g] + Tr. iris, Chemn., 1522 — 23; — Tr. granulum, lb., 1654 — 55; — Tr. zijzyphinvs, lb., clxvi, 1592 — 98; — Tr. conits, c\xvn, 1610; — Tr. nuicuhdus, c\x\n\, 161" — 18; — Tr. americamis, clxii, 1534—35 ; — Tr. comdus, Giialt., LXX, M. § Trochus concavus, Chemn., V, clxxviii, 1620, 21. II Troclms foveohitits, Chemn., V, clxi, 1516 — 19; — Tr. uumrilianus, Id., clxiii, 1547 — 48 ;—Tr. fcnestratiis, lb., 1549 — 50; — Tr. oheliscus, clx,-1510 — 12. 5[ Trochus ttlescopium, Chemn., V, clx, 1507 — 9. ** Add, Troclms ludicus, Chemn., \, clxxii, 1697 — 98; — Tr. Imperialis, clxxiii, 1714, and clxxiv, 1715;— Tr. Solaris, lb., 1701 — 1702, and 1716 — 1717; — Tr. ])lam(s, lb., 1721, 1722. ft Tr. virijatus, Chemn., V. clx, 1514 — 15; — Tr. niloficus, Chemn., V. clxvu, 1605 7, clxviii, 1614; — Tr. rernus, Id., clxix, 1625 — 26; — Tr. incequalis, clxx, 1636 — 37 ; — Tr. mar/nus, clxxi, 1656 — 57 ; — Tr. conspersvs, Gnalt., Isx. B.; — Tr. jvjubimts, clxvii, 1612 — 13. ++ Tr. «iac»Z«/ws, clxviii, 1615 — 1616; — Tr. cosf(di'.s, clxix, 1631; — Tr. riridis, clxx, 1644; — Tr. rudiaius, lb., 1640 — 42. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. §5 Solarium, Lam. Is distinguislied from all other Troclii by a very broad conical spire, at the base of which is an extremely wide tunbiliciis in which may be seen the internal edges of all the whorls, marked by a cre- nated cord*. Eyomphalus, Sowerhy. Fossil shells resembling a Solarium, but Avantiiig the dentations on the internal whorls of tlic umbilicusf. The genus TuuRO, Lin.% Comprehends all the species with a completely and regularly turbi- nated shell, and a perfectly round aperture. Close observation has caused them to be greatly subdivided. In the Turbo, Lam. Properly so called. Have the shell round or oval, and thick ; the aperture completed on the side next to the spire, by the penultimate whorl. The animal has two long tentacula, and the eyes placed on pedicles at their ex- ternal base ; the sides of the foot are provided v/ith membranous wings, sometimes simple, at others fringed, and occ-isionally fur- nished with one or two filaments. It is to some of these that belong those petrous and thick opercida observed in cabinets, which were formerly employed in medicine under the name of Unguis odoratus. Some of them, — Meleager, Montf § arc umbilicated, and others, — Turbo, Montf.,|l are not. Delphinula, La7n. Have the shell thick, as in Turbo, but convoluted in nearly t!ie same plane ; the aperture completely formed by the last whorl, and the margin not tumid ; the animal similar to that of a Turbo. * Tr. perspecllnis, L., Chemn., V. clxxii, 1691 — 96; — Tr. stramineus, lb. 1699; — r;-. varie(julus, lb., 1708 — 1709; — Tr. infundibuUformis, lb., 1706 — 1707. -j- Evoniphalus pentancjululus, Sowerb., Min. Conch., I, pi. xlv. f. 2; — Fa-, iiodosus, Id., xlvi, &c. X This great genus constitutes the family Cricostoaia of Blaiuville. § Turbo pica, L. List., 640, 30; — T. argi/rosfoinus, Chemn., V, clxxvii, 175S — 61; — T. martjarilaceus, Tb., 1762; — T. versicolor, List., 576, 29; — T. mcspilus, Chemn., V, clxxvi, 1742 — 43; — T. cjranvMus, lb., 44 — 46; — T. ludm, lb., 48, 49; — T. diadeiiiu. Id., p. 145; — T. cinereus, Born., XII, 25, 26; — T. forquafus, Chemn., X, p. 295 ; — T. undidatus, lb., clxix, 1640 — 41. II Turbo petholafus. List., 5S4, 39; — T. cochhis, lb., 40; — T. rhrij.'nistomus, Chemn., V, clxxviii, 1766; — T. rugosus, List., 647, 41 ; — T. marmoratus. Id., 587, 46; — T. sarmaticus, Chemn., V, clxxix, 1777 — 18, 1781; — T. cormitHS, lb., 1779 — SO; — T. olearius. Id., clxxviii, 1771, 72; — T. rudiatv.s, Id., clxxx, 1788 — 89; — T. imperialis, lb., 1790; — T. coronafus, lb., 1791 — 93; — T. camdiculatus, Id., clxxxi, 1794; — T. sefosus, lb., 95 — 96; — T. spinosus, lb., 1797; — T. Kparrrrius, lb., 1798 ; — T. Mollkianus, lb., 99 — 1800 ; — T. Spenylerianus, lb., 1801 — 2 ; — T. casfa- nea, Id., clxxxii, 1807, 1814 ; — T. cremdahts, lb., ISll — 12 ; — T. smarinjduhts, lb., 815 — 16; — T. cidaris, Chemn., V. clxx-^iv ; — T. Iwlicinus, Boru., XII, 23 — 24. 56 MOLLUSCA. The most common species, Turbo de/phiinis,h. ; List., 608, 45, takes its name from the ramous and convohitcd spines, which have caused it to be compared to a dried fish*. Pleurotoma, Defr. Fossil shells with a round aperture, on the external margin of which is a narrow incision which ascends considerably; it is proba- ble that it corresponded, like that of the Siliquariee, to some cleft in the branchial part of the mantle. M. Deshayes already makes upwards of twenty fossil species. The ScissuRELLvE of M. d'Orbigny are living species of the same. TuRRiTELLA, Lam. The same round aperture as in Turbo properly so called, and completed, also, by the penultimate whorl; but the shell is thin, and is so far from being convoluted in one plane, that its spire is pro- longed into an obelisk (^turreted). The eyes of the animal are placed on the external base of its tentacula ; the foot is smallf . They are found in great numbers among fossils ; the Proto, Defr., should be approximated to them. SCALARIA, Lam. Have the spire, as in Turritella, elongated into a point, and the aperture, as in Delphinula, completely formed by the last whorl ; it is moreover surrounded by a ridge, which is formed, from space to space, as the shell of the animal increases in size, resembling so many steps. The tentacula and penis of the animal are long and slender. One species celebrated for the high price it commands (a), the Turbo scalaris, L. ; Chemn., IV, clii, 1426, &c. vulg. Scalata, is distinguished by the whorls only coming in contact at the points where the ribs unite them, the intervals being open. A second species, the Turbo clathrw, L.; List., 588, 50, 51, is not marked by this peculiarity ; it is more slender, and very common in the Mediterranean. Some terrestrial or fresh water subgenera, in which tlie aperture is entire, round, or nearly so, and operculated, may be placed here. Of this number is the * Add, Turbo nodulosus, Chemn., V, clxxiv, 1723 — 24; — T. rarinatus, Born., XIII, 3 — 4; — Argonauta, cornu, Ficlitel Hiid Moll., Test. Micros., I, a, e, or Lip- piste, Montf. -|- Turbo iiiibricufus. Martini, IV, clii, 1422; — 5'. repUcalus, lb., cli, 1412; List., 590, 55 ; — T. acut.unijulus. List., 5 91, 59 ; — T. duplicaius, Martini, IV, cli, 1414 : — T. exoletus, List., 591, 58; — T. ferebra, Id., 590, 54; — 2'. ruriegah'S, Martini, IV, clii, 1423; — T. ohsulctus, Born., XIII, 7. {j:;^ (a) This is the Wentletrap of the collectors. We rcmemlier seeing; one in Bullock's Museum, which was valued at 200 guineas, and also foxir specimens were sold at one sale, which brought from £ 16 to £20. — Eng. Ed. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA . 57 Cyclostoma, LamJ^ Tlie Cyclostomae slioiild be distinguislied from all the others be- cause they are terrestrial, as instead of branchiae, the animal has merely a vascular network spread over the parietes of its pectoral cavity. In ever)'- other respect, however, it resembles the other animals of this familj^; the respiratory aperture is formed in the same way above the head by a great solution of continuity; the sexes are separated; the penis of the male is large, fleshy, and re- flected into the pectoral cavity ; the two tentacula are terminated by blunt tubercles, and two other tubercles, placed on their external base, sujjport the eyes. The shell is a spiral oval, with complete whorls, transversely and finely striated, and its aperture, in the adult, is surrounded with a small ridge. It is closed by a small round operculum. Found in woods, under moss, stones, &c. The most common is the Turbo elegans. List., 27, 25, about six lines in length and of a greyish colour; found under all the mossesf. Valvata. Mu/i. The Valvatie inhabit fresh water ; their shell is convoluted in almost one plane like that of a Planorl)is, but the aperture is I'ound, and furnished with an opercuhun ; the animal, which has two slen- der tentacula, with the eyes at their anterior base, respires by means of branchiae. In a species found in France, Valv. cristaf a, Mull; Drap., I. 32,33; Gruet-Huyscn, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. X, pi. xxxviii, the branchiyo, formed like a feather, project from under the mantle and float externally, vi- brating with the breathing of the animal. On the right side of the body is a filament which resembles a third tentaculum. The foot is divided, anteriorly, into two hooked lobes. The penis of the male is slender, and reflected into the branchial cavity. The shell, wlrich is hardly tlu-ee lines broad, is greyish, flat, and umbilicated. Found in stagnant waterj. It is here that we must place the com})letely aquatic shells, or those respiring by liranchia^ which Ijelonged to the old geiuis Helix; i. e., those in wliieh the penultimate whorl forms, as in the Helices, Lymngcfe, &c,, a de])ression which gives the aperture more or less of the figure of a crescent §. The three first genera are still closely allied to Turbo. * The CydostoiiKC and the tfelicines form the order of the Pulmonkv Oi'krcu- tATA of M. dc Feni'^sac. t Add, Tiirho liniina. List., 26, 24; — T. lulieo, List., 25, 23; — T. I't'.hiv.s, Born., XIII, 5, 6 ; — T. limbutus, Chemn., IX, cxxiii, 1075. We shouUl distinguish, among the fossils, the Ci/duxfuiii(C muinia of Lam., Rrongn., Ann. du Mus., XV, xxii, 1. J Add, Vahmfa pluiwrhis, Drap., I, 34, 35; — V. inimtta, Id., 36— 3S. § They constitute the Ellipsostoma of ]M. de BlainviUe. 58 MOLLUSC.!. Paludina, Lam. This gemis has lately been separated from the C3'clostoma^, because there is no ridge round the aperture of the shell ; because there is a small angle to that aperture as Avell as to the operculum, and finall)', because the animal, being provided Avith branchiae, inhabits the Avater, like all other genera of this familj'. It has a verj'- short snout and two pointed tentacula ; eyes at the external base of the latter, but on no particular pedicle, and a small membranous wing on each side of the fore part of the body. The anterior edge of the foot is double, and the wing of the right side forms a little canal which introduces water into the respiratory cavity, the incipient indication of the siphon in the following family. The common species, Helix invipara, L. ; Drap., I, 16, whose smooth and greenish shell is marked with two or three purple, longitudinal b.nds, and Avhich abounds in stagnant Avatcrs, in France, produces living young ones : in the spring of the year they may be found in the oviduct of the female, in every stage of development. Spallanzani assures us that if the young ones be taken at the moment of birth and be reared separately, they will reproduce without fecundation, like those of. the Aphis. The males, however, arc nearly as common as the females ; they have a large penis which protrudes and retracts, as in Helix, but through a 'hole pierced in the right tentaculum, a circum- stance AA^hich renders tliat tentaculum apparently larger than the other, and Avhich furuishes us Avith a mode of recognizing the male*". The Ocean produces some shells Avhich only differ from the Palu- dinse in being thick. They form the LiTTORiNA, Feriiss., Of Avhich the common species, Le Vigneau — -Turbo littoreus, L., Chemn. V, cIxxxa', 18.52, abounds on the coast of France, AA'here it is eaten. The shell is roiuid, broAvn, and longitudinally streaked Avith blackish. The MoxoDox, Lam. Only differs from Littorina in having a blunt and slightly salient tooth at the base of the columella, Avhich sometimes has also a fine notch. The external edge of the aperture is crenulated in scA^eral species. The animal is more highly ornamented, and is generally furnished \w\\\\ three or four filaments, on each side, as long as its tentacula. The eyes are planted on particidar pedicles at the exter- nal base of the tentacula ; the operculum is round and horny. * Add, Cydost. achatinvm, Drap. I, IS; — C. impunim, Id., 19, 20, or HelLr tentuculafa, L., &c. ; and the siuall species of salt-water ponds described by Beii- dant, Ann. du Mus., XV, p. 199. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRAXCHIATA. 59 A small species, the Trockus tesselatus, L. ; Adans., Seneo:., XII, 1 ; List., 642, 33, 34, with a brown shell spotted wi^h whitish, is very abundant on the coast of France*. Phasianella^ Lam. An oblongs or pointed shell, similar to that of several Bulimi and Lymnaeae; the aperture also higher than it is wide, and furnished with a strong operculum ; base of the columella sensibly flattened, but no umbilicus. They inhabit the Indian Ocean, and are much sought for by col- lectors on account of the beauty of their colours. The animal is provided with two long tentacula, with eyes placed on two tubercles at their external base, and with double lips that are emarginated and fringed, as well as the wings, each of which has three filaments f. Ampullaria, Lam. A round, ventricose shell, with a short spire, as in most of the He- lices ; the aperture higher than it is wide, and provided with an oper- culum ; the columella umbilicited. They inhabit the fresh or brackish waters of hot countries. The animal has long tentacula, and eyes placed on pedicles at their base. In the roof of the respiratory cavity, by the side of a branchial comb, according to the observations of Messrs. Quoy and Gaymard, is a large pouch, without an issue, that is filled Avith air, and which may be considered as a natatory bladder;]:. The Lanist/E, Montf., are Ampullarise, with a large, spiral, con- voluted umbilicus §. Helicina, La7n.\\ Judging by the shell, the Helicinee are AmpuUaritie in which the margin of the aperture is reflected^. When this reflected margin is trenchant, they are the Ampullince , Blainv. ; and when it is in an obtuse ridge, the Ohjgirce. Say. * Add, Trochus laheo, Adans., Seneg., XII, List., 68, 442; Troch. Pharaonius, List., 637, 25 ; — Tr. rusficus, Chemn., V, clxx, 1645, 46; — Tr. niyerrimus, lb. 47 ; — Tr. agtjptius, Id., clxxi, 1663, 4; — Tr. vindv.hts, lb. 1677; — Tr. carneus, lb. 1682 ; — Tr. ulbidus, Born., XI, 19, 20 ; — Tr. asper, Chemn., lb., clxvi, 1582 ; — Tr. cifrintis, Knorr., Del., I, x, 7; — Tr. granatum, Chemn., V, clxx, 1654 — 55; Tr. crocatus, Born., XII, 11, 12; — Turbo atratus, Chemn., V, cLxxvi, 1754 — 55; — Turbo denfatus, Id., clxxviii, 1767, 8, &c. t Buccinum tritonis, Chemn., IX, cxx, 1035, 10.56; — HelixsoUda, Born., XIII, 18, 19. + Helix ampuUacea, L., List., 130 ; — Bulimus m-ccus, Brug., List., 125, 2G. § Ampulla curmata, Oliv., Voy. en Turq., pi. xxxi, f. 7, copied Bhiinv., Malac, xxxiv, 3. II Montfort has changed the name Helicina into Pifonni'la, but it has not been adopted, and can only be quoted as a synonyme. ^ The Hel striata, Blainv., Malac, xxxv, iv. 60 H0LUI8CA. There is one species which is remarkable for a border and stony traverse, on llie internal face of its operculum *. The organs of respiration in these animals are arranged as in the Cyclostomsc. and like the latter they can live out of water f. Melaxia, Lam. A tliicker shell ; the aperture, higher than it is wide^ enlarges oppo- site to the spire ; the columella without plicje or umbilicus; length of the spire very various. The Melaniae inhabit rivers, but are not found in France, the ani- mal has long tentacula, the eyes being on their external side, and at about the third of their length +. The RissoA, Frenmiv. — Acmea, Harlnt. Dlifers from Melania, because the two edges of the aperture unite above§. The iSlELANOPS I s, Fintss., Where the form is nearly that of a Melania, differs from it in a callus on the columella, and in a vestige of an emargination near the bottom of the aperture, which seems to indicate a relation with the Terebrse of Brugieres|j. In the PiRENA, Lam., We not only find this little sinus beloAV, but likewise a second on the opposite side^. These two subgenera, as well as the Melaniae, inhabit the rivers of southern Europe and of all hot countries. There are two genera, detached from the Volutae, which, but that * The Hd. iieritcUa, List., LXI, 59, copied Blainv., Malac, xxxix, 2. ■y It is from this ciiciimstanee that M. de Ferussac has been induced to class this si'-bgenus with th.at of the Cydostoma in an order which lie names the Pul- monea Opa-culaia. Sec the Monograph of this genus by M. Gray, Zool. Journ., Nos. 1 and 2. X Mchiaie fhiare (Melunid amaniJa, La.m.), Clienin., Tab., 134, f. 1218 and 1219; from the Isle of France and Madagascar. Add, Mel. fruncuta, Lam., Encyclop., pi. 458, f. 3, n — b ; — Md. cvuretula, Id., Encyclop., pi. 458, f. 5, a — b., and a gixat many fossil species, among- which are, Mel. seiiii-placala, Defr. ; — Mel. Cuvieri, Desh., Coq. Foss., des environs de Paris, tome II, pi. xii, f. 1, 2 ; — Md. ronsfdluia, Lam. § M. de Freminville describes seven species in the Xouv. Bullet, des Sc. Nat. de la Soc. Phil., 1S14, p. 7, and jM. Audouin, three, in the Descr. de I'Eg. ; Riss. FrcminvUlii, Coq., pi. iii, f. 20; — Riss. Desmuiatii, lb., 21 ; — Riss. Orbignii, lb., f. 22. II Melan. hucdno'idca , Feruss., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, tome 1, pi. vii, f. 1 — 11, &c. See Sowerby, No. XXII. *f Pir. ierehmlis, Lam. ; List. Tab. 115, f. 10 ; — Pir. iiKKltujiiscanensis, Encycl., pi. 458, f. 2, a, b, &c. GASTEROPOD.V PECTX.VIBRANCHIATA. 61 they are opercalated and liave hut two tentacula, would resemble the Auriculee, that we think may come here, A'iz. AcTiEON, Montf* — ToRNATELLA, Lam. Where the shell is elliptical, the spire but slightly silicnt, the aper- ture lengthened into a crescent and widened below, and the base of the columella marked by one or two large plicte or oblique callosi- ties f; and the PyrAxMidklt.a, Lam. Where the spire is turreted, the aperture crescent-like and Avide, and the base of the columella obli(|ely contorted and marked with sharjj spiral plicae J. Jantiiina, L«;j?.§ The form of the animal separates the Janthinsc from all the preced- ing genera. Their shell, however, is similar to that of the terres- trial Limaces, the cobimellar margin being also indented, but slightly angular at the external edge, and the columella somewhat extended bej'-ond the half-oval, which, without this prolongation, would be formed by tliat edge. Tlie animal has no operculum, but the under surface of its foot is furnished with a vesicular organ resembling a bubble of foam, but composed of a solid substance, Avhich prevents it from crawling, but allows it to float on the surface of the water. Tlie head, a cylindri- cal })roboscis, terminated by a vertically cleft mouth, and armed with little hooks, has a bifurcated tentaculum on each side. The common species, Helix Janthina, L,: List., 572, 24, has a pretty violet shell, and is very abundant in the Mediterranean. ' When the animal is touched, it diffuses a thick fliud of a deep violet colour that dyes the surrounding water. Nerita, Lin. \\ The columella of the Neritae being in a straight line, renders the aperture semicircular or semi-elliptieal. This aperture is generally large in comparison with the shell, but is always furnished with an operculum which completely closes it. The spire is almost effaced, and the shell semi-globular. * Which must be carefully distinguished from the Actaons of Oken that appear to be allied to the Apb/sice. t Vohda tornatilis, and bifasciafa, L. Martini, II, xliii, 442, A.-t3 ; — V. sidcafa, and V. solidula, lb., 440, m ;—¥. fanimeu, lb., 439; V. flaru, lb. 444 ; — V. pusiUa, lb. 446. + TrochiLS dolahmtus, L, Chemn., V, clxvii, U63, 10G4 \—Bv.Hinis /erdelhm, Brug., List., 844, 72. § This genus forms the family of the Oxystom^, Blainv. il M. de Blainville forms his family of the Hemicvclostom.v, from this genus. 62 MOLLUSCA. Natica, Lam. Neritae with an umbilicated shell ; the animal of the species known has a large foot, simple tentacula with the eyes at their base, and a horny operculum*. Nerita, Lam. — Peloeonta, Oken. The umbilicus wanting; shell thick, columella dentated, and oper- culum stony; the eyes of the animal on pedicles by the side of the tentacvila, and a moderate foot f . The Velata, Montf. Where the side of the columella is covered with a calcareous, thick, and convex layer J, is distinguished from it, but perhaps Avithout any good reason ; also the Neritina, Lam. Where the shell has no umbilicus and is thin, with a horny oper- culum ; the animal is like a true Nerita, and most generally the columella is not dentated. It inhabits fresh water. A small species, very prettily coloured, abounds in the rivers of France ; it is the Nerita jiuviatilis, L. ; Chemn., IX, cxxiv, 188 §. The columella in others, however, is finely crenulated ||, and of this number there are some in which the spire is armed witli long spines — Clithon, Mont.% FAMILY II. CAPULOIDA**. Recent researches have convinced us that it is to the Trochoida that we must approximate this family, which contains five genera, four of which are taken from the Patellge. They all have a widely opened, scarcely turbinated, shell, with neither operculum, emargination, nor siphon; the animal resembles the other Pectinibranchiata, and has the sexes separate. There is but one branchial comb transversely ar- * Foi'tlie species see the first div. of Gm. and Chemn., V, pi. clxxx-vi — clxxxix. -|" For the species see the third div. of Gm. and Chemn., V, pi. cxc — cxciii, and Sowerby, Gen. of Sh., No. XV. :J: Nerita i^erversa, Gm., a large fossil species ; Chemn., IX, cxiv, 975, 976. § Add, Nerita turrita, Chemn., IX, cxxiv, 1085. II Nerita pulligera, Chemn., loc. cit., 1878 — 1879; — -V. virginea, List., 604, 606. \ Nerita corona, Chemn., 1083, 1084. ** M. de Blainville places most of them among his hermaphroditicat, non-symme- trical Paracephalojphora ; but they all appear to me to be dicecious. GASTEROPODA PECTIXIBRAXCHIATA. @3 ranged on the roof of the cavity, and its filaments are frequently very long. Capull's, Monlf. — Pileopsis, Lam. A conical shell with a recurved and spiral summit, which has long caused it to he placed among the Patellse; the hranchiee are in one range under the interior margin of the branchial cavity; the pro- boscis is long, and there is a closely plaited membranous veil under the neck ; the eyes are at the external base of the conical tentacula*. The HiPPONYX, Defr. Would appear from the shell to be a fossil Capuhis, very remark- able, hoAvever, for a bed formed of calcareous matter, on which it rests, and whicli probably exuded from the foot of the animalf. Crepidula, Latn. The shell oval, Avith an obtuse horizontal point, directed obliquely backwards and laterally; the aperture forming the base of the shell, which is half closed beneath and behind by a horizontal plate. The abdominal sac which contains the viscera is on this plate, the foot beneath, and the head and branchi^ forwards. The latter consist of a range of long filaments attached under the anterior margin of the branchial cavity. The eyes are at the external base of two conical tentacida \. The genus PiLEOLus, Sowerby, Appears to consist of Crepidulae, in which the transverse plate occu- pies half the aperture; their shell, however, is more like that of a Patella §. They are only found fossil. Septaria, Fer.— Navicella^ Lam. — CimbeRj Montf., 82. The shell resembles a Crepidula, except that the summit is symme- trical and laid on the posterior margin, and that the horizontal plate is less salient. The animal is also provided with an additional, irre- gularly shaped, testaceou.s plate, horizontally connected with the superior surface of the muscular disk of its foot, and covered by the abdominal sac, which it partially supports. It is probably analogous to an opercuhim, but does not exercise its functions, being, in a measure, situated internally. The animal has long tentacula, at * Patella Jiungurica, List., 544 — 32; — Put. calypim, Chemn., X, clxix, 1G43 — 44 ; — Pat. mitnda, Gm., List., cxliv, 31. t Patella cornucopia:, Lam., Knorr., Petrif., II, part ii, pi. 131, f. 3, amlBlainv,, Malac. + Patella fornicata, List. 545, 33, 35 ; — P. aculeata, Chemn., X, clxviii, 1624 — 25 ; — P. Goreensis, Martini, I, xiii, 131, 132 ; — P. solea, Naturf., XVIII, ii, 15 ; — P. o-eiiidula, ±\dans. Seneg., I, ii, 9; — P.porcellana, List., 545, 34. § Pileolvs plicatus, Sowerb. ; — Pil. Icevis, Id., Genera of Shells, No, IX; — Pit. neritoides, Desh., Ann. des So. Nat., I, xiii, 3, a, b, c. 64 MOLLUSCA. whose external base are pedicles Avhicli support the eyes. They in- liabit the rivers of hot countries *. In the CALYPTRyEA, Luvi. We observe a conical shell in the lioUow of which is a little lamina that projects inwards, resembling the commencement of a columella, and that interposes itself between a fold of the abdominal sac. The branchiae are composed of a range of numerovis filaments, long and slender, like hairs. In some of them this lamina adheres to the bottom of the cone, being iiself bent into a portion of a cone or of a tube, and descending vertically f. In others it is almost horizontal, and adheres to the sides of the cone, which is marked above by a spiral line that establisiies some relation between their shell and that of a Trochusij:. Siphon ARIA, Sotcerby. The shell of the Siphonaria% which have ])een recently separated from tlie Patellae, at the first glance seems very similar to a flattened Patella, with radiating sulci; but its margin projects rather more on the right side, and it is excavated beneath by a slight furrow, which terminates at this jjrominence of the margin, to which there is a corresponding lateral hole in the mantle, for the introduction of water into the branchial cavity placed on the back, that is closed on every other point. The respiratory organ consist of a few small lamellae, arranged in one transverse line on the roof of that cavity; the tentacula Seem to be wanting, the head being merely furnished with a narrow veil§. There are some species, in which even this slight appearance of the canal, in the shell, is effaced, resembling in toto that of a Patella, except in its summit, which is behind ||. In the SiGARETuSj Adans. The shell is flattened, its aperture ample and round, and the spire very moderate, its Avhoi'ls rapidly enhrging and seen Avithin, but concealed during the life of the animal in the thickness of a fungotis shield, which projects considerably beyond it, as Avell as the foot, and which is the true mantle. Before this mantle are an emargina- . * Patella neritdklea, List., 545 — 36, andNaturf., XIII, v, 1, 2 ; — Pat. horhonica, Bory Saint-Vincent, Voy. I, xxxvii, 2 ; and for the animal, Q,uoy and Gaym., Yoy. de Freycin., pi. 71, f. .3 — 6. t Patella equestris, L., List., 54S — 38; — Pat. sinensis, lb., 39 ; Pat. frocM/ormis, Martini, I, xiii, 135; — Pat. auricula, Cliemu., X, clxviii, 1 628 — 29; — Pat. pHcafa, Nat. Forsch., XVIII, U, 12 ; — Pat. striata, lb., 13. XPatcUu contorta, Nat. Fursch., IX, iii, 34, VIII, 11 — 14 ; — Pat. ilepressa, lb., xviii, ii, 11. § Patella siplio ; — Siphonovia concinna, Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. XXI. ; 5. exigua, Id., lb. See Savigny, Descr. de I'Eg., Zool. Gaster., pi. iii, f. 3, and Coq., pi. i, f. 1. Some yeari ago M. Gray proposed a genus Gadinia, (Philos. Magaz,, April 1824) which is precisely the same as Siphonaria. II Siphonaria tristensis, Sowerb., loc. cit. gastehopoda pectinibranchiata. 65 tion and a semi-canal, which serve to conduct water into the bran- chial cavity, and which form the passage to the following family, but of which there are no impressions on the shell. The tentacula are conical, with the eyes at their external base : the penis of the male is very large. Some species are found on the coast of France. The CoRiocELLA, Blainv., Consists of Sigareti, the shell of which is horny, and almost mem- branous, like that of the Aplysise*. Cryptostoma, Blamv. The shell, resembling that of a Sigaretus, with the head and abdo- men, which it covers, supported by a foot four times its size, cut square behind, and forming before a fleshy, oblong bundle that con- stitutes nearly one half of its mass. The animal has a flat head, two tentacula, a broad branchial pecten on the roof of its dorsal cavity, and a penis under the right teutaculum ; but I can find no emargination in the mantlef . FAMILY III. BUCCINOIbA. This Family has a spiral shell, in the aperture of wiiich, near the extremity of the columella, is an emargination Or a canal for transmit- ting the siphon or tube, which is itself but an elongated fold of the mantle. The greater or less length of the canal, when there is one, the size of the aperture, and the form of the columella, furnish the grounds of its division into genera, which may be variously grouped]: . CoNus. Lin. § So called from the conical shape of the shell ; the spire, either per- fectly flat, or but slightly salient, forms the base of the cone, the apex being at the opposite extremity ; the aperture is narrow, recti- linear, or nearly so, extending from one end to the other without enlargement or fold, either on its edge or on the columella. The * The Coriocolle noire, Blainv. Malac, XLII, f. 1. This animal is not deprived of a shell, as the author of the genus iinae,incd, hut it is tbin and Uexible. t Besides thi- species in the British Museum (Cr. Leachii, Blainv. Malac., XLII, 3), we have one (Cr. coroUnuin, Cuv.) sent from Carolina by L. L'Herminier. X They are the Parii-ephaluphora Didica Siphonohnmchiata of Blainville. § M. de Blainville unites the Coni, Cyprece, Oculcc, Terehella, and the Valuta, in a family which he calls Angyostoma. In placing here the genera v.ith a straight aperture, we must not be understood as meaning to approximate them to the preceding family, but only to present them first, as possessing the most striking characters of all those which are furnished with a siphon. VOL. III. ^ 66 JTOLLCSCA. thinness of the animal is proportioned to the narrowness of the aperture through which it issues ; its tentacula and proboscis are highly protractile; the eyes are placed on the outer side of the former, and near the point; the operculum situated obliquely on the hind-part of the foot, is too narrow and short to close the whole of the aperture. The shells of this genus, being usually ornamented with the most beautiful colours, are very common in cabinets. The seas of Europe produce very few *. They are distinguished by the flatness or slight projection of the spire ; by the whorls being tuberculated or not ; by its being more salient and even pointed, and furnished, or not, with turbercles. There are some in wliicli the spire is sufficiently salient to give them a cylindrical appearance, in Avliich case it may be either smooth or tuberculated f. The appellation of crowned spire is applied to that which is studded with tubercles, Cypr.-ea, Lin. The spire projecting but little, and the aperture narrow and extending from one extremity to the other ; but the shell, Avhich is protuberant in the middle, and almost equally narrowed at both ends, forms an oval, and the aperture in the adult animal is transversely wrinkled on each side. The mantle is sufficiently ample to fold over and envelope the shell, which at a certaiji age it covers with a layer of another colour, so that this difference, added to the form acquired by the aperture, may easily cause the adult to be taken for another species. The animal has moderate tentacula, with the eyes at their external base, and a thin foot without an operculum. The colours of these shells, also, are extremely beautiful ; they are extremely common in cabinets, though with very fcAV exceptions they all inhabit the seas of tropical countries \. In the OvuLA, Brug. The shell is oval, and the aperture narrow and long, as in Cyprcea, but without plicae on the side next to the columella ; the spire is con- cealed, and the two ends of the aperture equally emarginated, or equally prolonged in a canal. Linnaeus confounded them with the Bullae, from which Brugieres has very properly separated them. The * For the species of this beautiful genus see the article and the plates of Brugieres in the Encycl. Method., -where they are extremely well described and figured, and the envimeration still more complete than in the Ann. du Mus. XV, by M. de Lamarck. f Species with a crowned spire : Con. cedonuUi, L., a shell much sought for, and of which there are many varieties, Encycl. Method., pi. 316, f. 1 ; Con, marmortus, L., Enc, pi. 317, f. 5; — Con. arenahts, Brug., Encycl., pi. 320, f. 6, &c. Species with a simple spire : Con. Htterutus, L., Encycl., pi. 326, f. 1 ; — Con. tessellatus, Brug. Enc. pi. 326, f. 7 ; — Con.virgo, Brug. Enc. pi. 325, f. 5, &c. X For the species see the genus Ci/preea, Gmel., and the figures collected by Bru- gieres for the Encyclop., the Gen. of shellsby Sowerby, No. XVII, and particularly a Monograph by M. Gray, published in the Zool. Journal, Nos. 2, 3, and 4. GASTEROPODA PECTINIERANCIIIATA. §7 animal lias a broad foot, an extended mantle which parth' folds over the shell, a moderate and obtuse snout, and two long tentacula, on which, at about the third of their length, are the eyes, Montfort particularly designates, by the term Ovul^, those in Avhich the external margin is transversely sulcated *. Those in which the two extremities of the aperture are prolonged into a canal, and in which the external margin is not sulcated, he calls NaVETTES VoLV^Ef. When this external margin is not sulcated, nor the extremities of the ajjerture prolonged, he styles them Calpurn^j. Terebellum, Lam. An oblong shell, with a narrow aperture, without plic?e or wi inkles, and increasing regularly in width to the end opposite the spire, which is more or less salient, according to the species §. The animal is not knoAvn. The VoLUTA, Lin. Varies as to the form of the shell and that of the aperture, but is recognised by the emargination -v^'ithout a canal which terminates it, and by the salient and oblique plicae of the columella. From this genus Brugieres first separated the Oliva, Brug. So named from the oblong and elliptical shape of the shell, tlie aperture of which is nan-ow, long and emarginated opposite to the spire, which is short; the plicpe of the columella are numerous, and resemble striae ; the whorls are sulciform. These shells are quite as beautiful as the CyprjE8e||. The animal has a large foot, the anterior part of which (before the head) is separated by an incision on each side ; its tentacula are slender, and the eyes are on their side about the middle of their length. Tlie proboscis, siphon and penis are tolerably long ; but it has no operculum. MM. Quoy and Gaymard have observed an appendage on its postei-ior portion, which enters the sulcus of the whorls. The remainder of the genus Voluta was afterwards divided into five, by M. de Lamarck^. The » VoLVARiA, Lam., Closely resembles the Oliva in its oblong or cylindrical form ; but * BuUaovum, L,, List., 711, 65, Encyclop., 358, 1. f Bulla volca, L,, List., 711, 63, Encycl,, 357, 3 ; B. hiroslris, Encycl. 357, 1 ; Sowerb., lb. X Bulla verrucosa, L., List., 712, 67, Encyc, 357, 5. from which we do not sepa- rate the Ultim.*:, Montf. : or Bulla gibbosa, L., List., 711, 64, Encyc. 357, 4. § Terebellum subulatuin, Lam., Bulla terebellum, L. List., 736, f. 30, Encyc, 360, 1 ; — Tereb. convolutum. Lam., Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. VI, II Oliv. subulata, Lam,, Encyc, pi. 363, f. 6, a, b ; — Vol. hiatula, L. ; — Vol- por- phyria. Vol. oliva, and, in general, all the cylindrical Volut8E of Gmel., p. 3438, et seq, ^ Exclusive of the Tornatcllm and Pyramidellce already mentioned. F 2 68 - MOLLUSCA, the aperture is narrow, and its anterior edge ascends to the top of the spire, which is excessively short. There is one plicaa^ or several, at the foot of the columella. The lustre and whiteness of this shell are such, that on some coasts it is used for making necklaces *. A small fossil species is found in the vicinity of Paris f. In the true Volutse or the VoLUTA, Lavi. The aperture is ample, and the columella marked with large plicae, the one furthest from the spire being tlie largest. The degi-ee of projection in the spire varies greatly. In some of them, Cymbium, Montf. ; Cymba, Sowerb., the last whorl is ventricose ; the animal has a large, thick and Heshy foot, and a veil on the head, from the sides of which issue the tcntacula. The eyes are on this same veil outside of the tentacula. The proboscis is tolerably long, and there is an appendage on each side of the base of tlie siphon. They attain a large size, and many of them are extremely beautiful +. In others, Voluta, Montf., the last whorl is conical, becoming narrower at the extremity opposite to the spire§. The foot of the animal is not so large as that of the preceding ones ; their shells are frequently remarkable for tlie beavity of tlieir colours or their ar- rangement. Marginklla, Lam. "* Form of the shell, similar to that of a true Voluta ; but the external margin of tlie aperture is tumid ; the emargination is but slightly marked. The foot of the animal, according to Adanson, is very large, and has no operculum. By turning up the lobes of its mantle it partly covers the shell. The eyes are on the external side of tlie base of its tentacula ||. M. de Lamarck also distinguishes the Colombella, in which the plic.TG are numerous, and the varix of the external margin is inflated in the middle^ It appears that the operculum is wanting. • Volv. monilis, L. ; Volv. triticea, Lam., &c. -f- Fohmriabulldides, Lam., Encyc. Metliod., pi. 384, f. 4. X Vole, athiopica. List., 797, 4 ; — V. ct/mbium, 796, 3, 800, 7 ; — T'. oUa, 794, 1 ; V. Ncpiuni, 802, 8; — V. navicula, 795,2; — V. papillaris, iicb., Ill, Ixiv, 9; — F. indica, Martini, III, Ixxii, 772, 773 ; genus Melo, Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. XXVIII ; — cymhiola, Chemn., X, cxlviii ; 1385, 1386 ; — V. prcepiitium, List., 798, 1 ; — V. spectihilis, Davila, I, viii, S. § Voluta musica, List., 805, 14, 806, 15; — V. scapha, 799, 6; — V. vespertilin, 807, 16, 808, 17; — V. hmhrea, 809, 18; — V. vexiUum, Martini, III, cxx, 1098; — V.flavicans, Tb., xcv, 922, 923 ;— ^F. undulala, Lam., Ann. du Mus., Ike. For the other species consult the Memoir of M. Broderip, Zool. Journ., April 1825. II Voluta glabella, Adans., IV, genus, X, 1 ; — Voluta faba, lb., 2 ; — Vol. prumin, lb., 3 ; — Vol. persicula, lb., 4, and all pi. xlii, vol, II, of Martini ; — Vol. marginata. Born., IX, 5, 6. ^ Voluta tnercatoria, List., 824, 43 ; — Vol. t-ustica, List., 824, 44 ; — Vol. mendi- caria, and nearly all plate xliv of Martini, vol. 11 ; — Col. stromhi/ormis ; — Vol. labi- Ota: — Vol. pvwiala, &c., Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. IX. GASTEKOI'ODA PECTINIBKANCHIATA. 69 MiTBA, Lam. The aperture oblong, with a few large plicpo on the columella, the one nearest the sjnre being the largerst ; the spire usually pointed and elongated. Several species are brilliantly spotted with red on a -ivhite ground*. The foot of the animal is small ; the tentacula are of a moderate length, with the eyes on the side, near their inferior third ; the siphon also is of a moderate length, but it frequently pro- trudes a proboscis longer than its shell. Cancellaria, Lam. The last whorl ventricose ; aperture ample and round, the internal margin forming a plate on the columella. The spire is salient and pointed, and the surface of the shell marked with decussating sulcif. The BucciNUM, Lin. X Comprises all the shells furnished with an emarglnation or a short canal inflected to the left, and in which the columella is destitute of plicje. Brugieres has divided them into the four genera of Briccinum, Purpura, Cassia, and Terebra, part of which have been again subdi- vided by Messrs de Lamarck and Montfort. The BucciNUM, Bnuj. Includes the emarginated shells without any canal, whose general form, as well as that of the aperture, is oval. The animals — all such as are known, are deprived of the veil on the head, but are furnished with a proboscis, two separated tentacula, on the external side of which are .the eyes, and a horny operculum. Their siphon extends out of the shell. The name of Duccinum is especially applied by M. de Lamarck to those in \vhich the columella is convex and naked, and the margin withovit plicEe or varix. Their foot is moderate, their proboscis long and thick, and their j^enis, frequently, excessively large §. In the * Such are Vol. episcopalis, List., 839, fifi ; — Vol. papalis, lb. 67 ; and 840,' 68 ; — Vol. cardinalis, 838, 65.. Add, Vol. pafriarchalis ; — Vol. perl u^sa, 822, 40; — Vol. vidpecula, Martini, IV, cxlviii, 1366; — Vol. plicaria. List., 820, 37; — Vol. sangui- sv.ga, List., 821, 8; — Vol. caffru, Martini, IV, cxlviii, 1360, 1370; — Vol. acus, Id., clvii, 1493, 1494; — Vol. scabricula, Id., cxlix, 13SS, 1389; — Vol. maculosa, Ih., 1377- — Vol. nodulosa, lb., 1385; — Vol. spadicea, Id., cl, 1392; — V. aurantia, lb., 1393, 1394 ; — /'. decusscia, 1395; — !'. tunicv.la, 1376. t J'oluta cancellata, L., Adaus., A'lII, 16;— Fo/. reticulata, S30, 25, &C. — Sow- crb.. Gen. of Shells, No. V. X M. de Blainville makes a family of his Paracephalophora Dio'ica Siphonobranchiata of this great genvis. which he calls the Enotomostoma. § Buccimmi undulatum, L., List., 662, 14 ; — Bucc. g^aciale, L. ; — B. anglicum, List., 963, 17 ; — B.porccfutn, Martini, IV. cxxvi, 1213, 1211 ; — B. lavissitnum, Id., cxx\ii, 1215, 1216 ; — B. igntam, lb., 121" ; — B. carinalum, Phips. Voy., XII, 2; — B. solutum, Naturi.,XVI, ii, 3, 4 ; — B. stricjosv.m, Gin.,'No. 108, Bonan., Ill, 38 ; — B. glaberrimvm, Martini, IV, cxxv, 1177, 1182 ; — B.'sfrigosuiii, lb. 1183, 1188;— B, oljtvsv.m, lb., 1193 ;— i3, corotiaiiun, CaXI, 1115, 1116. 70 MOLLUftCA. Naska, Lam. The side of the columella is covered by a more or less broad and thick plate, and the emargination is deep, but without a canal. The animal resembles that of a true Buccinum, and there are gradual transitions among the shells, from one subgenus to the other*. M. Delamarck calls Eburna, Lam., Those, which to a smooth shell without a plicated margin, add a widely and deeply lunliricated columella. The general form of their shell is closely allied to that of the Olivse. Their animal is unknown f. AxciLLARiA, Lam. The same smooth shell, and at the lower part of the columella a marked lip; there is no umbilicus, neither is the spire sulcated. The animal of several species resembles that of the Olivye, the foot being still more developed J. The same naturalist calls DoLiuM, Lam. Those in which projecting ribs, that follow the direction of the Avhorls, render the margin undulated ; the inferior whorl is ample and ventricose. Montfort subdivides them into DoLiuM, properly so called, where the lower part of the columella is twisted^, and into Perdix, where it is trenchant.|| Their animal has a very large foot, widened before ; a proboscis longer than its shell, and slender tentacula, on the external side of which, and near the base, are the eyes; the head has no veil, nor has the foot an operculum. Harpa, La7n. I'he Harpte are easily i-ecognized by the projecting, transverse ribs on the whorls ; the last of which forms a lip on the margin. The shell is beautiful, and the animal has a very large foot, pointed behind. * Buccinum arcularia, List., 970, 24, 25 ; — B. piillus, List., 971, 26; — B. gib- bosuluin, List., 972, 27, and 973, 28 ; — R. icsselhitttm, List., 975, 30 ; — B. fossile, Martini, III, xciv, 912, 914 ; — jB. marginatum. Id. cxx, 1101, 1102; — B. reticula- ium, List., 966. 21 : — B. vulgatum, Martini, IV, cxxiv, 162, 166 ; — B. stolatum, lb., 1167, 1169 ; — B. glans, List., 981, 40; — B. papillosum, List., 969, 23 ; — B. nitiduhrm, Martini, IV, cxxv, 1194, ligT). f Buccinum glabratum, Jjist., 97 i, 29; — B. spiratum, List., 981, 41 ; — B. zey- lanicum, Martini, IV, cxxii, 1119. X Ancillaria cinnumomca, Lam., Mart., II, pi. 65, f. 731 ; Foluta ampla, Gm., Mart., lb. f. 722, and the species described by M. de Lamarck and figured in the Encyc. Method., 393. See alsotlie Monograph, No. 36, p. 72, of the Ancillaria; by M. W. Swainson, Journ. of the Sc. and Arts, No. 36, p. 272. § Buc. olcarium, List., 985, 44, and Scwerb., Gen. of Shells, No. 29 ; — B. galea, List., 898, 18 ; — B. dulium, List., 899, 19 ; — B.fasciatum, Brug., Mart., Ill, cxviii, 1011 ; — B. pomum. Id., II, xxxvi, 370, 371. II Biicc. perdix, List., 984, 43. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 71 and widened in its anterior portion, which is distinguished by two deep emarginations. The eyes are on the sides of the tentacula, and near their base. It has neither veil nor operculum*. The Purpura, Brufj. Is known by its flattened columella, which is trenchant near the end opposite to the spire, and which, with the external margin, forms a canal there, sunk in the shell, but not salient. The Purpurse were scattered among the Buccina and the Murices of Linnceus. The ani- mal resembles that of a true Buccinumf. The genus Licorne, Montf., — Monoceros, Lam., consists of shells similar to the Purpurie, but in Avhich the external edge of the emar- gination is furnished with a salient spine;|:. Others, also resembling the Purpurte, in which the columella or at least the margin is provided, in the adult, with teeth which narrow the aperture, form the Sistra, Montf., or the Ricinula, Lxm.§ CoNCHOLEPAs, Lam. The general characters of the Purpurse, but the aperture is so enormous, and the spire so small, that the shell has almost the appear- ance of a Capulus, or one of the valves of the Area ; a small salient tooth is visible on each side of the emargination. The animal re- sembles that of a true Buccinum, with the exception of its foot, which is enormous in width and thickness, and that it is attached to the shell by a muscle shaped like a horse-shoe, as in the Capuli ; it has a thin, narrow, and horny operculum. But a single species is known, the Buccinum concholepas, Brug. ; Argenv., pi. ii, f. F, D; and Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. VI. From the coast of Peru. Casis, Brug. The shell oval ; aperture oblong or narrow ; the cohimella covered with a plate as in Nassa, and that plate transj/ersely plicated, as well as the external margin ; the emargination terminating in a short canal, that is reflected and pushed back, as it were, to the left : varices arc frequently observed on it. The animal resembles that of a true Buccinum, but its horny operculum is denticulated, in order to pass between the plicse of the external margin. * Buccinum harpa, L., and the other species long confounded with it — List., 992, 993, 994 ; Mart., Ill, cxix: Bucc. cosfatum, lb. Messrs. Reynaud, Q.uoy and Gaymard have observed, that, under certain circumstances, the posterior part of the foot is spontaneously detached. -f- Buccinum persicum, List., 937, 46, 47 ; — B. pafulum, Id., 989, 49 ; — B. ha- mastoma, Id., 988, 48 ; — B. trochlea, B. lapilhis, Id., 965, 18, 19 ; — Murex fucus, Id. 990, 50 ; — Mur. hisfrix, Martini, III, ci, 974, 975 ; — Mur. mancinella., List., 956, 8, 957, 9 — 10; — Mur. hippocasfanum, List., 955, 996, 990, 991. :J; Buccinum monodon, Gm., Martini, III, Ixix, 761 ; — Bucc. narval, Brug. ; — B. unicorne, Id. § Murex ricinis, L., Seb., Ill, Ix, 37, 39, 42 ; — Mur. ncrilo'ideus, Gm., No. 43, List., 804, 12 — 13. 72 MOLLUSC A. In some, the lip of tlie margin is denticulated externally near the eraargination*. In others it is entiref . The MoKio, Montf. — Cassidauia, Laui. AVas separated from Cassis by Montfort. The canal curves less suddenly, and the whole shell leads directly to certain Murices. The animal resembles that of a Buccinum, but its foot is more developed |. Tebabra, Brug., The aperture, emargination and columella of a true Buccinum; but the general form is turriculated, that is to say, the spire is lengthened into a point §. In the Cerithium, Brug., Very properly separated from the 3Iurex of Linnccus, we observe a shell with a turriculated spire ; the aperture is oval, and the canal short, but well marked, and reflected to the left or backwards. The animal has a veil on its head, and is furnished with two separated tentacula, on the side of which are the eyes, and with a round, horny operculum. Many are found fossil ||. M. Brongniart separates from the Ceri- thia the PoTAMiDA, Brongn. Which, with the same form of shell, has a very short and scarcely emarginated canal, no sulcus on the upper part of the right margin, and the external lip dilated. The Potamidae inhabit rivers, or, at least, their mouths, and fossil specimens are found in strata, which contain other fresh- water or land species only^. The genus * Buccinum vibex, Martini, II, xxxv, 364, 365; — B. glaucum, List., 996, 60; — B. erinaceous, List., 1015, 73. f The Buccinum of the second division of Gmelin, except the B. echinophorum, strigosum, No. 26, and it/rrhenum, v.hich are Cassidariae. It must also be recollected, that, among the true Cassides, Gmelin appears to have several repetitions. X Buccinum caudatum, L., List., 940, 36; — B. echiniphnrum, List., 1003, 68; — B. sfrigosum, Gm., No. 26, List., 1011, 71, f. ; — Bucc. fyrrhenum, Bonam., Ill, 160. § The -whole of the last subdivision of the Buccina, Gmelin, such as, Buccinum maculatum, Li., 846, 74; — Bucc. crenulalum, L. List., 846, 75; — Bucc. dimidiafum, L., List., 843, 71; — Bucc. subvlahmi, L., List., 842, 70, &c. M. de Blainville separates from them the genus subula, which he founds on a difference in the animal, and moreover on the presence of an operculum. II Murex vertagus, List., 1020, 83; — M. aluco, List., 1025, 87; — M. annularis, Martini, IV, clvii, 1486; — M. singnlatus, lb., 1492; — M. Terebella, Id., civ, 1458, 9; — M. fuscatus, Gualt., 56, H; — M. granulatus, Martini, IV, clvii, 1483; — M. moluccanus, lb., 1484, S. &c., v.ith the numerous fossil species described by M. de Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. M. Deshayes has separated from the Cerithia, under the name of Nevinea, some small species, where the margin is prolonged into the aper- ture, and divides it into three distinct orifices. It is also near the Cerithia that we must place several fossil shells, which form the genus Nerinea of M. Defrance, and which is distinguished by strongly marked plicae on each whorl and on the columella., the centre of which, besides, is hollow throughout. Nine species are already ascertained. ^ See Brongn., Ann. du Mus., XV, 367. In this subgenus should be placed the CmY^tuni aifrum, Brug., List., pi. 115, f. 10; — Cer. palustre, f. lb., 836, f. 62; — C. muricafum., lb., 121, f. 17, &c., and among the fossils, the Poto/it'da I/cma;7.-«, BrongD., loc. cit. pi. sxii, f. 3. GASTiiROPOOA. PECTINIlilUXCHIATA. 73 MUREX, Lhi* Comprises all these shells in Avhich there is a salient and straight eanalf . The animal of each subgenus is furnished with a proboscis, long approximated tentaciila on the external side of which are the eyes, and Avith a horny operculum ; the veil on the head is wanting ; and, the length of the siphon excepted, it otherwise resembles that of the Buccina. Brugiere divides them into genera, which have been since subdivided by Messrs. Lamarck and Montfort. The MuREX, Brug. Includes all those which have a and salient straight canal, with varices across the whorlsj. Lamarck appropriates this name to those in which the varices are not contiguous on two opposite lines. If tlieir canal be long and slender, and the varices armed with spines, they become the Murex, properly so called, of Montfort§. When, with this long canal, the varices are mere knobs, they form the Brontis, Montf. || Some of them, which, with a moderate canal, have projecting tubes that penetrate into the shell between spiny varices, constitute the Typhis, Montf. ^ When, instead of spines, the varices are furnished with plicated lamellee, slashed, or divided into branches, they are the Chicoracea, Montf.** Their canal is long and moderate, and their foliaceous productions vary infinitely in figure and complication. When, with a moderate or short canal, tlie varices are mere knots, and the base is provided with an umbilicus, they form the Aquilla, Montf. Several species inhabit the coast of Franceff. If the umbilicus be wanting, they are his Lotoriuml'l. Finally, when the canal is shc-rt, the spire elevated, and the varices simple, they are liis Tritonium. Their mouth is visually plicated * This great genus forms the family siphonostoma, Rlainv. ■\- To which Linnfeus also tuidcd several Pv.rpur^e in which the canal is not salient, and all the Cerithia in which it is recurved. X Varices are knobs with which the animal borders its mouth, at each interruption in tlie growth of its shell. § Murex iribulus, List., 902, 22; — Mw. brandaris, List., 900, 20; — Mur. cornu- tus, List., 901 , 21 ; — Mur. scnegahiisis, Gm., and the costatus of No. 86, Adans, Se- neg. VIII, 19. II Murex haustellum, List., 003, 23 ; — Mur. caudatus, Martini, Conch., Ill, f. 1046, 1 049 ; — Mur. pyrum. *\ Murex tubifer, Roissy, Brug., Journ. d'Hist. Nat., I,xi, 3 ; Montfort, 614. ** Murex ramosus,'L\i,t., 94G, 41, and all its varieties; Martini, III, cv, ex, cxi ; — Mur. Scorpio, Martini, cvi ; — Mur, saxatilis, Martini, cvii, cviii, and several others not yet well characterized. -}-•)- Murex cutaceus, L., Seb., Ill, xlix, 63, 64 ; — Mur. trttnciih's, Martini, III, cix, 1018, 20; — Mur. miiiariSjld., i'i, Vign., 36, 1 — 5; — Mur. jwmum, Adans., IX, 22; — Mur. (Jecussutus, lb., 21. XX Mur. lotorium, L., Martini, IV, csxx, 12-iG---9; — Mur. femorale, Id., cxi, 1039; — Mur, tri'iuetcr, Born.. XI, 1,2, 74 MOLLUSCA. transversely on both margins. Very large ones inhabit the seas of Europe*. The varices are sometimes numerous, compressed, and almost membranovis, constituting the Trophona, Montf. \ At other times, they are compressed, very salient, and but few in number^. M. de Limarck separates from all the Murices of Brugiere, the Ranella, Lam., Characterized by opposing varices, so that the shell is bordered with them on both sides. Their canal is short, and their surface studded with mere tubercles ; margins of the aperture plicated§. The Apolles, Montf., are merely umbilicated Ranellae |j. The Fusus, Brug. Comprises all shells with a salient and straight canal, which are destitute of varices. When the spire projects, the columella is without plictp, and the margin is entire, they are the Fusus properly so called. Lam., which Montfort again subdivides ; when they have no umbilicus, they are his Fusus^. The shortest and m;ist ventricose gradually ajjproach the form of the Euccina**. Wiicn provided witli an umbilicus they are his Lat/iira f f . The Stritt/iiolarie are distinguished from the true Fusi by a bor- der which surrounds their aperture, and which covers the columella. The margin of the adult is inflated, which connects them with Murex+:[:. When the spire is salient, the cohimella without plicae, and there is a small indentation or well marked emargination of the margin near the spine, they are the Pleurotoma, Lam.§§ * Mur. tritonis, L., List., 959, 12; — Mur. tnacidosus, Martini, IV, cxxxii, 1257, 1258; — Mu?: ausfralis, Lam., Martini, IV, cxxxvi, 1284; — Mur. pileare, Martini, IV, cxxx, 1243, 48, 49; — Mur. argits, Martini, IV, cxxxi, 1255, 1256; — Mur. rubi- cida, Id., cxxxii, 1259, 1267. f Mur.7nageU(micus,Mii.rtmi, IV, cxxsix, 1297- X Mur. triptcrus, Bora., X, 18, 19; — Mur. oheliscus, Martini, III, cxi, 1033, 1037. § N.B. They are the Mur. bufo, Montf. 574; — Mur. rana, List., 995, 28; — Mur. reticularis, List., 935, 30 ; — Mur. affinis, and tlie species or varieties of Martini, 1229, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 1269, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 70. ** Murex gi/rinus, List., 939, 34. -f-f- Mur. cochliilium, Seb. Ill, lii, 6; — Mur. morio, List., 928, 22; — Mur. canali- cutatus, Martini, III, Ixvii, 742, 743; — Mur. candidus. Martini, IV, cxliv, 1339; — Mur. ansatus, Id. lb., 134o; — Mur. Imrirjatus, Martini, cxli, 1319, 1320; — Mur. hmgissimus, lb., 1344; — Mur. undatus, lb., 1433; — Mur. coJus, L., List., 917, 10; — Mur. slriafulus, lb., 1351, 1352; — Mur. pusio, List., 914, 7; — Mur. verru- cosus, lb., 1349, 1350, &c., and the numerous fossil species described by M. de La- marck. XX Mur. islandicus. Martini, IV, cxli, 1312, 1313, &c.; — Mur. anfiquus, lb., cxxxviii, 1294, and List., 962, 15; — Mur. despertus. Martini, 1295. §§ Mur, vespertilio, Id., cxlii, 1323, 24. nil Mur. strMuineus, Gm., Encyc. Mctliod., 431, 1, a, h ; — Struthiulwia crcnulala, Lam. fU Mur. bahihnius, L., List., 917, U: — Mur. jai-anus, Martini, IV, 138, and GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA, 75 The Ciavatulce, in Avhich tlie emargination is wide and reaches to the spire, are also properly distinguished. When the spire is biit slightly marked, flattened or rounded, and the columella is without plicae, they are the Pijruia, Lam. Some are umbilicated*, and others notf . From these Pyrul?e, Montfort again separates the species with a flattened spire, internally striated near the lip, by the name of Ful- gur'\,. They are a sort of Pyrul?e with a plicated cokimella, the plicae being sometimes almost insensil)le. Among these divisions of the Fusi of Brugiercs, the Fascio/arice, Lam.§, are distinguished by some oblique and well marked plicee on the columella, near the origin of the siphon ||. The TuRBiNELLA, Lam., Also consists of shells with a straight canal, but without varices, dis- tinguishable by the large transverse plicce on their columella, which extend the whole length of the aperture, and wliich closely approxi- mate them to the conical Volutie; they only diff'er from the latter in tlie elongation of their aperture into a sort of canal || ; the line that separates them is not easily traced. The genus Stromdus, Lin. Includes those shells witli a canal th:it is eitlier straight or inflected towards the right, of which the external margin of the aperture di- lates with age, but still preserves a sinus near the canal, under whicli passes the head of the animal, when it extends itself. In most of them the sinvis is at some distance from the canal. They are subdivided by M. de Lamarck into two subgenera. The . Strombus, Lam, In which the margin expands into a v.'ing of more or less extent, the immense nuniber of fossil species described by Lamarck and other conchy- liologists. * Mur. rapa, Martini, III, Ixviii, 750, 753; — Buccinum bezoar, Gm., Martini, III, Ixviii, 754, 755. -f Bulla ficus, L., List., 750, 46; — Murex ficus, lb., 741. X Murex perversus, L., List., 907, 27; — Mur. aruamiSjlAst., 90S, 2S; — Mur. ca- naliculatus, Martini, III, Ixvi, 73S, 740, and Ixvii, 742, 3; — Mur. spiriUus, Martini, III, cxv, 1069; — Pirula canaliculata, Lam., Montf., 502, which appears to me the same as the Mur. caricu, Martini, III, Ixvii, 744. § Mur. fulipa, L., List., 910, 911 ; — Mur trapezium, List., 93, 26; — Mur pohjgo- nus, List., 922, 15; — Mur. infundibulum, hist., 921, 14; — Mur. s(>-i(itulus, Martini, IV, cxivi, 1351, 1352; — Mur. versimlor, lb., 1348; — Mur. j'ardalis, Id. cxlix, 1384; — Mur. costatus, Knorr., Petrif., C, ?i. 7; — Mur. lancea, Martini, IV, oxlv, 1347. II Mur. scolymus, Martini, IV, cxlii, 1325; — J'olufa p;/nim, Martini, III, xcv, 916, 917; — Valuta ccramica, List., S2'J, 51 ; — Volvta rhinoceros, Chemn. X, 150, f. 1407, 1408; — Volufa iurhincllus. List., 811, 20; — Vol. capitellum, lAst., SIO, \^\ — Vul. globulus, Chemn., XI, 178, f., 1715; — J'ol. turrifa, Gm. 76 MOLLUSCA. but not digitated. The foot is proportionably small, and the eyes are supported by lateral pedicles of the tentacula, thicker than the ten- tacula themselves The operculum is horny, long and narrow, and placed on a thin tail*. In the Pterocera, Lam. The margin, in the adult, is divided into long and slender digita- tions, varying in number, according to the species. The animal is the same as that of the true Strombus f . In other Strombi, the sinus of the external margin is contiguous to the canal, forming the Rostellaria, Lam. There is usually a second canal ascending the spire, formed by the external margin and by a continuation of the columella. In some of them, the margin is still digitated. Their animal re- sembles that of a Murex, but has only a very small operculum J. In others, we merely observe a dentated margin. Their canal is long and straight §. In some again, that margin is entire ; they are the Hippocrenes. Montf. II ORDER VII. TUBULIBRANCHIATA. The Tubulibranchiata should be detached from the Pectini- branchiata, with which they are very closely allied, because the shell, Avhich resembles a more or less irregularly shaped tube, only spiral at the commencement, attaches itself to various bodies ; they conse- quently are deprived of copulating organs, and fecundate themselves. In the Vermetus^ Adans., We remark a tubular shell whose whorls, at an early age, still form a kind of spire, but then continue on in a tube more or less irregu- larly contorted, or bent like the tubes of a Serpula. This shell usually attaches itself by interlacing with others of the same species, or is partly enveloped by Lithophytes : the animal, having no power of * Nearly all tiie Strombi comprised in the second and third division of Gmelin, observing, that owing to the various degrees of development acquired by the exter- nal margin, there are several repetitions. t Strombus lamhis, Rondel., 79 ; — Martini, III, Ixxxvi, 855 ; — Str. chiragra, List., 870; — Sfr. millepeda, List., 858, 8S9; — Sfr. scorpius, List., 867. X strombus pes pelecani, L., List., 865, SC6. § Strombus fusus, L., List., 854, 11, 12, 916, 9. II Strombus amplus, Brander., Foss., Ilant., VI, 76, or Rostellaria macroptera, Lam.; Str. jissureUa,h-x)Xi., Encycl. Method., p. 411, 3, a, 6, ^hich is not that of Martini, IV, dviii, U9S, 1499, &c. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 77 locomotion, is deprived of a foot, properly so called ; but the part which in ordinary Gasteropoda forms the tail, is here turned under it, and extends to beyond the head, where its extremity becomes inflated and furnished with a thin operculum ; when the animal withdraws into its shell, it is this mass which closes the entrance ; it is sometimes seen with various appendages, and in certain species, the operculum is spiny. The head of the animal is obtuse, and has two moderate tentacula, on the external sides of which, "at the base, are the eyes. The movith is a vertical orifice, beneath which is a filament on each side, that has all the appearance of a tentaculum, but belonging in reality to the foot. The branchise form but a single range along the left side of the roof of the branchial cavity. The right side is occupied by the rectum and the spermatic canal, which also transmits the ova. There is no penis, the animal fecundating itself. The species are numerous, but not very distinct, Linnaeus left them among tlie Serpulee*. The Vermilice, also left by M. de Lamarck near the Serpulae, are similar to the Vermeti f . Magilus, Montf., The Magili have a longitudinally carinated tube, which is at first regularly spiral, and then extends itself in a line more or less straight; although the animal is unknown, it is highly probable that it should be placed near the Vermeti J. The SiLIQUARIA, Brng. Resembles Vermetus in the head, the position of the opjerculum, and in the tubidar and irregular shell; but there is a fissure on the whole length of this shell which follows its contour, and which corresponds to a similar cleft in that part of the mantle which covers the branchial cavity. Along the whole side of this cleft is a branchial comb, com- posed of munerous, loose and tabular-like lamella?. Linn?eus left them with the Serpulre, and till very lately they were considered as belonging to the class of the Annelides§. * Serpula lumbricalis, L., Adans., Senegal, XI, 1, and several new species. ■\- Serpula triquetra, Gm., Born., Mus., pi. xviii, t. 14. X Magilus untiquus, Montf. II, pi. 43, and Gnettard, Mt'm., Ill, pi. Ixxi, f. 6. § Serpula amjuina, L.; — Serpula muricafa, Born., Mus., XVIII, 16. N.B. M. de Lainr.rck considered the Siliquaria; and the Vermilire as neighbours of the Scrpulse. M. de Blainville has approximated them to the Vermeti; M. Au- douin has lately observed and described the animal, and to him do we owe what is stated above. 78 MOLLUSC A. ORDER VITI. SCUTIBRANCHIATA*. The Scutibranchiata comprise a certain number of Gasteropoda, simi- lar to the Pectinibranchiata, in the form and position of the branchiae, as Avell as in the general form of the body, but in which the sexes are united, in such a way, however, as to allow them to fecundate them- selves. Their shells are very open, withovit an operculum, and most of them without the slightest turbination, so that they cover these animals, and particularly their branchiae, in the manner of a shield. The heart is traversed by the rectiun, and receives the blood from two auricles, as is the case in the greater number of bivalves. The Halyotis, Lin.f Is the only genus of this order in which the shell is turbinated ; it is distinguished from that kind of shell by the excessive amplitude of the aperture, and the flatness and smallness of the spire, Avliich is seen from within. This form has caused it to be compared to the ear of a quadruped. In tlie. Halyotis, Lam., Or the true Halyotcs, the shell is perforated along the side of the columella by a series of holes; when the last hole is not terminated, it gives to that part the look of an emargination. The animal is one of the most highly ornamented of all the Gasteropoda. A double mem- brane, cvit into leaves and furnished with a double range of filaments, extends, at least in the most common species, round the foot and on to the mouth; outside its long tentacula, are two cylindrical pedicles which support the eyes. The mantle is deeply cleft on the right side, and the water, which passes through the shell, penetrates through it into the branchial cavity ; along its edges we observe three or four filaments Avhich the animal can protrude through these holes. The mouth is a short proboscis |. The PadollcB, Montf., have an almost circular shell, in which the holes are nearly obliterated, and there is a deep sulcus that follows the middle of the whorls, and is marked externally by a salient ridge ; Padole briquete, Montf., II, p. 114. * M. de Blainville nnites this order and the following one (the Chitones ex- cepted) in his sub-class of the Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita. •f The Paracephaloph. Hermuph. Otid., Blainv. X All the Halyotides, Gm., except the impcrforata and the perversa. This genus, although it has been denied, most certainly has its counterpart among the fossils. M. Marcel de Serres has described a species found in the cal- careous strata of Montpellier {Hal. Philherii), Ann. des Sc. Nat. tome XII, pi. xlv, f. A. GASTEROPODA SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 79 Strom ATiA, Lam. The sliell more lioUow, the spire more salient, and the holes want- ing ; otherwise resembling that of the Halyotides, which it thus con- nects with certain species of Turbo. The animal is much less orna- mented than that of the Halyotides*. In the following genera, which are separated from the Patellae, the shell is perfectly symmetrical, as well as the position of the heart and branchiee f . In the FiSSURELLA, Lam., We perceive a broad fleshy disk under the belly, as in the PatelW, a conical shell placed on the middle of the back, but not always completely covering it, and perforated at its summit by a small ori- fice, which affords at once an issue to the fteces and a passage to the water, required for respiration ; this orifice penetrates into the cavity of the branchine, situated on the fore part of the back, and in the bottom of which terminates the anus; a cavity otherwise widely opened above the head. A branchial comb is symmetrically arranged on each side ; the eyes are on the external base of the conical tenta- cula, and the sides of the foot are furnished with a range of fila- ments |. Eaiarginula, Lam. The structure of the Emarginulae is similar to that of a Fissnrella, except that instead of the hole in the summit, there is a small cleft or emargination in the anterior margin of their mantle and shell, which also penetrates to the branchial cavity ; the margin of the mantle envelopes and covers a great part of that of the shell ; the eyes are l^laced on a tubercle of the external base of the conical tentacula, and the margin of the foot is furnishes with a range of filaments §. Parmophorus, Lam. A great portion of the shell curved 1)y the reflected margin of the mantle, as in the Emarginulae ; the shell itself oblong, slightly conical, and without hole or emargination ; the branchiae and other organs, as in the preceding genera ||. * Hahjotis imperforata, Gm., Chemn., X, clxvi, 1600, 1601. -f- They are the Paracephalora Ces-vico-branchke Branchifera, Blainv. X All the Patellae of the fifth divisiou of Gmelin, except Pat . Jissura ; among others. Put. (jrcEca, List., 527, 1, 2; — P. nimbosa, List., 528,4. We have a species in which the shell, at least six times the size of the mantle, simply surrounds the hole of the summit like a ring, — Fissurella annulafa, Cuv. § Pufella fssv.ra, L., List,, 543, 28, &c. The Palmaria, Montf., must be allied to this genus. II Patella ambigua, Chemn., CXCII, 1918. J^.B, FissurcUcc, Emarginula:, and Parmaphori are also found fossil. 80 MOLLUSCA. ORDER IX. CYCLOBRANCHIATA *. The branchiee of the Cyclohranchlata resemble small lamellje, or little pyramids forming a cordon more or less complete under the borders of the mantle, very nearly as in the Inferobranchiata, from which they are distinguished by the nature of their hermaphroditism ; for, like the preceding genus, they have no copulating organ, but fe- cundate themselves. Their heart does not embrace the rectum, but varies as to situation. But two genera of this order are known, in both of which the shell never approaches in the least to the turbi- nated form. Patella, Lin. The entire body covered with a shell, formed of a single piece, in the form of a broad-based cone ; a cordon of little branchial lamellae under the margin of the mantle; tiie anus and genital orifices some- what to the right and aljove the head, which is furnished with a thick and short snout, and two pointed tentacula, on the external base of v>hich are the eyes ; the mouth is fleshy, and containing a spiny tongue, which inclines backwards, and is reflected deeply in the in- terior of the bod5^ The stomach is membranous, and the intestine long, thin, and greatlv flexed ; the heart is forwards, above the neck, and a little to the left'f. Some species abound on the coast of France. Chiton, Lin. A range of testaceous and symmetrical scales along the back of the mantle, but not occupying its whole breadth ; edges of the mantle * M. de BlainviDe, who calls the order in which he places Duris Cvclobran- CHIATA, makes an order of the Patella;, r.nd of the three preceding genera, which he names Cervicobranchiata, which he divides into the Reti/era and the Branchi- fera. The Refifera are the Patella;, because he supposes that they respire through the medium of a network in the cavity which is over their head. I have vainly sought for it, however, nor could I discover there any other organ of respiration than the cordon of lamellre which extends round the under part of the margin of the mantle. See Anat. of the Patel'a in my Mem. on the Mollusca. f 1 separate from the Paticll.e and arrange among the Trochoida, all the animals comprised in the genera, Crepidula, Navicella, Calyptr.ea of M. de Lamarck, to which I add the Capuli ; and his genera Fissurella, Emarginula, and Parmophora, or Patella ambigua, Chcmn., XI, 197, 1918, I place among the ScuTiBRANCHiATA. The UMBRELLA, Scutus, Moutf., — Patella Umbrella, Martini II, vi, 18, is one of the Tectibranchiata. The Pat. anomala, Miill., belongs to the Brachiopoda and is my genus Orbiculus. The other species quoted by Gm. remain in the genus Patella. GASTEROPODA CYCLOBRANCHIATA. 81 coriaceous, and furnished either with a naked skin or little scales, which give it the appearance of shagreen, or with spines, hairs, or setaceous fasciculi. Under these edges, on each side, is a range of lamellar, pyramidal branchiae ; and before, a membranous veil on the mouth supplies the want of tentacula. The anus is under the posterior extremity. The heart is situated behind, on the rectum, the stomach is membranous, and the intestine very long and greatly contorted. The ovary is situated over the other viscera, and appears to open on the sides by two oviducts. A few small species are found on the coast of France ; very large ones abound in the seas of hot climates * CLASS IV. ACEPHALA. The Acephala have no apparent head; but a mere mouth concealed in the bottom, or between the folds of their mantle. The latter is almost always doubled in two, and encloses the body as a book is clasped by its cover ; but it frequently happens, that, in consequence of the two lobes uniting before, it forms a tube ; sometimes it is closed at one end, and then it represents a sac. This mantle is generally provided with a calcareous bivalve, and sometimes multivalve shell, and in two genera only is it reduced to a cartilaginous, or even mem- branous nature. The brain is over the mouth, where we also find one or two other ganglia. The branchiae usually consist of large lamellae covered with vascular meshes, under or between which passes the water ; they are more simple, however, in the genera without a shell. From these branchiae the blood proceeds to a heart, generally unique, which distributes it throughout the system, returning to the pulmo- nary artery without the aid of another ventricle. The mouth is always edentated, and can only receive the molecules brought to it by the water : it leads to a first stomach, to which there is sometimes added a second ; the length of the intestines is extremely various. The bile is throAvn by several pores into the stomach, whicli is surrounded by the mass of the liver. All these animals fecundate themselves, and in several species, the young ones, which are innumerable, pass some time in the thickness * The Chitonei.li of Lamarck, and all the species of Chiton of authors, should be left in this genus, of which M. de Blainville has thought proper to make a separate class, called Pot.vplaxiphora, supposing that it leads to the Articulated Animals. VOL, III. G 82 MOLLUSCA. of the branchia' previously to being Itroiight to light*. All the Ace- phala are aquatic f . ORDER I. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. Testaceous Acephala, or Accphala icith four branchial leaflets J, are beyond all comparison the most numerous. All the bivalves, and some genera of the multivalves belong to this order. Their body, which contains the liver and viscera, is placed between the tAvo lami- nae of the mantle ; forwards, and still betAveen these laminae are the four branchial leaflets, transversely and regularly striated by the ves- sels : the mouth is at one extremity, the anus at the other, and the heart towards the back ; the foot, when it exists, is inserted between the four branchise. On the sides of the mouth are four triangular leaflets, Avhich are the extremities of the two lips, and serve as tenta- cula. The foot is a mere fleshy mass, the motions of which are effected by a mechanism analogous to that which acts on the tongue of the Mammalia. Its muscles are attached to the bottom of the valves of the shell. Other muscles, Avhich sometimes form one mass and sometimes two, cross transversely from one valve to the other to keep them closed, but when the animal relaxes these muscles, an elastic ligament placed behind the hinge opens the valves by its contraction. A considerable number of bivalves are provided with what is termed a hyssus, or a fasciculus of threads more or less loosely connected, which issues from the base of the foot, and by which the animal ad- heres to various bodies. It uses its foot to direct the threads and to agglutinate their extremities ; it even reproduces them when cut, but the nature of the production is not thoroughly ascertained. Reaumur considered these threads as a secretion, spun and draAvn from the sulcus of the foot; Poli thinks they are mere prolongations of tendi- nous fibres. * Some naturalists are of the opinion that the very minute bivalves, which in cer- tain seasons fill the external branchiae of the Anodontes and Mytilus, are not the progeny of those Mollusca, but a different and parasitic species. See, on this subject, the Dissertation of M. Jacobsen. The difficulty seems to be removed by the observations of Sir Ev. Home. f M. de Lamarck at first changed my name of Acephala into that of Acephalata. M. de Blainville forms a class, which he calls Acephalophora, from my Acephala and my Brachial ola. + M. de Lamarck, in his last work, has made his class of the Conchifera from my Testaceous Acephala; and M. de Blainville has converted the same into his order of the AcEPHALorHORA Lamellibranchiata : but it is always the same thing. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. 83 The shell essentially consists of two pieces, called valves, to which in certain genera are added others, connected by a hinge that is sometimes simple and sometimes composed of a greater or smaller number of teeth and plates, which are received into corresponding cavities. There is usually a projecting part near the hinge called the sum- mit or nates. Most of these shells fit closely when the animal approximates them, but there are several which exhibit gaping portions either before or at the extremities. FAMILY I. OSTRACEA. The mantle is ojDcn, without tubes or any particular aperture. The foot is either wanting in these Mollusca or is small ; thej^ are mostly fixed by the shell or byssus to rocks and other submerged bo- dies. Those which are free, seldom move except by acting on the water by suddenly closing their valves. In the first subdivision there is nothing but a muscular mass reacli- ing from one valve to the other, as seen by the single impression left upon the shell. It is thought proper to class with them certain fossil shells, the valves of which do not even appear to have been held together by a ligament, but which covered each other like a vase and its cover, and were con- nected by muscles only. They form the genus - AcARDA, Brug. — OsTRACiTA, La Peyr., Of which M. de Lamarck makes a family that he names Rudista, The shells are thick, and of a solid or porous tissue. They are now divided into the Radiolites, Lam,, In which the valves are striated from the centre to the circumfe- rence. The one is flat, the other thick, nearly conical and fixed*. * The species of Brugi^re, 173, f. 1, 23, which forms the genus Acarda, Lam., appears to be nothiug more than a double epiphysis of the vertebra of some ceta- ceous animal. The Discin.e, Lam., are Orbiculee ; it is also thought that liis Craniae should be approximated to them. The Jodamies of M. de France or BiROSTRiTES, Lam., are mere moulds of Sphcerulites or at least of the bodies always found in their interior, although they do not adapt themselves to their form. See M. Charles Desmoulins on the SpheruHtes. G 2 84 MOLLUSCA. Sph^erulttes Lamelh., Where the valves are roughened by irregularly raised plates. It is also thought we may add the Calceola, One valve of which is conical but free, and the other flat and even, somewhat concave, so that they remind us of a shoe ; and even the HlFPURITES, Where one valve is conical or cylindrical with two obtuse, longi- tudinal ridges on the inside ; the base even appears to be divided into several cells by transverse septa*; the other valve fits like a cover. The Batolithes, Montf. 334, Are cylindrical and straight Hippurites ; they are frequently foimd greatly elongated. There is much incertitude, however, with respect to all these bodies f. As to the well known living testaceous Acephala, Linnreus had united in the genus OsTREA, Lin., All those M'hich have but a small ligament at the hinge, inserted into a little depression on each side, and without teeth or projecting plates. OsTREA, Brug. The true Oysters have the ligament as just described, and irregu- lar inequivalve and lamellated shells. They adhere to rocks, piles, and even to each other, by their most convex valve. The animal — Peloris, Poll, — is one of the most simple of all the bivalves, possessing nothing remarkable but a double fringe round the mantle, the lobes of which are only united above the head, near the hinge ; but there is no vestige of a foot. O. edulis, L. The common oyster is well known to every one. Its fecundity is as astonishing as its flavour is delicious. Among the neighbouring species we may observe, O. cm/a/a, Poli, II, xx, or the little Mediterranean oyster. Among the foreign species we have, O. parasitica, L. ; Chemn., VIII, Ixxiv, 681. Round and flat ; it adheres to the roots of such mangroves and other trees of the torrid zone, as the salt-water can reach. * See Deshayes, Ann. des Sc. Nat., June, 1825 ; and Ch. Desmoulins, loc. cit. Several Hippurites liave been described by La Peyrouse under the improper name of Orlhoccratites. Tlie Cornucopia of Tliompson, Journ de Phys. an X, pi. ii, is also one of them. ■\- The observations of M, Deshayes and Audouin even lead us to believe that, in a part of these shells, there were two muscular impressions. ACKPHALA TKSTACEA. 85 O. folium, L. ; lb., Ixxi, 662, ii^Q. Oval ; the margin plicated in zig-zag ; it attaches itself by the indentations in the back of its convex valve to the branches of the Gorgonit^e and other Lithophytes*. M. de Lamarck separates by the name of Gryph^ea, Lam., Certain oysters, mostly fossil, of the ancient calcareous and schist- ous strata, in which the sumaiit of the most convex valve greatly projects and curves more or less into a hook, or is partially spiral; the other valve is frequently concave. The greater number of these shells appear to have been free ; some of them, however, seem to have adhered to other bodies by their hookf. G. tricarinata. The only living species known. Pecten, Brug., I'he Pectens, very properly separated from the Oysters by Bru- giere, although they have the same kind of hinge, are easily distin- guished by their inequivalve semi-circular shell, almost ahvays regu- larly marked with ril.s, which radiate from the summit of each valve to the edge, and furnished with two angular productions called ears, which widen the sides of the hinge. The animal, — Argus, Poli, has but a small oval foot;]: placed on a cylindrical pedicle be- fore a sac-like abdomen that hangs between the bi'anchiee. Some species, known by a deep emargination under their anterior ear, are furnished with a byssus. The others cannot adhere, and even swim with rapidity by suddenly closing their valves. The mantle is sur- rounded with two ranges of filaments, several of the external ones being terminated by a little greenish globule. The mouth has nu- merous branched tentacula in place of the four, usual, labial leaflets. The shell is frequently tinged with the most lively colours. The great species of the Fi'ench coast, Ostrea maxima, L., has convex valves, one whitish, the other reddish, with fourteen ribs each, that arc broad and longitudinally striated. The animal is eaten. We may also remark the Sole of the Indian Ocean, Ostrea so- lea, Chemn., VII, Ixi, 595, with extremely thin and almost equal * The various species of Oysters, on account of their irregularity, are not easily distinguished : to this genus are referred the Ost. orbicularis ; — O. fornicuta ; — O. sinensis; — O. Forskahlii; — O. rust rata ; — O. virgiiiica ; — O. cornucopia; — O.senega- Icnsis ; — O. stellata; — O. ovalis ; — O.papyracea, and the Mytilus crista-galU ; — ^1/. iiyotis ; — Tl/./z-ons, Gmel., and those figured by Brugiere in the Encyc. Method., pi. 179, 188. It is almost certain, however, that several of these pretended species are mere varieties. The Ost. semi-auritu, Gualt., 84, H, is a young Avicula hirtindo. f See Brug., Encyc. Method., pi. 189. X Improperly styled by Poli the abdominal trachea. 86 MOLLUSCA, valves, one brown, the other white, and internal ribs, fine as hairs, approximated two by two*. Lima, Brug. The Limse differ from the Pectens in the superior length of their shell in a direction perpendicular to the hinge, the ears of which are shorter, and the sides less unequal, thus forming an oblique oval. The ribs of most of them are relieved with scales. The valves can- not join during the life of the animal, whose mantle is furnished with numberless filaments of different lengths without tubercles, and more internally, with a large border which closes the opening of the shell, and even forms a veil in front. The foot is small and the bys- sus trifling. The Limse swim with rapidity by means of their valves. One species, the Ostrea lima, L, ; Chemn., VII, Ixviii, 651, of a fine white, inhabits the Mediterranean. It is eaten f . Pedum, Brug. The oblong and oblique shell with small ears, of the Limse ; but the valves are unequal, and the one only that is most convex has a deep emargination for the byssus. The animal is similar to that of a Lima, but its mantle is only furnished with a single range of small, slender tentacula. Its byssus is larger. But a single species is known ; it inhabits the Indian Ocean %. Certain fossils may be placed here which have the hinge, ligament, and central muscle of the Ostreae, Pectines, and Limae, but are distinguished by some of the details of the shell. HiNNITA, Defi\ The Hinnitse appear to be Ostrese or Limse with small ears, and ad- hering, irregular and very thick shells, the convex valve in particular. A depression is observed on the hinge for the ligament §. * Add the ninety-one species of Ostrea, Gmel. ; we must remember, however, that some of them are far from established on a solid foundation. For the fossil species, consult Sowerby (Mineral Conchology), and Brongniart, App. Cuv., Oss. Foss. tome II, Env. de Paris. + Add, Ostrea glacialis, Chemn., VII, Ixviii, 652, 653 ; — Ostr. excavata, lb., 654 ; — Ostr.fragilis, lb., 650 ; — Ostr. Mans, Gault., LXXXVIII, FF, G. For the fossil species, see Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., VIII, p. 461 ; Brocchi, Conch. Foss., and Sowerb., Min. Conch. X Ostrea spondylo'idea, Gm., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxii, 669,670. § Some living species have very lately been referred to the genus Hinnita, Defr. M. Gray, — Ann. of Phil., August 1826, — describes one by the name of Hin- nita gigantea; Sowerby, — Zool. Journ. IX, p. 67, adds a second by that of H. coraUina; finally, M. Deshayes refers the Ostrea sinuosa, L., to this genus, and de- scribes a fourth living species under the name of Hinnita Defrancii; M. Defrance also admits two fossil species, the H. Cortesii, Blainv., Malac, pi. Ixi, f. 1, and the //. Dubuisso)iii. I ACEl'HALA TESTACEA. 87 Plagiostoma, Sowerb., The oblique shc41 of a Lima, flattened on one side ; very small ears ; the valves more convex, striated, without scales, the opening for the byssus smaller *. Found in formations anterior to chalk. Pachytes, Defr. Nearly the same form as that of the Pectines ; shell regular, with small ears ; a flattened transverse space betvi^een their summits, which in one of the valves is marked by a deep triangular notch, in which passed the ligament. Found in chalk f. In the Dianchora, Sowerb., The valves are oblique and irregular, one of them adherent and with a perforated summit, the other free and with earsj. PoDOPsis, Lam. Regular striated valves without opercula ; the summit of one of them more salient, truncated and adherent, frequently very thick, and form- ing a sort of pedestal to the shell §. Although multivalve, we should approximate the Anomia, Brug. To the Ostreae. The Anomiae have two thin, unequal, irregular valves, the flattest of which is deeply notched on the side of the ligament, which is similar to that of the Ostreae. The greater part of the central muscle traverses this opening to be inserted into a third plate that is sometimes stony and sometimes horny, by which the animal adheres to foreign bodies, and the remainder of it (the muscle) serves to join one valve to the other. The animal, — Echion, Poli, has a small vestige of a foot, similar to that of a Pecten, which slips between the emargination and the plate that closes it, and per- haps serves to direct water to the mouth which is close to it ||. These shells are found attached to various bodies like the Ostreae. They are found in every sea^. * Plagiostoma yigas, Sowerb., Encyc. Method., Test., pi. 238, f. 3 ; — PL Ice- vigatum, Parkins., Org. Rem.. Ill, pi. xiii, f. 6 ; and the other species given by Sowerby, Min. Conch., pi. 113, 114, and 382. ■Y Pachytos spinosus, Fr. Sowerb., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, Env. de Paris, pi. iv, 2, A, B, C, and Blainv., Malac, pi. Iv, f. 2 : Pack, hoperi, Sowerb., 380. X Dianch, striata; — D. lata, Sowerb., INIin. Conch., pl. 80. § Podo2)s. truncata, Encyc. pl. 188, f. 2, 6, 7 ; Cuv., Oss. Foss. ; Env. de Paris, pl. V, f. 2. N.B. M. de Blainville considers these four last genera as more nearly related to the Terebrafulfp. M. Deshayes, on the contrary, Ann. des Sc. Nat. Dec. 1834, it proximates them to the Spondyli. 11 This foot escaped the notice of M. Poli. ^[ Anomia ephippium, Gm. ; — A. cepa ; — A, elect rica ; — A. squamulu; — A. ucu- leatu ; — A. squama ; — A. punctata ; — A. undulata, — and the species added by Bru- gi^res, Encyc. Method., Vers., I, 70, et scq. ; and pl. 170, 71. The other Aiwmice of Gmelin arc PUtcunrv, Tcichrutuhr, and Ilyultr. g8 . MOLLIJSCA. Placuna, Brug. A small genus allied to the Anomiae, in which the valves are thin, unequal, and frequently irregular, as in the latter, but both entire. Two projecting ribs, en chevron, are seen on the inside of one of them, near the hinge. The animal is not known, but it must resemble that of the Ostrese, or that of the Anomiae *. Spondylus^ Lf'n. A rough and foliaceous shell as in the Ostreye, and frequently spiny ; but the hinge is more complex ; besides the cavity for the ligament, analogous to that of the Ostreee, there are two teeth to each valve that enter into fossae in the opposite one; the two middle teeth be- long to the most convex valve, Avhich is usually the left one, and which has a projecting heel, flattened as if sawed through behind tlie hinge. The animal, like that of a Pecten, has the borders of its mantle furnished with two rows of tentacula, some of the external ones being terminated by coloured tubercles ; before the abdomen is a vestige of a foot formed like a broad radiated disk on a short pe- dicle, and endowed with the faculty of contraction and expansion f. From its centre hangs a filament, terminated by an oval mass, the use of which is unknown. I'he Spondyli are eaten like oysters. Their shells are frequently tinged with the most brilliant colours. They adhere to all sorts of bodies;|:. Plicatula, Lam. The Plicatulee, separated by Lamarck from the Spondyli, have nearly the same kind of hinge but no heel, and flat, almost equal, irre- gidar, plicated and scaly valves, as in many of the Ostreae §. Malleus, La^n, A simple pit for the ligament as in the Ostrese, where the Mallei were left by Linnaeus, on account of their having the same irregular and iiiequivalve shell, but distinguished by a notch on the side of this liga- ment for the passage of a byssus. The most known species, 0^ir(?a malleus, L.; C'hemn., VIII, Ixx. 655, 656, which ranks among the number of high-priced and rare shells, has the two ends of the hinge extended and forming something like the head of a hammer, of which the valves, elongated in a transverse direction, re})resent the handle. It inhabits the Arcliipelago of India. There are some others, possibly young ones of the same species, in * Anomia placenta, Cheran., VIII, Ixxix, 716; — An. sella, lb., 714. See also pi. 173 and 174, Edcvc. Method., Vers. ■f Called by Poli " Ihe abdominal trachea'''' in the Spondyli, &c. X Spondylus gcederopus, Chemn., VII, xliv, et seq., IX, cxv ; — Sp. retjius, Id., xlvi, 471. § Spend. pUcatus, L., Chemn. VII, xlvii, 479, 4S2 ; — Plicat. crgyptia, Savign., Egyp. Coq. pi. xiv, f. 5. ACEPHALA TESTACKA. 89 which the hinge is not prolonged. We must be careful noi to con- found them with the Vulsellse *. Vulsella, Lam. A little salient plate inside of the hinge of each side, from one of which to the other extends the ligament, otherwise similar to that of the Ostrese. By the side of this plate is a notch for the byssus, as in the Mallei. The shell is elongated in a direction perpendicular to the hinge. The most known species inhabit the Indian Ocean f . Perna, Brug. Several parallel cavities across the hinge, opposed to each other in the two valves, and lodging as many elastic ligaments; the irregular and foliaceous shell marked on the anterior side and under the hinge by a notch traversed by the byssus. The Perna? were also left by Linnaeus among the Ostrese ^:. Crenatula, Lam. The Crenatulse, lately separated from the Pernae, instead of having transverse cavities on a broad hinge, are furnished with oval ones on the very margin, where they occupy but little of its breadth. The byssus seems to be wanting, and they are frequently found among sponges §. It is thought that we may approximate to the Perna;, certain fossil shells, in which the hinge is also furnished with cavities more or less numerovis, that correspond to each other, and thus apjjear to have fur- nished points of attachment to ligaments : thus those of the Gervilia, Defr. Have a shell closely resembling that of the Volucellee, but with a kind of double hinge, externally with opposed cavities, receiving as many ligaments, and internally furnished with very oblique teeth in each valve. Their impressions are found along with Ammonites in compact limestone ||. The * Ostrea vulsella, Chemn., VIII, Ixx, 657, of which the Ostrea unatina, lb. 658, 659, is probably a mere accidental variety. -f- Mya vulsella, Chemn., VI, ii, 10, 11 ; — V, spongiarum, Lam., Savig., Eg., Coq. pi. xiv, f. 2 ; — r. Mans, Lam., Sav., lb., f. 3. X Ostrea isog7iomum, Chev[in.,YJI, lix, 584: ; — O. perna, lb., 580; — O. legumen, lb., 578 ; — O. ephippium, lb., Iviii, 576 ; — O, mytiloides, Herm., Nat. BerL, Schr, II, ix, 9. § Ostrea picta, Gm., Chemn., VII, Iviii, 575, or Crenatula phasionoptera, Lam., Encyc. Method., Test., pi. 216, f. 2 ; — Crenatula avicularis, Lam., Ann. du Mus, III, pi. ii, f. 3, 4 ; — Cr. mytiloides, Id., lb. f. 1 and 2. See also the great work on Egypt, Coq. pi. xii. II Gervilia soleno'ides, Defr., Blainv., Malac, ixi, 4 ; — G'. pernoulcs, Deslonthamps, Soc. Lin. du Calvados, I, 116. — G. siliqua. Id. lb., &c. 90 MOLLUSCA. Inoceramus, Sowerb. Is remarkable for the elevation and inequality of the valves, the summit of which curves in a hook towards the hinge, and which has a lamcllated texture *. Castillus, Brong. Independently of the depressions for the ligament, the Castilli are marked by a conical sulcus, sunk in a lip, wliich is bent at a right an- gle to form one of the margins of the shell. The valves are about equal, and of a fibrous texture. They appear to have had a byssusf. PuLViNiTES, Defr. A regularly triangular shell, in which the few depressions diverge from the summit on the inside. The impression is found in chalk +. In the second subdivision of the Ostracea, as well as in almost all the bivalves which follow, besides the single transverse muscular mass of the preceding genera, there is a fasciculus which is placed before the mouth, and extends from one valve to the other. It is apparently in this subdivision that we must place the Etheria, Lam. Large inequivalve shells, as irregular as those of the Ostrefr, and more so ; no teeth to the hinge ; the ligament partly external and partly internal. They differ from the Ostrcae in having two muscular im- pressions. The animal is not seen to produce a byssus §. They have lately been discovered in the Upper Nile ||. AvicuLA, Brug. An equivalve shell with a rectilinear hinge, frequently extended into wings by its extremities, furnished with a narrow and elongated liga- ment, and sometimes witli small notches near the mouth of the ani- mal; in the anterior side, a little beneath the angle of the side of the mouth, is a notch for the byssus. The anterior transverse muscle is excessively small. The species with less salient ears form the Pintadinte, Lam., or MARGARiTiE, Leach. The most celebrated, Mytilus margaritiferus, L., Chemn., VIII , Ixxx, 717, 721, has nearly a semicircular shell, greenish without, * Innceramm concentricus, Parkins., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, pi. vi, f. 11 ; — Jnocer. sulcatus, Id., lb., f. 12. f Catillus Cuiieri, Brong:., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, pi. iv, f. 10. X PulvinUss Adansonii, Defr., Blainv., Malac, Ixii, bis, 3. § Etheria dliplica, Lam., Ann. du Mus. X, pi. xxix, and xxxi ; — Elh. trujomda, lb., pi. XXX ; — Elh. seminularis, lb., pi. xxxii, f. 1, 2; — Eth. transversa, lb., f. .3, 4. II Eth. Caillaudi, Voy. dc Caillaud k Meroe, II, pi. Ixi, f. 2, .3. ACEPHALA TESTACEA, 91 and ornamented witli the most beautiful nacre witliin. The lat- ter is employed in tlie arts, and it is from the extravasation of this substance that are produced the oriental or fine pearls, taken by the divers at Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, &c. The name of Avicula is appropriated to such as have more pointed ears, and a more oblique shell. The vestige of a tooth, of which traces are visible in the Pintadinse, is observed on the hinge, before the ligament. One species, Mytilus hirundo, L., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxi, 722 — 728, that inhabits the Mediterranean, is remarkable for the pointed ears which extend its hinge on each side. Its byssus is coarse and stout, resembling a little tree *. Pinna, Lin. The Pinnae have two equal valves, forming a segment of a circle, or resembling a half opcned-fan, which are closely united by a ligament along one of their sides. The animal, the CuiMiERA, Poli, is elongated, like its shell ; the lips, branchiae, and other parts are in the same proportion. The mantle is closed along the side of the ligament; the foot resembles a little conical tongue excavated by a sulcus ; it is furnished with a small transverse muscle situated at the acute angle formed by the valves, near which is the mouth, and with a very large one in their broader portion. By the side of the anus, which is behind this large muscle, is a conical appendage, peculiar to the genus, susceptible of expansion and elongation, the use of which is unknown f . The byssus of several species of Pinna is as fine and brilliant as silk, and is employed in fabricating the most precious stuffs. Such is the P. 72o6e7/y. L., Chemn. VIII, Ixxxix ; which is moreover re- cognized by the valves being roughened with recurved and semi- tabular plates. It remains half buried in the sand, and anchored by its byssus |. In the Arc A, Lin. ^ The valves are equal and transverse, that is to say, the hinge occu- pies the longest side. It is furnished with a large number of small teeth, which interlock with each other, and, as in the subsequent genera, with two fasciculi of transverse and nearly equal muscles, in- * Several species are now made of it. See Lam., An. sans Verteb., VI, part T, p. 146, et seq. -f- M. Poli also calls it an abdominal trachea, just as erroneously as he applies the same name to the foot of the Pectines, &c. + The whole genus Pinna may remain as it is in Gmelin : it is well to remem- ber, however, that some of his species may be found to form but one. See also Lam., An. sans Vert., VI, part I, p. 130, et seq., and Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. XXVI. § M. de Blainville forms his family of the Arcacea or Polyodontes, from the genus Arca. 92 MOLLUSCA. serted into the extremities of the valves, which serve to close them. In the Arca, Lam., Or the Arose properly so called, the hinge is rectilinear, and the shell most elongated in a direction parallel to it. The summits are generally convex, and curve over the hinge, but are separated from each other. The valves do not close perfectly in the centre, because there is a horny plate or tendinous fillet, before the abdomen of the animal * that serves for a foot, and by which it adheres to submerged bodies. They are found in rocky bottoms near the shore, and are usually covered with a hairy epidermis. They are not much esteemed for the table. Some species are found in the Mediterranean |, and a great many fossil, in strata anterior to chalk, particularly in Italy. Certain Arcee in which the teeth of the two ends of tlie hinge as- sume a longitudinal direction, are distinguished by Lamarck under the name of Cucull^a J. We ought also, it is probable, to separate the species with well marked ribs, and completely closing and interlocking edges ; for we must presume that their animal is not fixed, but rather resembles that of a Pec tunc idus §. We have a still better warrant for removing the Arca tortuosa, Chemn., VIII, liii, 524, 525, in its fantastic figure and unequally obli- que valves II . Pectunculus, Lam. The hinge forming a curved line, and the shell lenticular; the valves always close completely, and their summits are approximated. The animal, Aximba, Poll, is furnished with a large compressed foot with a double inferior margin which enables it to crawl. They live in ooze. Some species are found on the coast of France ^, Nucula, Lam. The Nuculae are Arcse, in which the teeth are arranged on a broken line. Their form is elongated, and narrowed near the posterior ex- tremity. Their animal is unknown, but is probably not far removed from those of the preceding shells **. This has long been the place assigned to the * The Daphne, Poli. f Arca Noce, Chemn., VII, liii, 529, 531 ; — Arca harbata, Id., liv, 535, 537 ; — A. ovafa, lb., 538 ; — A. mugellanica, lb., 539; — A. reticulata, lb. 540; — A. Candi- da, Id., Iv, 542, 544 ; — A. indica, lb., 543 ; — A. cancellata, Schroed., Intr., Ill, ix, 2. X Arca cuctdlata, Chemn., VII, liii, 526, 528 ; — Cuculleea crassaiina. Lam., Ann. du Mus., VI, 338. § Arca antiquata, L. Chemn., VII, Iv, 548, 549 ; — A. senilis, Id., hi, 554, 556 ; — A. granosa, lb., 557 ; — A. corhiculata, lb., 558, 559 ; — A. rhombuidea, lb., 553 ; — A. jamaicensis, List., 229, 64. II It forms the genus Trisis, Oken. •[ Arca pilosH, L., Chemn., VII, Ivii, 565, 566 ; — Arc. glycimeris, lb.. 564 ; — A. deciissata, lb., 561 ; — A. ccquUatera. Id., 562 ; — A. undata, lb., 560 ; — A. marmoratu, lb., 563 ; — A. pectunctilus, Id., Iviii, 568, 569 ; — A. pectinata, lb., 570, 571. ** Arca peUucida, Chemn., VII, liv, 541 ; — Arca roslrula, L., Id., Iv, 550, 551 ; — Arc. pella, lb., 546 ; — Arc. nucleus. Id., Iviii, 574. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. -93 Trtgonia, Brug. So remarkable for the hinge, which is furnished with two plates en chevron, crenulatecl on both faces, each of which penetrates into two cavities, or rather between four plates of the opposite side, similarly crenulated on their internal surface. The internal impressions on the shell had already warranted the supposition that the animal was not provided with long tubes. Messrs. Quoy and Gaymard have lately discovered living specimens of this genus, and in fact, its mantle, as in the Arcse, is open and without any separate orifice, even for the anus. The foot is large, its anterior portion trenchant and like a hook. Tlie living Trigoniae resemble the Cardise in the form of their shell, and the ribs which furrow it : its interior is composed of nacre *. The fossil Trigoniae are different. Their shell is flattened on one side, oblique, longest in a direction perpendicular to the hinge, and traversed in a contrary direction by series of tubercles f . FAMILY II. MYTILACEA. In the second family of the testaceous Acephala, the mantle is open before, but has a distinct aperture for the faeces. A 11 these bivalves have a foot, used in crawling, or at least serving to draw out, direct and place the byssus. They are commonly known under the generic name of Muscles. Mytilus, Lin. The true Mytili or Sea-Muscles have a closed shell, with equal, con- vex and triangular valves. One of the sides of the acute angle forms the hinge, and is furnished with a long, narrow ligament. The head of the animal is in the acute angle ; the other side of the shell, which is the longest, is the anteriorone, and allows the passage of the byssus ; it terminates in a rounded angle, and the third side ascends towards the hinge, to which it is joined by an obtuse angle ; near this latter is the r.nus, opposite to which the mantle forms an opening or small particular tube. The anim:il Callitriche, Poll, has the edges of its mantle provided with branched tcntacula near the rounded angle, as it is there that the water enters required for respiration. Before, and near the acute angle is a small transverse muscle, and a large one behind, near the obtuse angle. Its foot resembles a tongue. In the true Mytili the summit is close to the acute angle. Some of them are striated and others smooth. * The Trigonie nacrSe, Lam., Ann. du Mus., Ixvii, 1. t Trig, scahra, Encyc. Method,, pi. 237, f. 1 ; — Tr. nodulosn, lb., 2; — Tr. naris, lb., 3 ; — Tr. aspera, lb. 4. See also Parkins., Org. Rem., Ill, pi. xii. 94 MOLLUSCA. Myt. edulis, L. This common Muscle is frequently seen sus- pended in extended clusters, along tlie whole coast of France, to rocks, piles, &c. &c. It forms a considerable item of food, but is dangerous if eaten to excess.* Some of them are found fossilf . In the Modiolus, Lam. Separated from the Mytili by Lamarck, the summit is lower and near the third of the hinge. This summit is also more salient and rounded, approximating the Modioli more closely to the ordinary form of the bivalves]:. We may also separate from the Mytili the LiTHODOMUS, CuV., In which the shell is oblong, and almost equally rounded at the two ends, the summit being close to the anterior extremity. The species of this subgenus at first simply attach themselves to stones like the common Mytili ; subsequently, however, they perforate and excavate them in order to form cells, into which they enter, and which they never quit afterwards. Once entered, their byssus ceases to grow§. One of them, the Mytilus lithophagns, L., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxii, 729, 730, is very common in the Mediterranean, where from its peppery taste it is esteemed as food. A second, Modiolo caudigera, Encyc. pi. 221, f. 8, has a very hard small appendage at the posterior extremity of each valve, which perhaps enables it to excavate its habitatation. Anodontea, Brag. The anterior angle rounded like the posterior, and that next to the * Add, Mytilus barbatus, L., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxiv, 749 ; — M. angulatus, lb., 756 ; — M. bidens, lb., 742, 745 ; — M. afer, Ib.,lxxxiii, 739 — 741 ; — 3f. smaragdinus, lb., 745 ; — M. versicolor, lb., 748 ; — M. lineatus, 753 ; — AI. exustus, lb., 754 ; — M. stria- tulus, lb., 744 ; — M. bilocularis, lb., Ixxxii, 736 ; — M. vulgaris, lb., 732 ; — M. sex- atilis, Rumph., Mus. xlvi, D; — M. fulgidus, Argenv. xxii, D; probably the same as the Mya 2>erna, Gm., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxiii, 738 ; — M. azureus, lb., H ; — M. muri- nus, lb., K ; — M. puniceus, Adans., I, xv, 2 ; — M. niger, lb., 3 ; — M. IcEvigatus, lb., 4, &c.: some of these, however, may be mere varieties. f M. Brongniart has formed them into a subgenus by the name of Mytiloida, Ap. Cuv. Oss. Foss. tome II, pi. iii, f. 4. X Mytilus modiolus, Chemn., VIII, Ixxxv, 757 — 760, and that of Miill., Zool. Lan., II, liii, which appears to be another species; — M. discors, Chemn., VIII, Ixxxiv, 764 — 768 ; — M. testaceous, Knorr., Vergn., IV, v. 4, &c. § M. Sowcrby doubts this fact, which is, however, well attested by M. Poll from ocular demonstration — Test. Neap., II, p. 215. The pi. xxxii of the same work, fig. 10, 11, 12, 13, also proves that the animal resembles that of a Mytilus, and not that of a Pholas or a Petricola. The mode in which the Lifhodomi, Pholades, Petricolce, and some other bivalves perforate stones, has been the subject of much discussion; some of the disputants holding it to be efiFected by the mechanical action of the valves, and others simply by solution. See the Mem. of M. Fleuriau de BellcNTie, Journ. de Phys., an X, p. 345 ; Poll, Test. Neap., II, 215, and Edw. Osier, Phil. Trans, part III, 1826, p. 342. All things considered, the first of these opinions, whatever be the difficulties it presents, seems to us to come nearest to the truth. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. 95 anus obtuse and almost rectilinear ; the liinge of the thin and mode- rately convex shell has no appearance of a tooth whatever, being merely furnished with a ligament which extends along the whole of its length. The animal, — Limn,«a, Poli, has no byssus ; its foot, which is very large, compressed and quadrangular, enables it to crawl upon the sand or ooze. The posterior extremity of its mantle is provided with numerous small tentacula. The Anodontes inhabit fresh water. Several species are found in France, one of which — Mytilus cygneus, L., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxv, 762, is common in ponds, &c., with oozy bottoms. Its light and thin shells are used for milk- skimmers, but its flesh is not eaten on account of its insipidity*. An oblong species, in which the liinge is granulated throughout its whole length, is distinguished by M. de Lamarck under the name of iRiDiNAf ; the hind part of its mantle is somewhat closed J. Dr. Leach distinguishes another by that of Dipsada, where the angles are more decided, and in which there is a vestige of a tooth on the hinge. Unio, Brug. These Mollusca resemble the Anodontes both in their animal and shell, with the exception of their hinge, which is more complex. There is a short cavity in the anterior part of the right valve, which receives a short plate or tooth from the left one, and behind it is a long plate which is inserted between two others on the opposite side. They also inhabit fresh water, preferring running streams. Sometimes the anterior tooth is more or less stout and unequal, as in Mya margaritifera, L. ; Drap., X, 17, 19. A large thick spe- cies, the nacre of which is so beautiful that it is employed as pearls. Found in France ; as is the Unio littoralis. Lam., Drap., X, 20. A smaller and square species. Sometimes the anterior tooth is laminiform, as in the Mya pictonim,h. • Drap., XI, 1, 4. An oblong and thin species known to every one §. Lamarck distinguishes the Hyria, Lam., In which the angles are so decided that the shell is nearly trian- gular ||. * Add, M. anatinus, Chemn., VIII, Ixxxvi, 763; — M.fluviatilis,JAst., clvii, 12 ; — M. stagnalis, Schroed, Fluv., I, 1 ; — M. zellensis, lb., II, 1 ; — M. dubius, Adans., X\U, 21 ; and the pi. 201, 202, 203, and 205, of the Encyc. Method., Test. -f- Irid. exotica, Eucyc. Method., Test., pi. 204 ; — Add Irid. nilotica, Caillaud, Voy. a M^ro^, pi. Ix, f. 11. + See Deshayes, M^m. de la See. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1827, HI, p. 1, pi. 1. § Numerous species, remarkable for size or form, inhabit the rivers and lakes of the United States. Messrs. Say and Barnes, who have described them, have estab- lished some new subgenera among them. II Hyria rugosa, Encyc. Method., pi. 247, 2. 96 MOLLUSCA. Castalia, Lam., Where the slightly codiform shell is striated in radii ; the teeth and plates of the hinge are transversely sulcated, which gives them some affinity with the Trigonise *. There are certain Marine MoUusca which have a similar animal, and about the same kind of hinge, that should be placed near the Unios; the summits of the shell, however, are more convex, and it is marked by projecting ribs extending from the summits to the edge. They form the Cardita, Brug.f Which are more or less oblong or codiform, the inferior margin, in some, gapingj. Cypricardia, Lam. Carditse, in which the tooth under the summit is divided into two or three. Their form is oblong, and their sides unequal §. M. de Blainville also separates the CoRALLlOPHAGAj Blainv., Whei-e the shell is thin, and the lateral plate considerably effaced, which may cause their approximation to Venus. One of them is known which excavates coralline mnsses to form its habitation ||. The Venericardia, Lam. Only differ from the Carditae, in the circnmstance that the pos- terior plate of their hinge is shorter and more transverse, which caused their approximation to Venus; their form is almost round. Judging from the impressions of its muscles on them, their animal must resemble that of the Carditae and Unios.^ Both of them approach the Cardia in their general form and the direction of their ribs. I siispect that this is also the place for the Crassatella, Lam , — Paphia, Rolss., Which has sometimes been approximated to Mactra, and at others * Castalia amhigua, Lam., Blainv., Malac, LXVII, 4. f Chama antiqitafa, Chemn., VI, xlvii, 488 — 491 ; — Ch. trapezia; — Ch. semior- biculata ; — Cti. cordata, Td., 502, SOS ; and among the fossil species, one of the most singular, Cardita avicularia, Lam., Ann. du Mus., IX, pi. ix, f. 6, provided it should not be separated. X Cliama calicuhtta, Chemn., VII, i, 500, 501 ; — Cardita crassicnsta, Brug., Encyc. pi. 234, f. 3. § Chama oblonga, Gm., Chemn., VII, 1, 504, 505, or Cardita ccrinafa, Encyc, pi. 234, f. 2, or Cypricarde de Guinie, Blainv., Malac, LXV, bis, f. 6. II Chama coraliiophaga, Gm., Chemn., X, clxii, 1673, 167-i, or Cardita dactylus, Brug., Encyc,, pi. 234, f. 5 ; — Coraliiophaga cardito'ides, Blainv., Malac, LXXVI, 3. ^ Venus imbricata, Chemn., VI, xxx, 314, 315, and the fossil species. Lam., Ann. du Mus., VII, and IX, pi. xxxi and xxxii. ACEPIIALA TESTACEA. 97 to Venus ; the liinge has two slightly marked lateral teeth, and two very strong middle ones, behind which, extending to loth sides, is a triangular cavity for an internal ligament. The valves become very thick by age, and the impression made by the margin of the mantle leads to the belief tliat there are no protractile tubes*. FAMILY III. CHAMACEA. The mantle closed and perforated by three holes, through one of which passes the foot ; the second furnishes an entrance and exit to the water requisite for respiration, and the third for the excretion of faeces ; these two latter are not prolonged into tubes as in the subsequent family. It only comprises the genus Chama, Lin., Where the hinge is very analogous to that of a Unio, that is to say, the left valve near the summit is provided with a tooth, and further back with a salient plate, which are received into corresponding fossfe of the right valve. This genus has necessarily been divided into the Tridacna, Lrifg., The shell greatly elongated transversely, and equivalve ; the supe- rior angle, which answers to the head and summit, very obtuse. The animal is very singular, inasmuch as it is not, like most of the others, placed in the shell, but is directed, or, as it were, pressed out before. The anterior side of the mantle is widely opened for the passage of the byssus; a little below the anterior angle is another opening which transmits water to the branchiae, and in the middle of the inferior side is a third and smaller one which corresponds to the anus, so that the posterior angle transmits nothing, and is only occupied by a cavity of the mantle open at the third orifice, of which we have just spoken. There is but a single transverse muscle, corresponding to the middle of the margin of the valves. In Tridacna, Lam., Or the Tridacnpe properly so called, the front of the shell as well as of tlie mmtle has a wide opening with notched edges for the trans- mission of the byssus, which latter is evidently tendinous, and con- tinues uninterruptedly with the muscular fibres. * Venus ponderosa, Chemn., VII, Ixix, A — D, or Crassatella tumida, Lam., Ann. du Muss., VI, 408. 1 ; perhaps the Mactra q/gnus, Clieiun., VI, xxi, 207 ; — Venus divaricata, Chemn., VI, xxx, 317 — 319. This genus also comprises many fossil species, particularly abunilaat near Paris. See the work of M. Deshaye^. VOL. III. H 98 MOLLUSCA. Such is the celebrated and enormous shell of India, the Cha- ma giga^, L. ; Chemn., VII, xlix, which is decorated with broad ribs relieved by projecting semi-circular scales. Specimens have been taken that weighed upwards of three hundred pounds. The tendinous byssus which attaches them to the rocks, is so thick and stout that the axe is required to sever it. The flesh, though tough, is edible. In Hippopus, Lam. The shell is closed and flattened before as if truncated*. In the Chama, Brug., Or the true Chamte, the shell is irregular, inequivalve, usually lamellar and rough, adhering to rocks, corals, &c., like that of an Oyster. Its summits are frequently very salient, unequal, and curled up. The internal cavity frequently has the same form without any external indication of the fact. The animal,— Psilopus, Poll,— has a small foot bent almost like that of man. Its tubes, if it have any, are short and disjointed, and the aperture in the mantle, which transmits the foot, is not much larger. Some species are found in the Mediterranean. There are also several that are fossilf . DicERAs, Lam., Between Diceras and the Chamae there is no essential difference ; the cardinal tooth of the former is very thick and the spiral lines of the valves are sufiiciently prominent to remind us of two hornsj. In the IsocARDiA, Lam., We observe a free, regular, and convex shell, with spirally curled summits, divided anteriorly. The animal,— Glossus, Poli,— only differs from that of an ordinary Chama in having a larger and more oval foot, and because the anterior opening of its mantle begins to resume its ordinaiy proportions. A large, smooth, red species, the Chama cor. L. ; Chemn., VII, xlviii, 483, inhabits the Mediterranean §. * Chama Lazarus, Chemn.. VII, li, 507, 509 ■,—Ch. yryphoUes, lb., 510, 513 ;— Ch. archinella, Id. lii, 522, 523 ;—Ch. macrophylla, lb., 514, 515 ;— CA. foliacea, jIj 531 ;_Cft. citrea, Regeaf., IV, 44 ■,—Ch. bicornis, lb., 516—520. t See the Conchiol. Foss. Subap. of Brocchi, and the Coq. Foss. des Env. de Paris of M. de Lamarck. + Fossil shells from the Jurassic strata. Die arietina, Lam de Saussure, Voy. aux Alpes, I, pi. ii, f. 1 — 4- § Add Ch. moUkiann, Chemn., VII, xlviii, 4S4 — 487. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. 99. FAMILY IV. CARDIACEA. The mantle is open before, and there are, besides, two separate apertures, one for respiration, the other for the fteces, which are pro- longed in tubes, sometimes distinct, and at others united in one single mass. There is always a transverse muscle at each extremity, and a foot generally used for crawling. It may be considered as a general rule, that those Avhich are furnished with long tubes, live in ooze or in sand. This mode of organization may be recognized on the shell by the more or less depressed contour described by the insertion of the edges of the mantle previous to its uniting with the impression of the posterior transverse muscle*. Cardium, Lin., The Cardia, like many other bivalves, have an equivalve, convex shell, with salient summits, curved towards the hinge, which, when viewing it sidewise, gives it the figure of a heart ; hence its name of Cardium, heart, &c. Ribs, more or less elevated, are regularly dis- tributed from the summits to the edges of the valves ; but what chiefly distinguishes the Cardia, is the hinge, through which, in the middle, are two small teeth, and at some distance before and behind a projecting tooth or plate. The animal, — Cerastes, PoH, — has ge- nerally an ample aperture in the mantle, a very large foot forming an elbow in the middle and with its point directed forwards, and two short or but moderately long tubes. Numerous species of Cardia are found on the coast of France, some of which are eaten, such as the C. edule, L. ; Chemn., VI, xix, 194. Fawn-coloured or whitish with twenty-six transversely plicated ribs. Under the name of Hemicardium, we might separate those species in which the valves are compressed from before backwards, and strongly carinated in the middle; for it seems almost certain, that a modification of the animal must be a necessary consequence of this singular configurationf . Don AX, Lin., The Donaces have nearly the same kind of hinge as the Cardia, but * They form the family of the Conchacea, Blainv. -f- Cardium Cardissa, VI, xiv, 143 — 146; — Card, roseum, lb., 147 ; — Card, iiwn- strosuin, lb. 149, 150; — Card, hemicardium, Id., xi, 15!) — 161. The other Cardia of Gmelin may remain where they are, the C. gaditanum excepted, which is a Pectunculus. There are several fossil species described by Messrs. Lamarck, Brocchi, and Brongniart, H 2 100 MOI LUSCA. their shell is of a verj^ diiferpiit form, beinGT a triangle, of which the obtuse angle is at the summit of the valves, and the base at their edge, and of which the shortest side is that of the ligament, or the posterior side, a rare circumstance in this degree, among bivalves. They are generally small, and prettily striated from the summits to the edges; their animal — Pep.onjEa, Poli, is furnished with long tubes which are received into a sinus of the mantle. Some of them are found on the coast of France*. The Cyclas, Brttg. Separated from Venus by Brugiere, like the Cardia and Donaces, has two teeth in the middle of the hinge, and before and behind, two salient, and sometimes crenulated plates ; but the shell, as in several species of Venus, is more or less rounded, equilateral, and trans- versely striated. The animal has moderate tubes. The external tint is usually grey or greenish. The Cyclades inhabit fresh water. One species, the Tellinacomea, L.; Chemn., VI, xiii, 133, is very common on the coast of France f. M. Lamarck separates the CvRENA, Lam. Where the shell is thick, slightly triangular and oblique, covered with an epidermis, and otherwise distinguished from the Cyclades by having three cardinal teeth. The Cyrense also inhabit rivers, but there are none in France ;};. CypRiNA, Lam. Also separated from the Cyclades by Lamarck ; the shell is thick, oval, with recurved summits, and three stout teeth ; further back is * Donax rugosa, Chemn., VI, xxv, 250^252 ; — D. trunndus. lb,, xxvi, 253, 254 ; — D. striata, Knorr.. Dclic, VI, xxviii, S ; — D. dentkuluta, Chemn., 1, c. 266, 257; — D. faba, lb., I&Q -j—D. spinosa, lb., 2.'i8. Fossil species are numerous in the environs of Paris. See Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., VIII, 139, and Deshayes, Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, I, pi. xvii, xviii. The Donax irregularis, from the Environs of Dax, described by M. Bastorat ia the Mi^^m. de la Soc. d'flist. Nat. de IVris, t II, pi. iv, f. 19, A, B, is the type of a new genus lately established — Bullet, de la Soc. Lin. de Bourdeaux, II, by M. Charles Desmoulins, under the name of Gratelupia. It is distinguished from the Donaces by the presence of several dentiform lamella; which accompany the cardinal teeth. Several species of J^enus, and some Macfr^, are mixed with these true Donaces by Gmelin. t Add Tellina rii-alis, Miill., Drap., X, 4, 5; — Cyclas fontindlis, Drap., lb., 8—12 ;—Cycl. caliculata, lb., 13, t4 ;— Tellina lacustris, Gm., Chemn., XIII, 135 ; — Tell, amnica, lb., 134 ; — Tell, fluviatilis ; Tell, fluminalis, Chemn., VI, xxx, 320. k;:i^ ..;^ X Tell, fluminea, Chemn., lb., 322, Z23 ;— Venus coaxuns, Id., xxxii, 336, or Ci/rena ceylanica, Lam., Encyc. Method., pen., pi. 302, f. 4 ; — Venus horealis, Id., VII, xxxix, 312, 314 ; — Cyclas cardiniana, Bosc, Shells., Ill, xviii, 4. Fossil spe- cies abound near Paris. See Deshayes, Coq. Foss., I, pi. 18, 1 < ACEi'HALA TESTACEA. lOl a plate, and under the teeth a large cavity, which receives a part of the ligament*. Galath^ea, Brug. The shell triangular; three teeth on the summit of one valve, and two on the other, en chevron ; the lateral plates approximated! . But a single species is known ; it inhabits the fresh waters of the East Indies. It is here also that must be placed another genus separated from Venus, the CoKBis, Ctiv. — Fimbria, Megerl. Marine testaceous Acephala, transversely oblong, which have also stout middle teeth, and well marked lateral plates ; their external surface is furnished with transverse ribs so regularly crossed by rays, that it may be compared to wicker-work. The impression of their mantle exhibiting no flexure, their tubes must be short \. Some of them are fossil§. In the Tellina, Lin. There are in the middle, one tooth on the left and two teeth on the right, frequently forked, at some distance before and behind, -on the right valve, a plate, which does not jjenetrate into a cavity of the opposite one. There is a slight plica near the posterior extremity of the two valves, which renders them unequal in that part, where they are somewhat open. The animal of the Tellinse — PERON^A,Poli, — like that of the Dona- ces, has two long tubes for respiration and for the aims, which with- draw into the shell, and are concealed in a duplicature of the mantle. Their shells are generally transversely striated, and decorated with beautiful colours. Some of them are oval and thick. Others are oblong and strongly compressed. Some again are lenticular, where, instead of a plica, there is fre- quently nothing but a slight deviation of the transverse striae |]. We miglit separate certain oblong species which have no lateral * Venus islandica, Chemn., VI, xxxii, 342, Encyc. pi. 301, f. 1 ; a large fossil species is found in the hills of Siennois and nearDax, of Bouideaux. t The Egeria, Roiss., oi' Galathcca, Brug:., Encyc. 249, and Lam., Ann. du Mus., V, xxviii, and Venus hermaphrodiia, Chemn., VI, xxxi, 327 — 329? or I'enus suh- vindis, Gm. t Venus fimhriata, Chemn., VII, 43, 448. § See Deshayes, Coq. Fo.ss. des Envir. de Paris, I. xiv ; Brongn., M^m. sur le Vicentur. II These are the three divisions of Gmelin, but we must abstract from liis genus Tellina: 1st. TcU. Knorrii, which is a polished Capsa ; 2d. Tell, iitmiuivalvis, vihich is the genus Pandora; :id. Tell, cornea; T. lacusfris ; T. amnica ; T. flumincdis ; T.fluminea ; T.flumaliHs, which are Cyclades or Cyrense. 102 MOLLUSCA. teeth*, and others, which, with the hinge of the Tellinse, have not the plica of the posterior extremity — they are the Tellinides, Lam.f It is necessary to distinguish from the Tellinse, the LoRiPES. Poli, In which the middle teeth of the lenticular shell are almost effaced, and where there is a simple sulcus for the ligament behind the nates. The animal is furnished with a short double tube, and its foot is pro- longed into a kind of cylindrical cord. Besides the usual impres- sions, we may obsei've, on the inside of the shell, a line running ob- liquely from the print of the anterior muscle, which is very long, towards the nates. There is no flexure in the print of the mantle for the retractor muscle of the tube J. LuciNA, Brug. Separated lateral teeth, as in the Cardia, Cyclades, &c., that pene- trate betAveen the plates of the other valve ; in the middle are two teeth, frequently, but slightly apparent. The shell is orbicular, and Avithout any impression of the retractor muscle of the tube ; that of the anterior constrictor, however, is very long. Possessing similar traits of character with the Loripedes, their animals must be analo- gous §. The living species are much less numerous than those that are fossil; the latter are very common in the environs of Paris ||. We should approximate to the Lucinee, the Ungulin^ea, which also have an orbicular shell and two cardinal teeth ; the lateral ones, how- ever, are wanting, and the anterior muscular impression is not so long ^. The genus Venus, Lin. Comprises many Testacea whose general character consists in the teeth and plates of the hinge being approximated under the summit, in a single group. They are usually more flattened and elongated, in a direction parallel to the hinge, than the Cardia. The ribs, when there are any, are almost always parallel to the edges, being directly the reverse of their arrangement in the Cardia. The ligament frequently leaves an elliptical impression behind the summits, which has received the appellation of vulva, and before * Tell, hyalina, Chemn., VI, xi, 99 ; — Tellvitrea, lb., 101. f Tellinides timorensis. Lam. X Tellina ladea. § Venus pennsylvanica, Chemn, VII, xxxvii, 394 — 396, xxxix, 408, 409; — F. cdentula, Id., xl, 427, 429. II Lucina saxorum, Lam., Deshayes, Coq. Foss. des Env. de Paris, I, pi. xv., f. 5, 6 ; — Luc. grata, Defr. ; Ibid. pi. xvi, f. 5, 6 ; — Luc. concentrica, Lam., Desh., lb., xvi., f. 11, 12. ^ Ungulina fransversa, Kam., Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. X. ACKPHALA TESTACEA. 103 these same summits there is almost always an oval impression termed the anus or lunula *. The animal is always furnished with two more or less protractile tubes, sometimes united, and with a compressed foot, which enable it to crawl. M. Lamarck appropriates the name of Venus to those which have three small diverging teeth under the summit. This character is particularly well marked in the oblong and slightly convex spe- cies f. Some of them — the Astart^, Sowei'b., or Crassin.e, Lam., — have only two diverging teeth on the hinge, and approach the Crassatellae in their thickness and some other characters J. Among the cordiform species, that is, those which are shorter and have more convex nates, and with more closely approximated teeth, we should remark those where the plates or transverse striae terminate in crests § or tuberosities ||, and those that have longitudinal ribs and crests elevated behind. We subsequently and gradually come to the Cythere^, Lam., which have a fourth tooth on the right valve, projecting under the lanula, and received into a corresponding cavity in the right one. Some of them have an elliptical and elongated form ^ ; others are convex **, and it is among these latter that we must place a cele- brated species (Venus Dione, L., Chemn., VI, 27, 271), from whose form originated the application of the name Venus to the genus. Its transverse plates terminate behind in salient and pointed sjjines. There are some species of an orbicular form, and with slightly hooked summits, in which the impression of the retractor of the tubes forms a large and almost rectilinear triangle f f . When their animals are better known, we shall most probably have to separate from the Cytherese, 1. Those species of a comjiressed lenticular form, in which the nates are united into a single point. The fold of the contour of the mantle is wanting, and shows that their tubes are not protractile J J : 2. Those of a convexly orbicular form, in which the fold is not * These fantastic appellations of i-i(/i-a and amis, have probably caused the extremity of the shell, which corresponds to the true auus of the animal, to be styled the anterior, and that where the mouth is situated, the posterior. We have restored to these extremities their true denominations. We must recollect that the ligament is always on the posterior side of the summits. -f- Fenits Htlerata, Chemn., VII, xli ; — V. 7-otundu, lb., xlii, 441 ; — F. fex/ilis, lb., 442 ; — V. decussala, xliii, 456 ; &c. X Venus scofica, Hans Lerin, VIII, tab. 2, f. 3 ; — Crassina danmoniensis. Lam. ; and among the fossil species, Ast. lucida, Sower., Min. Conch., II, pi. 137, f. 1 ; — Ast. Osmalii, Lajonkere, Soc. d'Hist. Nat.de Paris, I, tab. 6, f. 1. § Venus dysera, Chemn., VI, 27, 299 ; — Ven. plicata, Encyc. pi. 275, 3, a, b ; — Ven crebisidica, lb., f, 4, 5, 6. II Venus puerpera, Encyc, 278; — Ven.corbis, Lam., Encyc. pi. 276, f. 4. ^[ Vemis gigantea, Encyc, 28, 3; — Ven. chione, Chemn., VI, 32, 343; — Ven. crijcina, lb., 347 ; — Ven. maculata, lb., 33, 345. ** Ven. meretrix ; — Ven. hcsoria ; — Fen. castrensis. ff P'enus exoleta, Chemn., VII, 38, 404 — the genus Orbiculus, Megerle. XX Ven. scripta, Chemn., VII, 40, 422. 104 MOLLUSCA. only wanting, but where, as in the Lucinae, tlie impression of the anterior muscle is very long * ; 3. The thick species with radiated ribs, in which the fold is also Avanting, and which connect the genus Venus with that of tlie Venericardiaf. In the Capsa, Brug. Already separated from the former, there are two teeth on the hinge on one side, and a single, but bifid one. on the other ; the lunula is wanting, the shell convex, and the fold, indicative of the retractor of the foot, considerable;]:. Petricola, Lam. Also separated from the same genus ; the Petricolae, on each side, have two or three very distinct teeth on the hinge, one of which is forked. The shell is more or less cordiform, but as they inhabit the interior of stones, it sometimes becomes every irregvdar. Judg- ing from the marginal impressions of their mantle, their tubes must be very large §. CoRBULA, Brug, Similar in form to the triangular Cytherese, or cordate ; but a single stout tooth in the middle of each valve, corresponding to the side of its antagonist. The lagiment is internal ; the tubes must be short, and the valves but rarely equal ||. The fossil species are much more numerous than the living ones^. Some of them live in the interior of stones**. Mactua, Liu. The Mactroe are distinguished from the other Testacea of this family bv their ligament being internal, and lodged throughout in a trian- gular depression, as in the oysters ; they all have a compressed foot fitted for crawling. In the Mactra, Lam., Or the Mactrae properly so called, the ligament is accompanied to the left valve, before and behind, by a projecting jilate which is received between two others on the right one. Close to the ligament. * J^en. tigrina, Chemn., VII, 37, ^90 ; — J'en. punctata, lb. 397. f Ven. pectinata, Chemn., VII, 39, 419 — the genus Arthemis, Okcn. X Ven. deflorata, Chemn., IV, ix, 79 — 82. § Ven. lapicida, Chemn., X, 172, 1664, and the Rufellaria of M. Fleriau de Beilevue ; — Fen. per/orans, Montag., Test. Brit. pi. iii, f . 6 ; — Donax irus ? Chemn., VII ; xxvi, 270. II See Encyc. Method., Vers, pi. 230, f. 1, 4, 5, 6. ^ Corbula gallica ; — G. complanata ; — G. ombonella, Desh., Coq. Foss., des Env. de Paris, t. I, pi. 7, 8, 9. ** Venus rnoiistrosa, Chemn., VII, 42, 445 — 446. ACEPHALA TESTACKA. 105 near the lunule, is a little plate en chevron. The tubes are united and short *. Some of them are found on the coast of France. In the Lavignons, the lateral plates are almost effaced, but a single small tooth is observable near the internal ligament ; there is also a second and internal ligament. The posterior side of the shell is the shortest ; the valves are somewhat open, and the tubes are sepa- rate and very long, as in the Tellinye. There is one found on our coast, Mya hispanica, Chemn. VI, iii, 21, which lives in the ooze at the depth of several inches f. FAMILY V. INCLUSA +. The mantle open at the anterior extremity, or near the middle only, for the passage of the foot, and extended from tlie other end into a double tube, which projects from the shell, whose extremities are always gaping. Nearly all of them live buried in sand, stones, ooze, or wood. Those of the genus Mya, Lin. Have but two valves to their oblong shell, the hinge of which varies. Tlio double tube forms a fleshy cylinder, and the foot is compressed. The different forms of the hinge have furnished Messrs. Daudin, La- marck, &c., with the following subdivisions §, in the first three of which the ligament is internal. LuTRARiA, Lam., The Lutrarise, like the Mactrse, have a ligament inserted into a large triangular cavity of each valve, and befoi'c that cavity a small * After abstracting the Lavignones and Lutrariee, the genus Mactra of Gmelin miy remain as it is ; the species, however, are far from being well distinguished. Add, M;/a uusfrulis, Chemn., VI, iii. 19, 20. The Erycin.e, Lam., are neighbours of the Madra, and are but badly charac- terized. See Ann. du Mus., IX, xxxi, and Deshayes, Coq. Foss., I, vi ; part of them, perhaps, belong to the Crassatella?. The Anphidesm^e. Lam., or Ligul^e, Moutag., appear to approach the Mactraj, but they are too imperfectly known to have any distinctive character assigned to them. -|- Improperly called by Gmelin Mactra piperata. Add, Mactra papijracca, Chemn., VI, x.xiii, 231 ; — Mact. complanuta, Id., xxiv, 238 ; — Afya nicobarica, Id., iii, 17, 18. X M. de Blainville makes two families of this one, his Pyloridla and Adesma- CEA. The last includes Pholas, Teredo, and Fistulana; the first, all the others, and even Aspergillinn. There are numerous genera established in this family too slightly characterized to permit us to adopt them. § N.B. Hrilf the Myse of Gmelin neither belong to this ccnus, nor even to this family, but to Vulsella, Unio, Mactra, &c. 106 MOLLUSCA.**^ tooth en chevron ; but the lateral plates are wanting ; tlie gap of the valves is very wide, particularly at the posterior extremity, through which passes the thick, double, fleshy, respiratory and anal tube, a disposition which attaches them to this family. Tlie foot, which issues at the opposite end, is small and compressed. Some of them are found in the sand at the mouths of rivers in France *. In the Mya, Lam., Or the Mya properly so called, one valve is furnished with a plate which projects into the other, and this latter with a cavity. The liga- ment stretches from this cavity to that plate. Some species are found in the sand along the coast of France f . Anatina, Lain. The Anatinae of Lamarck should be approximated to the preceding Myae. Each of their valves has a small projecting plate inside with the ligament extending from one to the other. One oblong and excessively thin species is known, the valves of which are supported by an internal ridge |; and another of a squarer form without the ridge §. In the SOLEMYA, Lam, The ligament is seen on the outside of the shell, part of it remaining attached to a horizontal internal cuilleron on each valve. There is no other cardinal tooth, and a thick epidermis projects beyond the edges of the shell. One species, the Tellina togata, Poli, II, xv, 20, is found in the Mediterranean ||. Glycymeris, Lam. — Cyrtodaria, Daud. Neither teeth, plates, nor cavities on the hinge, but a simple callous enlargement, behind whicli is an external ligament. The animal re- sembles that of the Myae. The most common species — Mya siliqua, L.; Chemn. XI, 193, f. 194, is from the Arctic Ocean. * Mactra lutraria, List., 415, 259 ; Chemn., VI, xxiv, 240, 241 ; — Mya oblonga, Id., lb., ii, 12 ; — Acosta, Brit. Conch., XVII, 4 ; Gualt., 90, A, fig. min. t Mya truncata, L., Chemn., VI, i, 1, 2; — M. arenuriu, lb., 3, 4. X Solen anatinus, Chemn., VI, vi, 46 — 48. § Encyc, 230, 6, under the name of Corbule; — An. hispidula, Cuv., An. sans vert., Egyp. Coq. pi. vii. f. 8. I suspect that the Rupicol.e of F. de Bellevue (Voy. Roissy, \l, 440) must approach this subgenus. They live in the interior of stones, like the Peiricola, Phulades, &c. II New-Holland furnishes a second species, the Hul. ausiralis, Lam. ACEPHAL,A TESTACEA. 107 Panopea, Mesnard, Lagr. A stout tooth, anterior to the callous enlargement of the preceding subgenus, and immediately under the summit, which decussates a similar one on the opposite valve, a character which approximates the Panopeae to the Solens. A large species is found in the hills at the foot of the Appenines in so high a state of preservation, that it has been mistaken for a recent sea-shell *. There is another fossil species, which may perhaps be separated from it, that is completely closed at its anterior extremity f . After these various modifications of the Myae, we may place the Pandora, Brug, In which one valve is much flatter than the other ; the internal ligament is placed transversely, accompanied in front by a projecting tooth of the flattened valve. The posterior side of the shell is elon- gated. The animal withdraws more completely into its shell than the preceding ones, and its valves shut more closely — its habits how- ever are the same. But a single species is well known ; it inhabits the seas of Europe \. Here also we find a group of some small and singular genera, such as ByssomiAj Cuv. Where the oblong shell, which has no marked tooth, has the opening for the foot at about the middle of its edge and opposite the summits. The Byssomiae also penetrate into stone, corals, &c. A species which is provided with a byssus, abounds in the Arctic Ocean §. HiATELLA, Daud, The shell gaping, to allow the passage of the foot, near the middle of its edges ; but the tooth of the hinge is better marked than in the preceding genus. Ranges of salient spines are frequently observed on the hind part of the shell. They are found in sand, among Zoo- phytes, &c. The North Sea produces a small species H- * Mya ghjcimeris, L., Chemn., VI, iii. A neighbouring, but shorter species in- habits the Mediterranean. Another fossil species is found near Bourdeaux. -f- Panope de Faiijas, Mesnard, Lagr. Ann. du Mus., IX, xii. Here should be the place of the Saxicava of M. F. de Bellevue, small Testacea ■which perforate stones. See Rois., VI, 441. :J; Tellina itKequivalvis, Cheinn., VI, xi, 106, and for the animal, Poll, II, xv, 7. § Mytilus pholacUs, Miill., Zool., Dan., Ixxxvii, 1, 2, 3, or Mya hyssifera, Fabr., Groenl. II Solen minutus, L., Chemn., VI, vi, 51, 52, or Mya arclica, Fabr., Grcrnl., which appears to be the same as the Hiat. a unefeiite, Bosc, Coq. Ill, xxi, 1 ; — the Hial. a dfiuefentes, Id., lb., 2. 108 MOLLUSC A. SoLEN, Lin. The shell only bivalve, oblong or elongated, but the hinge always furnished with salient and well marked teeth, and the ligament ex- ternal. In the SoLE^% Cuv., Or the Solens properly so called, the shell is cylindrically elon- gated, and has two or three teeth in each valve near the anterior extremity, where the foot issues, The latter is conical, and enables the animal to bury itself in the sand, which it excavates with con- siderable rapidity on the approach of danger. Several species are found along the coast of France *. We might distinguish those species in which the teeth approxi- mate to the middle; some of them still have a long j.nd narrow shell t- In others it is wider and shorter ; their foot is extremely thick. Two of the latter inhabit tlie Mediterranean ;[. In Sanguinolaria, Lam., The hinge is nearly the same as in the wide Solens, and has two teeth in the middle of each valve ; but the two latter, which are oval, are much closer at the two extremities, where they merely gape, like certain Mactrge§. PsAMMOBiA, Lam. The Psammobise differs from the Sanguinolariae, in having but a single tooth in the middle of one valve, which penetrates between two on the opposite one.|l PsAMMOTHEA, Lam. But a single tooth to each valve ; otherwise resembling the Psam- mobiae ^ . PholaS;, Lin. The Pholades have two broad valves, convex towards the mouth. * Solcn vugiiw, Chemn., VI, iv, 26 — 28 ; — .S'. siliqtia, lb., 29 ; — S. cnsis, lb., 30; — S. maTimus, lb., v, 35 ; — S. cuUellus, lb., 37. -f- Solen leyumen, Chemn., VI, v, 32, 34. :|: Solen striyilatus, Chemn., VI, vi, 41, 43; — S. radiutus, Id., v, 38—40; — S. minimus, lb., 31 ; — S. coardatus, vi, 45; — S. vespertinus, Id., vii, 60. These two divisions have become the genus Solecurte of M. de Blainville. § Solen sunguinolenlus, Chemn., VI, vii, 56 ; — S. roseits, lb., 55. II Tclliiii yari, L., Poli, 15, 23; — Solen resperdnus, Chemn., VI, 7, 59; — Psammohia maculosa. Lam., Egypt., Coq. pi. S, f. 1 ; — Psanim. elonyata, Lam., Egypt., pi. 8, f. 2. ^ Psammothea violacea, Lam., &c. N. B. These two genera are united in one by M. de Bl.iinville, called Psammocola. On the whole, they differ but very slightly from the Sanguinolaria?. Great care is requisite in studying the shell, as the teeth are generally broken. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. 109 narrow and elongated on the opposite side, and leaving a large ob- lique opening at each extremity ; their hinge, like that of a true Mya, is furnished with a plate projecting from one valve into the other, and with an internal ligament running from that plate into a cor- responding cavity. Their mantle is reflected externally upon the hinge, where it sometimes contains two or three supernvunerary calcareous bodies. The foot issues through the aperture on the side next to the mouth, where it is widest, and from the opposite one project the two tubes, which are united and susceptible of inflation in every direction. The Pholades inhabit canals which they excavate, some in ooze and others in stone, like the Lithodomi, Petricolae, &c. They are much sought for on account of their agreeable flavour. Several species are found on the coast of France : such is the Dail commun ; Pho/a